電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年(nian)，壽命(ming)長短與用戶的(de)日常使(shi)用維護有很大的(de)關系。

該圖片由注冊用戶"妮子的文字"提供，版權聲明反饋

電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要是(shi)鉛(qian)蓄電池，在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中都會硫化(hua)，但其它領域的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸電池卻比(bi)電動自(zi)行車上使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸電池有著更長(chang)的(de)(de)壽命，這是(shi)因為電動自(zi)行車的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸電池有著一個更容易硫化(hua)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)環境(jing)。

①深度放電

用在汽車上的(de)鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只是在點(dian)火(huo)時(shi)(shi)單(dan)向放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，點(dian)火(huo)后發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)會對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自(zi)動充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深(shen)度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車在騎行時(shi)(shi)不(bu)可能充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，經常會超過(guo)60%的(de)深(shen)度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，硫酸鉛(qian)濃度增(zeng)加，硫化就(jiu)會相當嚴重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)20公(gong)里巡航電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一般是4A，這(zhe)個(ge)值已(yi)經高(gao)于(yu)其它領域的電(dian)(dian)池工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，而超(chao)速(su)超(chao)載的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)的工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)就更大(da)。電(dian)(dian)池制(zhi)造商都進行(xing)過1C充電(dian)(dian)70%，2C放電(dian)(dian)60%的循環壽(shou)命試驗。經過這(zhe)樣的壽(shou)命試驗，可達到(dao)充放電(dian)(dian)循環350次壽(shou)命的電(dian)(dian)池很多，但(dan)是實際在(zai)用的效果就相差甚遠了。這(zhe)是因(yin)為(wei)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)增加了50%的放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度，電(dian)(dian)池會加速(su)硫化。所以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)三輪(lun)摩(mo)托車(che)的電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命更短(duan)，因(yin)為(wei)三輪(lun)摩(mo)托車(che)的車(che)身太重，工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)達6A以(yi)上。

③充放電頻率高

用(yong)(yong)在后備供電(dian)(dian)(dian)領域(yu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，只有在停電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)才會放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如果一(yi)年(nian)停8次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，要(yao)達到(dao)10年(nian)的(de)壽命(ming)，只用(yong)(yong)做到(dao)80次(ci)循環(huan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命(ming)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車一(yi)年(nian)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)300次(ci)以(yi)上很常(chang)見(jian)。

④短時充電

由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)是交(jiao)通工(gong)具，可充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時(shi)間不(bu)多，要在8小時(shi)內完(wan)成36伏或48伏的(de)20安時(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這就必須提高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（一般為(wei)單(dan)(dan)節(jie)2.7~2.9伏），當(dang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超過(guo)(guo)單(dan)(dan)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（2.35伏）或析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（2.42伏）時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會因過(guo)(guo)度析氧而開閥排(pai)氣，造成失水，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度增加(jia)(jia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)硫化現象(xiang)加(jia)(jia)重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作(zuo)為(wei)交通工具，電(dian)動自行(xing)車的充電(dian)及放(fang)電(dian)被完全分離開來，放(fang)電(dian)后(hou)很難有(you)條(tiao)件及時充電(dian)，而放(fang)電(dian)后(hou)形成(cheng)的大量硫酸鉛如果超過半小時不充電(dian)還原為(wei)氧(yang)化鉛，就(jiu)會硫化結成(cheng)晶體。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對電動自(zi)行車用鉛酸蓄電池的(de)特(te)殊性，各(ge)個電池制(zhi)造(zao)商采(cai)取(qu)了多種方法(fa)。最典型的(de)方法(fa)如下：

①增加極板數量。

把原(yuan)設計的(de)單(dan)格(ge)5片(pian)(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)(pian)制改為(wei)6片(pian)(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)(pian)制，7片(pian)(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)(pian)制，甚至8片(pian)(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)(pian)制。靠減薄極板厚度和隔板，增加(jia)極板數量來(lai)提高(gao)電池容量。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來(lai)浮充電池(chi)的硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都(dou)在1.21~1.28之間，而電動自行車的電池(chi)的硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都(dou)在1.36～1.38左右，這樣可以提供較大的電流，提升(sheng)電池(chi)的初期容(rong)量(liang)。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增(zeng)加氧化鉛就增(zeng)加了(le)參與放電的(de)電化學反(fan)應物(wu)質，也就增(zeng)加了(le)放電時間(jian)，增(zeng)加了(le)電池容量(liang)。

