一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是由電瓶，即(ji)蓄電池(chi)(chi)提供電能的。電動車蓄電池(chi)(chi)常(chang)出現(xian)硫化(hua)現(xian)象(xiang)。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內(nei)部極板的(de)(de)表面上(shang)附著一(yi)層白色堅硬的(de)(de)結晶體，充(chong)電后(hou)依舊不能剝離(li)極板表面轉化為活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)，這(zhe)就(jiu)是硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽化，簡稱為“硫化”。

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2、硫化表象

電池內阻增(zeng)(zeng)大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)較未硫化(hua)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提(ti)前到(dao)達充電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流越大越明(ming)顯。酸液密度低于正常值(zhi)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量下(xia)降，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流越大容(rong)量下(xia)降越明(ming)顯。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時有產生(sheng)氣泡(pao)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫升增(zeng)(zeng)快，嚴重(zhong)時可導致充不進電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鹽化(hua)論，蓄電(dian)池(chi)在每次放電(dian)后，正(zheng)負極(ji)板的(de)(de)不(bu)同活(huo)(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)均轉變為硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)后各自(zi)還原回不(bu)同的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。而經常過(guo)放電(dian)、小(xiao)電(dian)流深放電(dian)、低溫大電(dian)流放電(dian)、補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)不(bu)及時、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)不(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足、酸(suan)(suan)(suan)液密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)過(guo)高、電(dian)池(chi)內部缺水、長期擱置時，極(ji)板表(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)堆積過(guo)量且(qie)在電(dian)解(jie)液中(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)解(jie)，呈(cheng)飽和(he)狀態，這些硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)微粒在溫度(du)(du)(du)(du)、酸(suan)(suan)(suan)濃度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)波(bo)動下，重新(xin)結(jie)(jie)晶析出在極(ji)板表(biao)面(mian)。由(you)于多晶體(ti)系傾向于減小(xiao)其(qi)表(biao)面(mian)自(zi)由(you)能的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果，重組(zu)析出后的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶呈(cheng)增(zeng)大、增(zeng)厚趨勢。由(you)于硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)是(shi)難溶(rong)電(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)，重組(zu)后的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶體(ti)其(qi)比(bi)表(biao)面(mian)積減小(xiao)，在電(dian)解(jie)液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)溶(rong)解(jie)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)降低。硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)附著(zhu)在極(ji)板表(biao)面(mian)和(he)微孔中(zhong)(zhong)阻(zu)礙了(le)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常擴散反映，且(qie)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)電(dian)導不(bu)良阻(zu)值大，致使(shi)電(dian)池(chi)在正(zheng)常的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)歐姆極(ji)化(hua)、濃差極(ji)化(hua)增(zeng)大，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)接受率降低，在活(huo)(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)尚(shang)未(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)分(fen)(fen)轉化(hua)時已達極(ji)化(hua)電(dian)壓產生水分(fen)(fen)解(jie)，電(dian)池(chi)迅速(su)升溫使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)不(bu)能繼(ji)續下去進(jin)而活(huo)(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)轉化(hua)不(bu)完全，因而成為容量降低和(he)壽命縮短的(de)(de)原因。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每(mei)次放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)后及(ji)時補(bu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)且要充(chong)(chong)足(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)，尤其是大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)后一定(ding)要及(ji)時補(bu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)時盡量(liang)控(kong)制放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)深放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)的硫酸(suan)鉛過(guo)于致密，放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)后充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)采取小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)長(chang)時間。對于低溫(wen)大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)后，要采取多(duo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)百分之(zhi)三十來恢復(fu)容量(liang)。長(chang)期(qi)擱(ge)置(zhi)的電(dian)(dian)池,要先充(chong)(chong)足(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)后再擱(ge)置(zhi)，在擱(ge)置(zhi)每(mei)兩個(ge)月適當補(bu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)一次。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已(yi)硫化電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，可(ke)(ke)以先將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，倒出原電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)并(bing)注入密度(du)在(zai)(zai)1.10g/cm3以下(xia)較稀電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)，即向電(dian)(dian)(dian)池中加水稀釋電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)，以提高(gao)硫酸鉛的(de)溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)度(du)。采(cai)用20h率(lv)以下(xia)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，在(zai)(zai)液(ye)溫不超過20℃～40℃的(de)范(fan)圍內較長時(shi)間(jian)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，最后(hou)在(zai)(zai)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下(xia)用稍(shao)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)調(diao)整電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)密度(du)至標(biao)準溶液(ye)濃(nong)度(du)，一(yi)般硫化現象(xiang)可(ke)(ke)解(jie)(jie)(jie)除，容量恢(hui)復(fu)至80%以上可(ke)(ke)認為修復(fu)成功。

