電動車電池的分類

電(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)影響性能的(de)關鍵(jian)部(bu)件(jian)，也(ye)是(shi)制約電(dian)動(dong)車(che)發展的(de)關鍵(jian)。為適應電(dian)動(dong)車(che)的(de)需要，電(dian)動(dong)車(che)專用電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)發展也(ye)很快。那么(me)，各種電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在電(dian)動(dong)車(che)中的(de)地位如何？

電動車電池之一：鎳-金屬氫化物蓄電池

此類蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比能(neng)量高，有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比功率(lv)，壽(shou)命(ming)長(chang)，材(cai)料(liao)來源(yuan)豐富(fu)，污染(ran)輕等(deng)優(you)點(dian)，被認為是(shi)(shi)應(ying)提倡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輕型電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)用蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但(dan)在商業化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輕型電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)上使用ni—mh蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還只占很小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例，主(zhu)要用于部(bu)分出(chu)口(kou)產品。這(zhe)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)由于ni—mh蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價格貴；電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低(di)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)個數(shu)多，而且均勻(yun)一致性較(jiao)(jiao)差，這(zhe)限制了(le)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組實(shi)際可使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)。還有(you)鋰離子蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)更優(you)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅速發(fa)展和價格降(jiang)低(di)對ni—mh蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位造成強力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威脅。因此認為：ni—mh蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)上應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位是(shi)(shi)暫(zan)短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、過渡性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，將來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場份額是(shi)(shi)有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

電動車電池之二：鋰離子蓄電池和聚合物鋰離子蓄電池

鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)聚(ju)合(he)物(wu)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)比能量(liang)更(geng)高(gao)，有較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)比功(gong)率，壽(shou)命長，污(wu)染輕等優點，被認為是(shi)有希望(wang)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)車用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。最(zui)近不少(shao)公司研制出10-20ah圓(yuan)柱形和(he)方形電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)車用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)聚(ju)合(he)物(wu)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，并在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)車上(shang)進行(xing)了(le)試驗，其價格(ge)約(yue)每vah要(yao)4元人民幣。安全性及成熟程度(du)和(he)價格(ge)是(shi)影響鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)聚(ju)合(he)物(wu)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)車上(shang)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)制約(yue)因(yin)素。可喜的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)今年國內已有3-4家公司的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)(zi)行(xing)車用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)通過了(le)安全認證。聚(ju)合(he)物(wu)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)安全性比液態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)好。

因此認為，對電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)用(yong)鋰(li)離子(zi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)聚合物鋰(li)離子(zi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，應通過實際考核了解(jie)其真實性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)和(he)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)價(jia)格(ge)比(bi)。隨著它們趨(qu)向成熟，在安全可靠的基礎上(shang)，向有經濟(ji)能(neng)(neng)力而需要高性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的客戶提供。它們將成為用(yong)于高端電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，將是繼鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)之后所占(zhan)比(bi)例較大(da)(da)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。但受價(jia)格(ge)限制，暫時它們所占(zhan)比(bi)例不會很大(da)(da)。

電動車電池之三：鋅空電池

鋅空電池(chi)是(shi)金屬(shu)(shu)—空氣(qi)電池(chi)的一種，屬(shu)(shu)于半燃料電池(chi)范疇。它有比能量高(gao)，原(yuan)材料豐富，價格不高(gao)，污染輕等(deng)優點(dian)，被(bei)認為是(shi)電動車(che)用(yong)電池(chi)的有競爭(zheng)力的候(hou)選者。

我國早有研(yan)制(zhi)電動(dong)(dong)車(che)用(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空電池的(de)歷史。1970年(nian)代曾是高(gao)潮，中(zhong)(zhong)間有所中(zhong)(zhong)斷。在1990年(nian)代中(zhong)(zhong)期以色列efl公(gong)司(si)開(kai)(kai)發出電動(dong)(dong)車(che)用(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空電池后(hou)，我國一些(xie)有基礎的(de)單位(wei)也(ye)(ye)開(kai)(kai)始參與(yu)電動(dong)(dong)車(che)用(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空電池的(de)開(kai)(kai)發工(gong)(gong)作，研(yan)制(zhi)出60ah的(de)機械可(ke)充式鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空電池，并(bing)裝在電動(dong)(dong)摩托車(che)上(shang)成功地行(xing)駛了200多公(gong)里(li)，同時還(huan)進行(xing)了鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)回收(shou)的(de)試驗研(yan)究工(gong)(gong)作。科技部也(ye)(ye)支持過(guo)研(yan)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)態電再生的(de)電動(dong)(dong)車(che)用(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)空電池。

電動車電池之四：其他電池（如ni-zn蓄電池、鋅鎳蓄電池和燃料電池）

雖(sui)然它們各有特點(dian)，但(dan)都幾乎沒有在商業化的輕型(xing)電動車上使用。這主要是由(you)于價格貴、綜合性能(neng)不(bu)理想(xiang)、或(huo)(huo)技術不(bu)成熟、或(huo)(huo)受資源(yuan)、服務配套系統制(zhi)約因素影響。

電動車電池之五：閥控鉛酸蓄電池

鉛酸蓄電池是已有100多年歷史的老產品，有些人認為鉛酸蓄電池是落后的產品，在電動自行車應用的前途不大。我們認為這種觀點是不正確。實際上，鉛酸蓄電池在100多年的歷史中一直不斷地在改進提高，有的是革命性的飛躍式提高，近年來我國電動自行車用閥控鉛酸蓄電池的水平有很大提高也是不斷地在改進提高的好例子。現在使用的閥控鉛酸蓄電池因其性能合適、價格便宜、材料來源豐富、技術和制造工藝較成熟、安全可靠等綜合因素，經市場檢驗，考核已成為商業化輕型電動車主要采用的電池，所占份額在95%以上。