通過(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)些措施，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)初期(qi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)滿(man)足了(le)電(dian)動自行車的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)要求(qiu)，特別是改善了(le)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)大(da)電(dian)流放電(dian)的(de)(de)特性。但是，極板(ban)增(zeng)加了(le)，硫酸的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)就減少(shao)(shao)了(le)，電(dian)池(chi)發熱(re)導致(zhi)大(da)量(liang)失水(shui)，同時(shi)，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)微(wei)短路和鉛枝(zhi)搭(da)橋的(de)(de)概率(lv)(lv)增(zeng)加了(le)。提(ti)高硫酸比重增(zeng)加了(le)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)初期(qi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，但是，硫化現(xian)象(xiang)就更嚴重。密封(feng)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)最基本原理(li)之(zhi)一就是正極板(ban)析氧(yang)以后，氧(yang)氣直接到負(fu)極板(ban)，被負(fu)極板(ban)吸收而還(huan)原為(wei)水(shui)，考核(he)電(dian)池(chi)這(zhe)(zhe)個技術指標的(de)(de)參(can)數(shu)叫(jiao)做“密封(feng)反應效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)”，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)現(xian)象(xiang)叫(jiao)做“氧(yang)循環”。這(zhe)(zhe)樣，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)失水(shui)很少(shao)(shao)，實現(xian)了(le)“免(mian)(mian)維護”，就是免(mian)(mian)加水(shui)。

為此，都要(yao)求負(fu)極(ji)板容(rong)(rong)量做的比(bi)正極(ji)板容(rong)(rong)量大(da)一(yi)些(xie)，又稱(cheng)為負(fu)極(ji)過(guo)渡。增(zeng)加正極(ji)板活性物質必然(ran)(ran)使得，負(fu)極(ji)過(guo)渡減少(shao)了(le)，氧循環變差了(le)，失水(shui)增(zeng)加了(le)，又會(hui)造成硫化(hua)。這(zhe)些(xie)措施雖然(ran)(ran)提(ti)升了(le)電池(chi)的初期容(rong)(rong)量，但是卻(que)會(hui)造成失水(shui)和(he)硫化(hua)，而(er)失水(shui)和(he)硫化(hua)又會(hui)相互促成，最終(zhong)結(jie)果卻(que)是犧牲電池(chi)的壽(shou)命。

還有就(jiu)是(shi)極(ji)群組(zu)(zu)裝虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)問(wen)題(ti)。容易產生(sheng)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)的(de)地方是(shi)極(ji)板。而(er)每個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)單格(ge)有15片極(ji)板，就(jiu)是(shi)15個(ge)焊(han)(han)點，一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有6個(ge)單格(ge)，就(jiu)有90個(ge)焊(han)(han)點，一(yi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由3個(ge)12V電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，就(jiu)有270個(ge)焊(han)(han)點。如果一(yi)個(ge)焊(han)(han)點存在(zai)(zai)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)，該(gai)單格(ge)容量就(jiu)下降，進而(er)該(gai)單格(ge)形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落(luo)后(hou)，造成(cheng)(cheng)整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都落(luo)后(hou)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會形成(cheng)(cheng)嚴重(zhong)的(de)不均(jun)衡，使這組(zu)(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提前失效(xiao)。就(jiu)算虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)控制(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)萬分之一(yi)，平均(jun)每37組(zu)(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會有一(yi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)存在(zai)(zai)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)，這是(shi)絕對(dui)不能夠允許的(de)。而(er)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)板柵的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)(zai)焊(han)(han)接的(de)時候會析(xi)出鈣而(er)掩蓋虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)問(wen)題(ti)，這樣，很多電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)寧愿采用低銻(ti)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)的(de)板柵而(er)沒有采用鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)。而(er)低銻(ti)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)的(de)板柵析(xi)氧(yang)析(xi)氫電(dian)壓(ya)更低，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出氣(qi)量大，失水(shui)相(xiang)對(dui)嚴重(zhong)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)更容易硫(liu)化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大(da)多(duo)數車(che)的(de)(de)控制器都留(liu)了一個線損(sun)插頭，很(hen)多(duo)經銷商以去掉限(xian)速來(lai)招攬顧客。一些車(che)廠干脆就去掉限(xian)速器出廠，既可以吸引(yin)看重車(che)速的(de)(de)客戶(hu)，也能降(jiang)低成本，這樣的(de)(de)車(che)在(zai)高速行駛時電流非常大(da)，會(hui)嚴(yan)重縮短電池壽命。

