一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是由電瓶，即蓄電池(chi)(chi)提供電能的。電動(dong)車蓄電池(chi)(chi)常出現硫(liu)化現象。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內部極板的(de)表面上附著一層白色堅硬的(de)結(jie)晶體，充(chong)電后依(yi)舊不(bu)能剝離極板表面轉(zhuan)化為活性物質(zhi)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛，這就是硫(liu)(liu)酸鹽化，簡稱為“硫(liu)(liu)化”。

該圖片由注冊用戶"志士豪杰"提供，版權聲明反饋

2、硫化表象

電池內阻增大(da)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)較未硫化前電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提前到達充(chong)電(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)流越大(da)越明(ming)顯(xian)。酸液(ye)密度(du)低于正常值。放電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)下降，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流越大(da)容量(liang)(liang)下降越明(ming)顯(xian)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)有(you)產生氣泡，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)溫(wen)升增快，嚴重(zhong)時(shi)可(ke)導致充(chong)不進電(dian)(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)雙硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)論，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)每次放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，正負極(ji)板的(de)(de)不同活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)均轉(zhuan)變為硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)各自(zi)還原(yuan)回不同的(de)(de)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)。而經常過(guo)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流深(shen)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、低溫大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不及時、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不充(chong)(chong)(chong)足、酸(suan)液(ye)(ye)密度過(guo)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)缺(que)水、長期擱置時，極(ji)板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)堆積(ji)過(guo)量且在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)中溶(rong)(rong)解，呈飽和(he)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，這些硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)微粒(li)在(zai)溫度、酸(suan)濃(nong)度的(de)(de)波動下，重新結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)析出在(zai)極(ji)板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)。由(you)(you)于多(duo)晶(jing)體系傾向于減小(xiao)其表(biao)面(mian)(mian)自(zi)由(you)(you)能的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果，重組析出后(hou)的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)呈增大(da)、增厚趨勢。由(you)(you)于硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)是難溶(rong)(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)，重組后(hou)的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)體其比表(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)減小(xiao)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)解度和(he)溶(rong)(rong)解速度降(jiang)低。硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)附著在(zai)極(ji)板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)和(he)微孔(kong)中阻礙(ai)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)正常擴散反映，且硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導不良(liang)阻值大(da)，致(zhi)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)正常的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中歐姆極(ji)化(hua)、濃(nong)差極(ji)化(hua)增大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)率(lv)降(jiang)低，在(zai)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)尚(shang)未(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)分轉(zhuan)化(hua)時已達極(ji)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓產(chan)生水分解，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)迅速升溫使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不能繼續下去進而活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)不完全，因(yin)(yin)而成(cheng)為容量降(jiang)低和(he)壽命(ming)縮(suo)短的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每次放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)及時補(bu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)且要充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其是大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)一定要及時補(bu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時盡(jin)量控制(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛過(guo)于(yu)致密，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)(cai)取小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)長時間。對于(yu)低溫大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，要采(cai)(cai)取多充電(dian)(dian)(dian)量百分(fen)之(zhi)三十來恢(hui)復容量。長期(qi)擱(ge)置(zhi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池,要先充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)再擱(ge)置(zhi)，在擱(ge)置(zhi)每兩個月適當補(bu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已硫(liu)化電(dian)池，可以(yi)(yi)先(xian)將電(dian)池放電(dian)，倒(dao)出原電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)并注入密(mi)(mi)度在(zai)1.10g/cm3以(yi)(yi)下較稀電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)，即向(xiang)電(dian)池中加水稀釋(shi)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)，以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高(gao)硫(liu)酸鉛的溶解(jie)度。采用20h率(lv)以(yi)(yi)下的電(dian)流(liu)，在(zai)液(ye)溫不超過20℃～40℃的范(fan)圍內較長(chang)時間充電(dian)，最后在(zai)充足電(dian)情況下用稍高(gao)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)調整電(dian)池內電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)密(mi)(mi)度至標準溶液(ye)濃(nong)度，一般硫(liu)化現(xian)象(xiang)可解(jie)除(chu)，容量恢(hui)復(fu)至80%以(yi)(yi)上可認為(wei)修復(fu)成功。

