一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是由電瓶，即蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)提供電能的。電動(dong)車(che)蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)常出(chu)現硫化現象。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內(nei)部(bu)極(ji)板的(de)表面上附著一層白色堅硬(ying)的(de)結晶體，充電后(hou)依舊(jiu)不能剝離極(ji)板表面轉化(hua)(hua)為活(huo)性物質的(de)硫酸鉛，這就是硫酸鹽化(hua)(hua)，簡稱為“硫化(hua)(hua)”。

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2、硫化表象

電池內阻增大(da)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)較未硫化(hua)前電(dian)(dian)壓提前到達充(chong)電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)越(yue)(yue)大(da)越(yue)(yue)明顯。酸液密度(du)低于正常(chang)值(zhi)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)下(xia)降，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)越(yue)(yue)大(da)容量(liang)下(xia)降越(yue)(yue)明顯。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時有(you)產生(sheng)氣泡(pao)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)溫升增快(kuai)，嚴重時可導致(zhi)充(chong)不進電(dian)(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)雙(shuang)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化(hua)(hua)(hua)論，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在每次放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，正負(fu)極(ji)板的(de)不(bu)(bu)同活性(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)均轉(zhuan)變為硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)各自還(huan)原回不(bu)(bu)同的(de)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。而經(jing)常過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、低(di)溫大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)及時(shi)(shi)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)足、酸(suan)液密度(du)(du)過(guo)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部缺水、長期(qi)擱置時(shi)(shi)，極(ji)板表面(mian)(mian)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛堆積(ji)(ji)過(guo)量(liang)且在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中溶解(jie)，呈飽和(he)(he)狀態(tai)，這些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛微粒在溫度(du)(du)、酸(suan)濃(nong)度(du)(du)的(de)波(bo)動(dong)下(xia)，重(zhong)新(xin)結(jie)晶析(xi)出在極(ji)板表面(mian)(mian)。由(you)于多晶體(ti)(ti)系傾向于減(jian)小其表面(mian)(mian)自由(you)能(neng)的(de)結(jie)果，重(zhong)組(zu)析(xi)出后(hou)的(de)結(jie)晶呈增(zeng)大(da)(da)、增(zeng)厚趨勢(shi)。由(you)于硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛是難溶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)，重(zhong)組(zu)后(hou)的(de)結(jie)晶體(ti)(ti)其比表面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)減(jian)小，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)溶解(jie)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)溶解(jie)速度(du)(du)降低(di)。硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛附著在極(ji)板表面(mian)(mian)和(he)(he)微孔中阻(zu)礙了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)正常擴散反(fan)映，且硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導不(bu)(bu)良(liang)阻(zu)值大(da)(da)，致使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在正常的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中歐姆極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、濃(nong)差極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)增(zeng)大(da)(da)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)率降低(di)，在活性(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)尚未充(chong)(chong)分(fen)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)已達極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓產生水分(fen)解(jie)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)迅速升溫使充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)繼續下(xia)去進而活性(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)完全(quan)，因而成(cheng)為容量(liang)降低(di)和(he)(he)壽命縮(suo)短的(de)原因。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每次放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后及時(shi)補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且要充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其(qi)是大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后一(yi)(yi)定要及時(shi)補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度，小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深(shen)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生(sheng)的硫酸(suan)鉛過于(yu)致(zhi)密，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采取小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時(shi)間。對于(yu)低溫大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，要采取多充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)百分之三十來恢復容量(liang)(liang)(liang)。長期擱置(zhi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,要先充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后再擱置(zhi)，在擱置(zhi)每兩個(ge)月(yue)適當補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)次。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已硫化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，可(ke)以先將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，倒出原電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)并(bing)注入密(mi)度(du)在1.10g/cm3以下(xia)較稀(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)，即向電(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)加水(shui)稀(xi)釋電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)，以提高(gao)硫酸鉛的溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)度(du)。采用20h率以下(xia)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，在液(ye)溫不超過20℃～40℃的范圍內較長時(shi)間充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，最后在充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下(xia)用稍高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)密(mi)度(du)至標準(zhun)溶(rong)液(ye)濃度(du)，一般硫化(hua)現象可(ke)解(jie)(jie)除，容量恢復(fu)(fu)至80%以上(shang)可(ke)認(ren)為(wei)修復(fu)(fu)成功。