12V鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的最低保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為10.5V，如果是36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組，最低保(bao)留(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就是31.5V，目前大(da)多數車(che)廠采用的控制器欠壓(ya)(ya)(ya)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)也都是31.5V。表面上看(kan)這是正確的，但是，實際當(dang)36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組只剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)時，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存在容量(liang)差，肯定就會有一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)低于10.5V，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就處于過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。

這(zhe)(zhe)時候，過放(fang)電的(de)電池容(rong)量急劇下降(jiang)，這(zhe)(zhe)時對電池的(de)損傷(shang)影(ying)響不(bu)僅僅是該單只電池，而(er)是影(ying)響整組電池的(de)壽(shou)命。其實，在電池電壓低于(yu)32V以(yi)后一直到27V，所增加的(de)續行能(neng)力不(bu)到2公里，而(er)對電池的(de)損傷(shang)卻(que)非(fei)常大。只要出(chu)現這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)情況10次(ci)，電池的(de)容(rong)量就會低于(yu)標稱容(rong)量的(de)70%。

另外(wai)，一些用戶發現電池在欠壓以后(hou)，過10分鐘，電池又不(bu)欠壓了，就又采取(qu)給電行(xing)駛(shi)，這對電池破(po)壞更(geng)大，而大多數車的說(shuo)明書沒有給用戶以警示。目前多數控制(zhi)器內部都(dou)有可(ke)調(diao)的電位(wei)器，而這個可(ke)調(diao)的電位(wei)器的振動(dong)漂移是比(bi)較嚴重(zhong)的。在價格(ge)競爭中，面對更(geng)注(zhu)重(zhong)車外(wai)表的用戶群，很少有產品(pin)采用抗振動(dong)的精密(mi)多圈電位(wei)器，這樣(yang)的控制(zhi)器發生振動(dong)后(hou)漂移也不(bu)奇(qi)怪。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣為流傳(chuan)的(de)一句(ju)話就是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不是用壞的(de)，是充壞的(de)。為了滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)短時高(gao)容(rong)量(liang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在三段式恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)限流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)中，不得不通過提(ti)(ti)高(gao)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值到2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)樣，大(da)大(da)超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極板析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)負極板析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。一些充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)造商的(de)產品(pin)為了降低充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的(de)指示(shi)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)了恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)轉浮(fu)(fu)充的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而(er)使得充電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示(shi)充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還(huan)沒有充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠(kao)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)來彌(mi)補(bu)。這(zhe)樣，很多充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)浮(fu)(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超過單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)2.35V，這(zhe)樣在浮(fu)(fu)充階段還(huan)在大(da)量(liang)析氧。

而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧循(xun)環(huan)又不(bu)好，這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)浮充(chong)(chong)階(jie)段也(ye)在(zai)不(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)排氣。恒(heng)(heng)壓值高(gao)(gao)了，保證了充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，但是(shi)犧牲的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)失水(shui)和(he)硫化。恒(heng)(heng)壓值低了，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)充(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量又難以保證。在(zai)改(gai)(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)柵(zha)合(he)金、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改(gai)(gai)善氧循(xun)環(huan)性(xing)能，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)密封反應效(xiao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，控制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高(gao)(gao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)2.42V以下(xia)(xia)，也(ye)就是(shi)在(zai)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以下(xia)(xia)。這(zhe)樣(yang)做必然會導(dao)致充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延長，這(zhe)就必須在(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態下(xia)(xia)，加入去極化的(de)(de)(de)(de)負脈沖(chong)，改(gai)(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能力，在(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)(hou)多充(chong)(chong)入一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，縮(suo)短充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)。70%的(de)(de)(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能力比較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)(hou)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采用大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)傷比較小。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)基本上(shang)沒(mei)有高(gao)(gao)于(yu)嚴重(zhong)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