此法機理(li)，用(yong)降(jiang)低酸液(ye)密度提高硫酸鹽的(de)溶度積(ji)，采取小電流長(chang)時(shi)間充電以降(jiang)低歐姆(mu)極化(hua)延(yan)緩水(shui)分解電壓的(de)提早出(chu)現(xian)，最(zui)終使硫化(hua)現(xian)象在溶解和轉(zhuan)化(hua)為活性物質中(zhong)逐漸減輕或消除。

此法特點對(dui)于(yu)加(jia)水蓄電(dian)池比較適用，對(dui)于(yu)硫化嚴(yan)重現象亦可反復(fu)處(chu)理，無須(xu)投(tou)資設備即可自行修復(fu)，缺點是過(guo)程太繁瑣對(dui)密(mi)封(feng)電(dian)池不太使用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫(liu)化電池，采用大電流5h率以內電流，對電池充(chong)電至稍過充(chong)狀態控(kong)制液溫(wen)不超過40度為宜，然(ran)后放電30%，如此反復數次可減輕和消除(chu)硫(liu)化現象(xiang)。

此法(fa)機理，用過(guo)充電析出氣體(ti)對(dui)極板表面輕微硫化鹽沖刷，使其脫(tuo)附溶解(jie)并轉化為活(huo)性(xing)物質。

此法特點(dian)，對(dui)于(yu)輕(qing)微硫化可明(ming)顯修復。但對(dui)老電池(chi)不適(shi)用(yong)，因為(wei)在析出氣體沖刷硫酸鹽的同時也(ye)對(dui)正極板的活性物產生強烈沖刷，使活性物質變(bian)軟甚至脫落。

3、化學修復法

對已(yi)硫化電池，倒掉原電解(jie)液，加入純水與硫酸(suan)(suan)鈉、硫酸(suan)(suan)鉀、酒石酸(suan)(suan)等物(wu)質(zhi)混合液，采取正常充(chong)放(fang)電幾次(ci)，然后倒出純水加入稍高密度酸(suan)(suan)液調整電池內酸(suan)(suan)液至(zhi)標準液濃度，容量恢復至(zhi)80%以上可(ke)認為修(xiu)復成功。

此法機(ji)理，加入的(de)這(zhe)些硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽配位摻雜劑(ji)，可與很多金(jin)屬(shu)離子，包括硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)鹽形成配位化(hua)(hua)合物。形成的(de)化(hua)(hua)合物在酸(suan)性介(jie)質(zhi)中是(shi)不(bu)穩定的(de)，不(bu)導(dao)電的(de)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)將(jiang)逐(zhu)步溶(rong)解返回到溶(rong)液(ye)中，使極板(ban)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)脫(tuo)附溶(rong)解。

此法特(te)點，修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)效率(lv)和(he)功(gong)效高于(yu)前兩種修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)方(fang)法，缺(que)點太繁瑣。