此(ci)法機理(li)，用降低酸液(ye)密度(du)(du)提高硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)的溶(rong)度(du)(du)積(ji)，采取(qu)小電流(liu)長時間充電以降低歐姆極化(hua)延緩(huan)水分(fen)解(jie)電壓的提早出(chu)現，最終使(shi)硫(liu)化(hua)現象在溶(rong)解(jie)和轉化(hua)為活性物(wu)質中逐漸減(jian)輕或消除。

此法特點對(dui)于(yu)加(jia)水(shui)蓄電池(chi)比較適用(yong)，對(dui)于(yu)硫化(hua)嚴重現象亦可(ke)反(fan)復(fu)處理，無須投資設備即可(ke)自行(xing)修復(fu)，缺點是過程太繁瑣對(dui)密封電池(chi)不太使用(yong)。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫化電池，采用大電流(liu)5h率以(yi)內電流(liu)，對電池充(chong)電至稍(shao)過(guo)充(chong)狀(zhuang)態控制液溫(wen)不超過(guo)40度為宜(yi)，然后放電30%，如(ru)此反復數(shu)次可(ke)減輕和消除硫化現象(xiang)。

此法機(ji)理，用過充電析出氣體(ti)對極板表面輕(qing)微硫(liu)化鹽沖(chong)刷(shua)，使其脫附(fu)溶解并轉化為(wei)活性(xing)物(wu)質。

此法(fa)特點，對于輕(qing)微硫化(hua)可明顯修復。但(dan)對老電池(chi)不適用，因為在析出(chu)氣體(ti)沖刷硫酸鹽(yan)的同時也對正極板的活性(xing)物(wu)產生強烈沖刷，使活性(xing)物(wu)質變軟甚至脫落。

3、化學修復法

對已硫(liu)化電池(chi)，倒(dao)掉(diao)原電解液，加(jia)入純(chun)水(shui)與硫(liu)酸(suan)鈉、硫(liu)酸(suan)鉀(jia)、酒石酸(suan)等(deng)物質混合液，采取(qu)正常充(chong)放電幾次，然(ran)后(hou)倒(dao)出純(chun)水(shui)加(jia)入稍(shao)高密度(du)酸(suan)液調整電池(chi)內酸(suan)液至(zhi)標準液濃度(du)，容量(liang)恢(hui)復(fu)至(zhi)80%以上可(ke)認為修復(fu)成(cheng)功。

此法(fa)機理，加入的(de)(de)這些硫酸鹽(yan)配(pei)位(wei)摻(chan)雜劑，可(ke)與很多金屬(shu)離子，包括硫化(hua)鹽(yan)形成配(pei)位(wei)化(hua)合物。形成的(de)(de)化(hua)合物在酸性介質中(zhong)是不穩(wen)定的(de)(de)，不導電的(de)(de)硫化(hua)層將逐步溶解返回到(dao)溶液中(zhong)，使極板硫化(hua)脫附溶解。

此法特點，修復效率和功效高于前兩種(zhong)修復方法，缺點太繁(fan)瑣。

4、脈沖修復

對(dui)于硫(liu)化(hua)電池，可用(yong)一些專用(yong)的脈沖修(xiu)復儀對(dui)電池充放(fang)電數次來消除硫(liu)化(hua)。