一旦(dan)高于析(xi)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也會快速(su)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)。使(shi)用這(zhe)類充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，必須(xu)采用連續充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)果中途停止幾(ji)天充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)會產(chan)生比較嚴重的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)而提前失(shi)效。而用戶使(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，是無法保(bao)證每次(ci)使(shi)用以(yi)(yi)后，都(dou)能夠及時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)，一年以(yi)(yi)內發(fa)生數(shu)次(ci)沒(mei)有(you)及時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)情況，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)就(jiu)會積累。多數(shu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造(zao)(zao)商都(dou)說車(che)廠因(yin)為價格因(yin)素(su)不(bu)接受可以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。應該承認，這(zhe)是大多數(shu)小企業(ye)是如(ru)此，但是，有(you)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)、規(gui)模(mo)性大企業(ye)確實出高價也買不(bu)到(dao)好的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。一些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造(zao)(zao)商把某些功(gong)(gong)能夸大，成品的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)效沒(mei)有(you)其宣傳的(de)(de)(de)那樣好。還有(you)不(bu)少功(gong)(gong)能是屬(shu)于賣概念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能，實效有(you)限。

6、其它原因

不少電(dian)(dian)池在單(dan)體測(ce)試中，可以獲得比較好的結果，但是(shi)，對于串(chuan)連電(dian)(dian)池組來(lai)說(shuo)，由于容量、開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、荷(he)電(dian)(dian)狀態、硫化(hua)程度各不相同，這(zhe)個差異會在串(chuan)連電(dian)(dian)池組被擴大，狀態差的單(dan)體會影響整組電(dian)(dian)池，其壽(shou)命明顯下(xia)降。

從電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)生(sheng)產線上充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，到用戶購車(che)后(hou)配車(che)使用這段時(shi)間(jian)要經過(guo)很多(duo)環節，間(jian)隔時(shi)間(jian)甚至會長達數(shu)月(yue)，在(zai)這期間(jian)，由于(yu)沒對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行補充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)的硫酸鉛(qian)大(da)量堆(dui)積(ji)結晶，用戶剛買到的新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可能是(shi)已(yi)經老化(hua)甚至報(bao)費的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)廠家在(zai)執行(xing)質保時(shi)，對(dui)回(hui)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)并不(bu)是完全的(de)淘汰(tai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)返退(tui)以(yi)(yi)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)(shang)重(zhong)新進行(xing)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)驗，在(zai)檢(jian)驗中往往會發現有(you)(you)60%以(yi)(yi)上的(de)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是不(bu)符(fu)合返退(tui)條件的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。其原因也就是在(zai)串連電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)中，個別(bie)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后形成整(zheng)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)功能下(xia)降而引起整(zheng)組(zu)返退(tui)。不(bu)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)(shang)對(dui)返退(tui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)采取配(pei)組(zu)、補水、除硫、包裝后，又(you)重(zhong)新提(ti)供給用戶，以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)有(you)(you)效使(shi)用壽命，降低報(bao)廢率，減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)(shang)的(de)部分理(li)索(suo)賠的(de)損失，所以(yi)(yi)，很(hen)多(duo)經(jing)銷(xiao)商(shang)(shang)已經(jing)感覺到廠家提(ti)供的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)明顯“一代(dai)不(bu)如(ru)一代(dai)”。

電動(dong)(dong)車(che)電池如果使用得當，普通電池使用3年左右問(wen)題(ti)不大(da)，反之，使用壽命大(da)大(da)減短。因此，消費者日常對電動(dong)(dong)車(che)電池的(de)保(bao)養(yang)是決定電動(dong)(dong)車(che)電池壽命的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)所在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對于電(dian)池(chi)和(he)充電(dian)的注(zhu)意事(shi)項，我們(men)分成兩類：絕對不(bu)允許(xu)（禁止）和(he)最好不(bu)要(yao)（建議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁(jin)將電池的正(zheng)負極短路

2、禁止經常(chang)使用(yong)到欠壓保護(hu)電路起作用(yong)的時候才充(chong)電

3、禁(jin)止經常在未充滿電(dian)的情況下拔下充電(dian)器的電(dian)源來使(shi)用電(dian)動車

4、禁(jin)止閑置時間(jian)過長（不(bu)得超過三天(tian)，且所剩(sheng)電量應大于(yu)40%），禁(jin)止虧電存放(fang)