4、脈沖修復

對于硫化(hua)電池，可用一些專用的脈(mo)沖修復儀(yi)對電池充放(fang)電數次來(lai)消除硫化(hua)。

此法機(ji)理(li)，從(cong)固體(ti)物理(li)上來(lai)講(jiang)，任何絕緣層在(zai)足(zu)夠(gou)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)都(dou)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)擊(ji)穿(chuan)。一(yi)旦絕緣層被(bei)擊(ji)穿(chuan)，就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)由(you)絕緣狀態(tai)轉(zhuan)變為導電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)。如果(guo)(guo)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)導差阻值大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)層施加瞬間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)擊(ji)穿(chuan)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛結(jie)晶。如果(guo)(guo)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓足(zu)夠(gou)短，并且進(jin)行限流，在(zai)打穿(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形(xing)(xing)下(xia)，控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流適當(dang)，就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)會(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析(xi)氣(qi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析(xi)氣(qi)量(liang)取(qu)決于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)(yi)(yi)及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小，如果(guo)(guo)脈(mo)沖(chong)寬(kuan)度足(zu)夠(gou)短，占空(kong)(kong)比夠(gou)大(da)(da)，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)保證(zheng)(zheng)擊(ji)穿(chuan)粗大(da)(da)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛結(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)，同時發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)來(lai)不(bu)及形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)析(xi)氣(qi)，如果(guo)(guo)含有負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)去極化(hua)(hua)，就(jiu)(jiu)更能(neng)(neng)保證(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)擊(ji)穿(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)層時極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體(ti)析(xi)出，這(zhe)樣(yang)就(jiu)(jiu)實現了脈(mo)沖(chong)消(xiao)除硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)。從(cong)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)物理(li)學來(lai)說，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)離子(zi)具(ju)有5個(ge)(ge)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級狀態(tai)，處于亞(ya)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)能(neng)(neng)級狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離子(zi)趨向于遷(qian)落到(dao)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)價(jia)(jia)健(jian)能(neng)(neng)級存在(zai)。在(zai)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)價(jia)(jia)鍵能(neng)(neng)級狀態(tai)，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)包含8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)形(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)形(xing)(xing)式存在(zai)，這(zhe)8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)形(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)模式是一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，難以(yi)(yi)(yi)躍(yue)變和被(bei)打碎(sui)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)是這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級。要打碎(sui)這(zhe)些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構，就(jiu)(jiu)要給環(huan)(huan)形(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)提供一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)，促使(shi)外層原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)加帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)被(bei)激活(huo)(huo)到(dao)下(xia)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)高能(neng)(neng)帶，使(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)之(zhi)間解(jie)除束縛。每一(yi)個(ge)(ge)特(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級都(dou)有唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)振頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率，諧(xie)(xie)振頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率以(yi)(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)過高會(hui)使(shi)躍(yue)遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)處于不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)狀態(tai)，過低能(neng)(neng)量(liang)不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)脫離原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束縛，這(zhe)樣(yang)脈(mo)沖(chong)修復(fu)儀在(zai)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率多次變換中只(zhi)要有一(yi)次與(yu)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)產(chan)生諧(xie)(xie)振，就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)使(shi)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為溶解(jie)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)由(you)離子(zi)，重新參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)，在(zai)特(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)條(tiao)件下(xia)轉(zhuan)換回(hui)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)物質。此法特(te)點，效果(guo)(guo)好操作方便。但需要有專用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，個(ge)(ge)人用(yong)(yong)戶都(dou)不(bu)具(ju)備(bei)，需要購買。市(shi)場上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)修復(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)參差不(bu)齊(qi)，很多脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)甚至是專用(yong)(yong)修復(fu)儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)寬(kuan)比、占空(kong)(kong)比、負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)設(she)計得并不(bu)合理(li)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)起到(dao)去硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。

大(da)容量鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池（以(yi)下簡(jian)稱(cheng)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池”）是(shi)基站電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)保障。在國內(nei)出現“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)時(shi)候，后備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)可靠性顯(xian)得格外重要。在長三(san)(san)角(jiao)和珠三(san)(san)角(jiao)地區，每周內(nei)停三(san)(san)供(gong)四的(de)(de)時(shi)間很(hen)多，甚至出現聽四供(gong)三(san)(san)更加(jia)嚴重的(de)(de)局面。多數處于野外的(de)(de)基站，其供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)難以(yi)保證都是(shi)采用一(yi)、二類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)，這(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)可靠性問題尤其嚴重。 雖然目前的(de)(de)科(ke)學技(ji)術飛速發展(zhan)，近年鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)發展(zhan)也(ye)比較快，基本上以(yi)大(da)型閥控密封(feng)(feng)式(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池代替了防(fang)算酸(suan)(suan)隔爆型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。就是(shi)大(da)型閥控密封(feng)(feng)式(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池近些年也(ye)在發展(zhan)。但是(shi)大(da)容量的(de)(de)固(gu)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池還是(shi)以(yi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為唯一(yi)的(de)(de)選擇。如何延長鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)正(zheng)常使(shi)用壽命，一(yi)直是(shi)業內(nei)人士探討的(de)(de)主要問題。

相同(tong)的(de)電池，在不(bu)同(tong)的(de)設(she)備條件(jian)(jian)、不(bu)同(tong)的(de)使用條件(jian)(jian)和(he)不(bu)同(tong)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)條件(jian)(jian)下使用壽命(ming)相差(cha)很大。這就需要在設(she)備條件(jian)(jian)、使用條件(jian)(jian)和(he)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)條件(jian)(jian)上尋(xun)找其(qi)差(cha)異。而電池失效的(de)的(de)幾(ji)個主要現象是(shi)：

a、正極板軟化(hua)；

b、正極板板柵腐蝕；

c、負極板硫化(hua)；

d、失水；

e、少數電(dian)池(chi)出現熱失控（包括電(dian)池(chi)鼓脹）