此法機理，用降低酸(suan)液密度提高硫酸(suan)鹽的溶度積，采取小(xiao)電流長時間充電以(yi)降低歐姆極(ji)化(hua)(hua)延緩(huan)水分解(jie)電壓的提早出現(xian)，最終(zhong)使硫化(hua)(hua)現(xian)象在溶解(jie)和轉化(hua)(hua)為活(huo)性物質(zhi)中逐漸減(jian)輕或消除。

此法特點對(dui)于加水蓄電(dian)池(chi)比較適用(yong)，對(dui)于硫化嚴(yan)重現象亦可反復處理，無須投資設(she)備即可自(zi)行修復，缺點是過程太(tai)繁瑣對(dui)密封(feng)電(dian)池(chi)不(bu)太(tai)使用(yong)。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫化電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，采用大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流5h率(lv)以內電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至稍(shao)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)狀態(tai)控制液溫(wen)不(bu)超過(guo)40度為(wei)宜，然后(hou)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)30%，如此反復數次(ci)可減輕和消(xiao)除硫化現象。

此(ci)法機理，用過(guo)充電析出氣體對極板表面輕(qing)微硫化(hua)鹽沖刷，使其脫附溶(rong)解(jie)并轉化(hua)為活性(xing)物質。

此法特點，對(dui)于輕微硫(liu)化(hua)可明(ming)顯修復。但對(dui)老(lao)電池不(bu)適用，因為在(zai)析(xi)出氣體沖刷硫(liu)酸鹽的同時(shi)也對(dui)正(zheng)極(ji)板的活性(xing)物產生(sheng)強烈(lie)沖刷，使活性(xing)物質變軟(ruan)甚至脫(tuo)落。

3、化學修復法

對已硫化電(dian)池，倒掉(diao)原電(dian)解液(ye)，加(jia)入(ru)純水(shui)與硫酸鈉、硫酸鉀、酒石酸等(deng)物質(zhi)混合(he)液(ye)，采(cai)取正(zheng)常充放(fang)電(dian)幾次，然(ran)后倒出(chu)純水(shui)加(jia)入(ru)稍(shao)高密度(du)酸液(ye)調整電(dian)池內酸液(ye)至(zhi)(zhi)標準液(ye)濃度(du)，容量恢復至(zhi)(zhi)80%以上可認為修復成功。

此法機理，加(jia)入的(de)這些硫(liu)酸鹽配位摻(chan)雜劑，可與很多(duo)金屬離子，包括硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鹽形(xing)成(cheng)配位化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物。形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物在酸性介質中是不穩定(ding)的(de)，不導電的(de)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層將逐步(bu)溶解返回到溶液(ye)中，使極板硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)脫(tuo)附溶解。