5、如果發(fa)現連續充電(dian)(dian)10小時后還沒有轉燈，應馬上停(ting)止充電(dian)(dian)，檢查(cha)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)溫度是否(fou)(fou)發(fa)燙。會的(de)話應該盡(jin)早送(song)修，無法(fa)立即送(song)修者，應控制充電(dian)(dian)總時間不超(chao)過8小時，否(fou)(fou)則電(dian)(dian)池(chi)將會因(yin)膨脹變(bian)形而損壞。

不轉燈原因有三：

一(yi)：充(chong)電器參數不匹配，產生(sheng)漂移(yi)；

二：線路問題；

三：是電池因素：失水，電池內部有單格短(duan)路，硫化較(jiao)為(wei)嚴重。

排查方法：

1、檢查充電(dian)器是(shi)否(fou)(fou)損(sun)壞，充電(dian)參數(shu)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)符合要求(qiu)（有的人用48V的充電(dian)器來充36V的電(dian)池組(zu)），看是(shi)否(fou)(fou)電(dian)壓偏高（14.8V/個以上(shang)的）或涓流(liu)轉(zhuan)換電(dian)流(liu)偏低

2、檢查充電(dian)回(hui)路保險(xian)絲是否接觸良好，保險(xian)絲座有(you)無燒(shao)焦痕跡，檢查連(lian)線插(cha)接頭接觸是否良好，包(bao)含(han)充電(dian)器的(de)插(cha)頭的(de)車上的(de)插(cha)座。

3、查看電池內(nei)部是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有干涸現象(xiang)，即電池是(shi)否(fou)(fou)缺液嚴重。干涸的(de)電池應(ying)補加純水(shui)或1.05g/cm3的(de)稀硫酸，進行維(wei)護充放電進行修復，同時(shi)測量(liang)單格電壓(ya)，看是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有單格短路的(de)存(cun)在。

4、還應(ying)檢查極板是否存在不可逆硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽化(hua)。硫(liu)化(hua)嚴(yan)重的話，內(nei)阻增大，充電(dian)就會引起嚴(yan)重發熱。

5、極板的不(bu)可逆(ni)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)化(hua)，可通過充放電(dian)(dian)測量(liang)其端電(dian)(dian)壓的變化(hua)來判定。在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)壓上升(sheng)特(te)別(bie)快，某些單格電(dian)(dian)壓特(te)別(bie)高，放電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓下降特(te)別(bie)快。出現(xian)上述(shu)情況，可判斷電(dian)(dian)池(chi)出現(xian)不(bu)可逆(ni)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)化(hua)。如果發現(xian)有不(bu)可逆(ni)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)化(hua)，應進(jin)行均衡充電(dian)(dian)法進(jin)行修復。

6、禁止電(dian)池的(de)最大(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)超過額定容(rong)量150%，也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)(shi)6-DZM-10（常說的(de)那種12AH的(de)電(dian)池）的(de)電(dian)池，它(ta)的(de)最大(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)10×150%＝15A，如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)(shi)6-DZM-17的(de)電(dian)池它(ta)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)為(wei)(wei)17×150%約為(wei)(wei)25A,如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)(shi)20AH的(de)的(de)電(dian)池最大(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)30A。這樣(yang)也同樣(yang)的(de)限(xian)制了(le)控制器限(xian)流(liu)值的(de)大(da)(da)小

建議：

1、最好不要(yao)在未(wei)充(chong)滿電的(de)情況下(xia)拔下(xia)充(chong)電器的(de)電源來使用電動(dong)車。還有應注意的(de)是：

轉燈(deng)并不表示此時的電(dian)池已經充滿(man)電(dian)，差不多只有95%－99%，需要(yao)繼續浮充2－3個(ge)小時來把(ba)它充滿(man)。

2、做(zuo)到(dao)及時(shi)(shi)充電，閑置時(shi)(shi)間(jian)最(zui)好不超過(guo)12個小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，同時(shi)(shi)應增加相應浮充的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。

3、使用(yong)量較(jiao)少者，最(zui)好(hao)使用(yong)到50%－80%后再(zai)充電，有利于延(yan)長(chang)電池使用(yong)壽命。

4、在電池使用一年后(hou)，每間隔2個月，最好恒(heng)流充電一次，電流大小為C／15，時間20小時。

5、少拉重(zhong)物，速度不要(yao)開得太快(kuai)，減小(xiao)電池的放電電流。

6、緩慢加速，減小大電(dian)流對電(dian)池，控制器(qi)及電(dian)機的沖擊(ji)。