此(ci)法機理，從固體(ti)物(wu)理上來講，任何絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)足夠(gou)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下(xia)都可以(yi)(yi)(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。一旦絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)被(bei)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，就(jiu)(jiu)會由絕(jue)緣(yuan)狀(zhuang)態轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)為導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態。如果(guo)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)差阻值大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽層(ceng)施加瞬間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛結晶(jing)(jing)。如果(guo)這個(ge)(ge)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)足夠(gou)短，并且進行(xing)限(xian)流(liu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)打(da)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)硫(liu)化層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形(xing)(xing)下(xia)，控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)適當，就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析(xi)氣(qi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析(xi)氣(qi)量(liang)取(qu)決于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小，如果(guo)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)寬度(du)足夠(gou)短，占空比(bi)夠(gou)大(da)，就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)保證(zheng)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)粗大(da)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)，同時發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)析(xi)氣(qi)，如果(guo)含(han)有(you)負脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)去極化，就(jiu)(jiu)更能(neng)保證(zheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽層(ceng)時極板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體(ti)析(xi)出，這樣就(jiu)(jiu)實現了脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)消除硫(liu)化。從原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)物(wu)理學來說，硫(liu)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)具(ju)有(you)5個(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)級(ji)(ji)狀(zhuang)態，處于(yu)亞穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)能(neng)級(ji)(ji)狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)趨(qu)向于(yu)遷落到穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價健能(neng)級(ji)(ji)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價鍵能(neng)級(ji)(ji)狀(zhuang)態，硫(liu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)包含(han)8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)式存在(zai)(zai)(zai)，這8個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)模式是一種(zhong)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合(he)，難以(yi)(yi)(yi)躍(yue)變(bian)(bian)和被(bei)打(da)碎(sui)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化現象(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)是這種(zhong)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)級(ji)(ji)。要(yao)(yao)打(da)碎(sui)這些硫(liu)化層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構，就(jiu)(jiu)要(yao)(yao)給環形(xing)(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)提供一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)，促(cu)使(shi)外(wai)(wai)層(ceng)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)加帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)激活到下(xia)一個(ge)(ge)高(gao)能(neng)帶，使(shi)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之間解(jie)除束縛(fu)。每一個(ge)(ge)特定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)級(ji)(ji)都有(you)唯一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)振頻(pin)率，諧(xie)振頻(pin)率以(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)過高(gao)會使(shi)躍(yue)遷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)處于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)狀(zhuang)態，過低能(neng)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)脫離(li)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束縛(fu)，這樣脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)修復(fu)儀在(zai)(zai)(zai)頻(pin)率多次變(bian)(bian)換(huan)中只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)有(you)一次與硫(liu)化原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產生諧(xie)振，就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)使(shi)硫(liu)化原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)化為溶(rong)解(jie)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)由離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，重新參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應，在(zai)(zai)(zai)特定(ding)(ding)條件(jian)下(xia)轉(zhuan)換(huan)回活性(xing)物(wu)質。此(ci)法特點，效果(guo)好操(cao)作方便。但(dan)需要(yao)(yao)有(you)專用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，個(ge)(ge)人用戶都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)備，需要(yao)(yao)購買。市場上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)修復(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器參(can)差不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)齊(qi)，很多脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器甚(shen)至是專用修復(fu)儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)寬比(bi)、占空比(bi)、負脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)設(she)計得(de)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)理不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)起(qi)到去硫(liu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

大(da)容(rong)量(liang)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池（以(yi)下簡(jian)稱“電(dian)(dian)池”）是基站電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)障。在(zai)國內(nei)出現“電(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)(de)時候，后備(bei)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性顯得格外重(zhong)要(yao)。在(zai)長三角和珠(zhu)三角地區，每周內(nei)停三供(gong)四(si)的(de)(de)(de)時間很多(duo)，甚(shen)至出現聽(ting)四(si)供(gong)三更加嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面。多(duo)數處于(yu)野外的(de)(de)(de)基站，其(qi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)是難以(yi)保(bao)(bao)證都是采用(yong)(yong)一、二類(lei)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)，這樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性問題(ti)尤其(qi)嚴重(zhong)。 雖然目前的(de)(de)(de)科學技術飛速發展(zhan)，近(jin)年(nian)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)也比(bi)較快，基本上以(yi)大(da)型(xing)閥控(kong)密(mi)封(feng)式(shi)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池代替了防算酸隔爆型(xing)電(dian)(dian)池。就(jiu)是大(da)型(xing)閥控(kong)密(mi)封(feng)式(shi)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池近(jin)些(xie)年(nian)也在(zai)發展(zhan)。但(dan)是大(da)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)池還是以(yi)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池為唯一的(de)(de)(de)選擇。如何(he)延長鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常使用(yong)(yong)壽命，一直是業內(nei)人士探討的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)問題(ti)。

相同的(de)電池，在不(bu)(bu)同的(de)設備條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)、不(bu)(bu)同的(de)使用(yong)(yong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)和不(bu)(bu)同維護條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下使用(yong)(yong)壽命相差很大。這就需要(yao)在設備條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)、使用(yong)(yong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)和維護條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)上尋找其差異。而(er)電池失效的(de)的(de)幾個主要(yao)現(xian)象是：

a、正極板軟化(hua)；

b、正(zheng)極板板柵腐蝕；

c、負極板(ban)硫化；

d、失水；

e、少數電池出現熱失控（包括電池鼓脹）