電動車電池的分類

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)影響性能的(de)關鍵部件(jian)，也(ye)是(shi)制約電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車發展的(de)關鍵。為適應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車的(de)需(xu)要(yao)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車專用電(dian)(dian)池的(de)發展也(ye)很快。那么，各種電(dian)(dian)池在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車中的(de)地位如何？

電動車電池之一：鎳-金屬氫化物蓄電池

此(ci)類蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比能量高(gao)，有較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比功率(lv)，壽命(ming)長，材(cai)料(liao)來源豐富，污染(ran)輕(qing)等優(you)點，被認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)應提(ti)倡(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輕(qing)型電(dian)(dian)動車(che)用(yong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，但(dan)在(zai)商業化的(de)(de)(de)(de)輕(qing)型電(dian)(dian)動車(che)上使用(yong)ni—mh蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)還(huan)只占(zhan)很小的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)，主(zhu)要用(yong)于部分出口產品。這(zhe)主(zhu)要是(shi)由于ni—mh蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價格貴；電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓低(di)使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)個數多，而且均(jun)勻一致性(xing)(xing)較差，這(zhe)限(xian)制了蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組實際可使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命(ming)。還(huan)有鋰(li)離子蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能更優(you)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)迅速發展和價格降低(di)對ni—mh蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位造成強(qiang)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)威脅。因此(ci)認(ren)為(wei)：ni—mh蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動車(che)上應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位是(shi)暫(zan)短的(de)(de)(de)(de)、過(guo)渡(du)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，將來的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場份額是(shi)有限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

電動車電池之二：鋰離子蓄電池和聚合物鋰離子蓄電池

鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)比能(neng)量更高，有較(jiao)高的(de)比功(gong)率，壽命(ming)長，污染輕等優(you)點，被認為是(shi)有希望是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)(che)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。最近不少公(gong)司(si)研制出10-20ah圓(yuan)柱形和方形電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)(che)用(yong)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，并(bing)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)(che)上進行(xing)了試驗，其(qi)價(jia)格約每vah要4元人民幣。安(an)(an)全性(xing)及成熟程度和價(jia)格是(shi)影(ying)響鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)(che)上應用(yong)的(de)主(zhu)要制約因素。可喜的(de)是(shi)今年國內(nei)已(yi)有3-4家(jia)公(gong)司(si)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車(che)(che)用(yong)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池通(tong)過了安(an)(an)全認證。聚(ju)(ju)合物(wu)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池安(an)(an)全性(xing)比液態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池好(hao)。

因(yin)此認為(wei)(wei)，對電動車用(yong)鋰(li)離子蓄(xu)電池(chi)和(he)聚合物鋰(li)離子蓄(xu)電池(chi)，應(ying)通過實(shi)際考核了解(jie)其真實(shi)性能和(he)性能價(jia)格比。隨著它們趨向成熟，在安全可靠(kao)的(de)基礎上，向有經濟能力而需(xu)要高(gao)性能的(de)客戶提供。它們將成為(wei)(wei)用(yong)于高(gao)端電動自行車的(de)電池(chi)，將是(shi)繼(ji)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電池(chi)之后所占(zhan)比例(li)(li)較大的(de)電池(chi)。但受價(jia)格限制，暫時它們所占(zhan)比例(li)(li)不會(hui)很大。

電動車電池之三：鋅空電池

鋅空電(dian)池是(shi)金屬—空氣(qi)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)一種，屬于半燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池范疇。它有比能量高，原材料(liao)豐富，價(jia)格不高，污染(ran)輕等優點，被(bei)認為是(shi)電(dian)動車用電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)有競爭(zheng)力的(de)(de)(de)候選者。

我國早有(you)研(yan)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)用鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的歷史。1970年(nian)代(dai)曾(ceng)是高潮(chao)，中間有(you)所中斷。在1990年(nian)代(dai)中期以(yi)色(se)列efl公司開發(fa)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)用鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)后，我國一些有(you)基礎的單(dan)位也(ye)開始參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)用鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的開發(fa)工作，研(yan)制出(chu)60ah的機械(xie)可(ke)充式(shi)鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，并裝在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)摩托車(che)上成(cheng)功地行(xing)(xing)駛了200多公里，同時還(huan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了鋅(xin)回收(shou)的試驗研(yan)究工作。科技部也(ye)支持過研(yan)制動(dong)(dong)態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)再(zai)生(sheng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)用鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

電動車電池之四：其他電池（如ni-zn蓄電池、鋅鎳蓄電池和燃料電池）

雖然它們各有(you)特點，但都幾乎(hu)沒(mei)有(you)在商業化(hua)的輕型電(dian)動車(che)上(shang)使(shi)用。這主要(yao)是由(you)于價(jia)格貴、綜合性(xing)能不(bu)理想、或技術不(bu)成熟、或受資(zi)源、服務配套系統制約因素影響。

電動車電池之五：閥控鉛酸蓄電池

鉛酸蓄電池是已有100多年歷史的老產品，有些人認為鉛酸蓄電池是落后的產品，在電動自行車應用的前途不大。我們認為這種觀點是不正確。實際上，鉛酸蓄電池在100多年的歷史中一直不斷地在改進提高，有的是革命性的飛躍式提高，近年來我國電動自行車用閥控鉛酸蓄電池的水平有很大提高也是不斷地在改進提高的好例子。現在使用的閥控鉛酸蓄電池因其性能合適、價格便宜、材料來源豐富、技術和制造工藝較成熟、安全可靠等綜合因素，經市場檢驗，考核已成為商業化輕型電動車主要采用的電池，所占份額在95%以上。