此法特(te)點(dian)，修復效率(lv)和功效高于前兩種修復方法，缺點(dian)太繁瑣。

4、脈沖修復

對于硫化(hua)電(dian)池，可用一些專(zhuan)用的(de)脈沖修復儀(yi)對電(dian)池充放電(dian)數次來消除硫化(hua)。

此法(fa)機理(li)(li)，從固體(ti)物(wu)理(li)(li)上來講，任何絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)足(zu)(zu)夠高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)都(dou)可以擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)。一(yi)旦(dan)絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)被(bei)擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會由絕緣(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)轉變為導電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)對電(dian)(dian)導差阻(zu)值大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)加瞬間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可以擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)結晶。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)這個高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓足(zu)(zu)夠短(duan)，并(bing)且(qie)進行限流，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)打(da)(da)穿(chuan)(chuan)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形(xing)(xing)下(xia)，控制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流適(shi)當(dang)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)會引起電(dian)(dian)池析(xi)氣。電(dian)(dian)池析(xi)氣量取決(jue)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)壓以及(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)寬度足(zu)(zu)夠短(duan)，占空(kong)比(bi)夠大，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可以在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)保證擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)粗大硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)結晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)，同時(shi)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)來不(bu)及(ji)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)析(xi)氣，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)含有(you)負(fu)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)去(qu)極化(hua)(hua)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)更能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保證在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)時(shi)極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)析(xi)出，這樣(yang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)實現了脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)消除(chu)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)。從原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)物(wu)理(li)(li)學(xue)來說，硫(liu)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)具(ju)有(you)5個不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)，處(chu)于(yu)(yu)亞穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)趨(qu)向于(yu)(yu)遷落(luo)到穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)價(jia)健能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)價(jia)鍵(jian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)，硫(liu)以包含8個原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)式存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，這8個原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模(mo)式是一(yi)種(zhong)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，難(nan)以躍變和被(bei)打(da)(da)碎，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)現象就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是這種(zhong)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)。要(yao)(yao)打(da)(da)碎這些(xie)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)(yao)給(gei)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)提供一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量，促使(shi)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)激活到下(xia)一(yi)個高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)帶，使(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間(jian)解(jie)除(chu)束縛(fu)。每一(yi)個特定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)都(dou)有(you)唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)振頻率，諧(xie)(xie)(xie)振頻率以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量過高(gao)會使(shi)躍遷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)不(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)(tai)，過低能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量不(bu)足(zu)(zu)以使(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)脫(tuo)離原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束縛(fu)，這樣(yang)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)修(xiu)復儀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頻率多次(ci)變換(huan)中(zhong)只要(yao)(yao)有(you)一(yi)次(ci)與(yu)(yu)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產生諧(xie)(xie)(xie)振，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉化(hua)(hua)為溶解(jie)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自由離子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，重(zhong)新(xin)參(can)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反應(ying)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特定(ding)(ding)條(tiao)件下(xia)轉換(huan)回(hui)活性物(wu)質。此法(fa)特點，效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)好操作(zuo)方便(bian)。但需要(yao)(yao)有(you)專(zhuan)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，個人用(yong)戶都(dou)不(bu)具(ju)備(bei)，需要(yao)(yao)購買。市場上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)修(xiu)復充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器參(can)差不(bu)齊，很多脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器甚至是專(zhuan)用(yong)修(xiu)復儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)寬比(bi)、占空(kong)比(bi)、負(fu)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)設計得并(bing)不(bu)合理(li)(li)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)起到去(qu)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。

大容量鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱(cheng)“電(dian)(dian)池(chi)”）是(shi)基站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)障。在(zai)國內出現(xian)“電(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，后備電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性顯得(de)格外重要(yao)。在(zai)長三(san)角(jiao)和珠三(san)角(jiao)地區(qu)，每(mei)周內停三(san)供四(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間很多，甚至出現(xian)聽四(si)供三(san)更加嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面(mian)。多數(shu)處于野(ye)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基站(zhan)，其供電(dian)(dian)是(shi)難以保(bao)證都是(shi)采用(yong)一(yi)、二類(lei)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，這樣，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性問題(ti)尤其嚴重。 雖(sui)然(ran)目(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)技術飛速發(fa)展(zhan)，近年鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)也(ye)(ye)比(bi)較(jiao)快，基本上以大型閥控(kong)密(mi)封式鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)代替了防算酸(suan)(suan)隔爆型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。就是(shi)大型閥控(kong)密(mi)封式鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)近些年也(ye)(ye)在(zai)發(fa)展(zhan)。但是(shi)大容量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)池(chi)還是(shi)以鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇。如(ru)何(he)延(yan)長鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常使(shi)用(yong)壽命，一(yi)直是(shi)業內人士探討的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)問題(ti)。

相同的(de)電池，在不(bu)同的(de)設備(bei)條(tiao)件(jian)、不(bu)同的(de)使用條(tiao)件(jian)和不(bu)同維護條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)使用壽命相差很大。這(zhe)就需要(yao)在設備(bei)條(tiao)件(jian)、使用條(tiao)件(jian)和維護條(tiao)件(jian)上(shang)尋找(zhao)其差異(yi)。而電池失效的(de)的(de)幾個主要(yao)現象是：

a、正(zheng)極板軟(ruan)化；

b、正極板(ban)板(ban)柵腐(fu)蝕；

c、負極板硫化；

d、失水；

e、少數電池出現熱失控（包(bao)括電池鼓脹）