冀魯官(guan)話(hua)(hua)是北(bei)方官(guan)話(hua)(hua)的(de)一種,屬(shu)于漢語官(guan)話(hua)(hua)方言的(de)一個分(fen)支,分(fen)布于河北(bei)省大(da)部、天津市(shi)大(da)部、山(shan)東省西北(bei)部以及北(bei)京市(shi)平谷區、山(shan)西省廣(guang)靈縣和內蒙古寧(ning)城縣,使(shi)用人(ren)口約(yue)9000余萬。
大致可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)三(san)個片(pian):石濟片(pian)、保唐片(pian)、滄惠片(pian)。可再細分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)十二(er)個小片(pian)。
冀(ji)魯官話區主要的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是大都有陰(yin)平(ping)、陽(yang)平(ping)、上聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、去(qu)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)四(si)個聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao),古(gu)平(ping)上去(qu)三聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)古(gu)入聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)濁(zhuo)音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)演變情(qing)況各地基(ji)本相同。即古(gu)平(ping)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)清音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)陰(yin)平(ping),濁(zhuo)音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)陽(yang)平(ping);古(gu)上聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)清音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母字(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)次濁(zhuo)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)上聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);古(gu)上聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)全濁(zhuo)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母字(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)古(gu)去(qu)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)去(qu)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);古(gu)入聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)次濁(zhuo)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)去(qu)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),全濁(zhuo)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)陽(yang)平(ping)。冀(ji)魯官話和(he)北(bei)京官話的(de)(de)主要差別在于古(gu)入聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)清音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)今(jin)(jin)調(diao)類和(he)今(jin)(jin)四(si)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)調(diao)值。
夏(xia)(xia)(xia)朝(chao)時(shi)期,今華(hua)北(bei)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)西部為華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)族、東部為諸多華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)化(hua)(hua)(hua)很深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東夷。商朝(chao)時(shi)期,商完全華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)化(hua)(hua)(hua),諸多東夷華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)化(hua)(hua)(hua)程度也加深(shen)。西周(zhou)時(shi)期,齊(qi)國和魯國的(de)(de)(de)(de)東夷被華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)化(hua)(hua)(hua),分別操(cao)齊(qi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)一魯方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(周(zhou)族方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)與東夷語(yu)言(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)融(rong)合(he))華(hua)北(bei)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)西部的(de)(de)(de)(de)華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)部落操(cao)趙(zhao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)一燕方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(黃(huang)帝語(yu)言(yan)),但這些(xie)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異就(jiu)如(ru)同福(fu)州話(hua)一閩(min)南(nan)話(hua)、贛語(yu)一客語(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)差別一樣大戰國時(shi)期,諸侯混(hun)戰,齊(qi)、魯、趙(zhao)、燕方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)受(shou)了(le)中原(yuan)(yuan)官話(hua)河南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(雅言(yan))和秦晉方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響逐漸趨于統一,秦朝(chao)時(shi)齊(qi)魯方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)已完全融(rong)合(he)趨同。黃(huang)巾之(zhi)(zhi)亂、永嘉之(zhi)(zhi)亂,華(hua)北(bei)內(nei)部人口流動頻繁,齊(qi)魯方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)、趙(zhao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)、燕東南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)也越來越混(hun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。北(bei)宋定都開封,汴洛音獨得天下之(zhi)(zhi)正。此時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)魯、趙(zhao)、燕東南(nan)都正好處(chu)于京(jing)都邊緣地區,共同的(de)(de)(de)(de)地理形(xing)勢和經濟(ji)狀況為華(hua)北(bei)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)提供了(le)融(rong)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機會,冀魯官話(hua)形(xing)成。
至于(yu)北(bei)京官話獨立于(yu)冀魯(lu)官話,那完(wan)全是(shi)北(bei)京一帶一直是(shi)東胡(hu)漢族雜居,并(bing)受遼金兩代(dai)長期首都性統治有關(guan)。元明時期,冀魯(lu)人向天(tian)津、北(bei)京市平(ping)谷(gu)縣(xian)、唐(tang)山(shan)、秦皇島移民,擴大(da)了冀魯(lu)官話分布面積(ji)。
冀(ji)魯官話分(fen)為(wei)4個片,13個小片,共(gong)有162個方言點,各片的分(fen)布范(fan)圍如(ru)下:
共66個縣(xian)市,分布在河北省和山(shan)東省,總人(ren)口(kou)約3880.5萬人(ren),總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約61566.5平方公里。下面(mian)(mian)再分為3個小片。
1.邢衡(heng)小(xiao)片 14個縣(xian)市
河北省(sheng):邢臺(tai)市、邢臺(tai)縣(xian)、柏鄉(xiang)縣(xian)、巨(ju)鹿縣(xian)、臨城(cheng)縣(xian)、隆(long)堯縣(xian)、南宮市、內丘縣(xian)、平鄉(xiang)縣(xian)、任縣(xian)、新河縣(xian)
衡水(shui)市、冀州區、棗(zao)強(qiang)縣
2.趙深小片 19個縣市(shi)
河北(bei)省:安平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、藁城(cheng)區、高(gao)邑(yi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、井陘縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、晉州市(shi)、欒(luan)城(cheng)區、寧晉縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、饒陽縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、深澤縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、深州市(shi)、石家莊市(shi)、無極縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、武強縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、武邑(yi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、行(xing)唐縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、辛(xin)集市(shi)、新樂市(shi)、趙縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、正定縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)
3.聊泰(tai)小片 33個縣(xian)市(shi)
河(he)北省:廣平縣(xian)、廣宗縣(xian)、館陶(tao)縣(xian)、故城縣(xian)、臨西縣(xian)、清河(he)縣(xian)、邱縣(xian)、曲周縣(xian)、威縣(xian)、吳(wu)橋縣(xian)
山(shan)東省:主指桓臺和章丘一帶(dai)方(fang)言
茌平區(qu)、德州市、東阿縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、肥城(cheng)(cheng)市、高唐縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、冠縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、濟南市、原(yuan)萊(lai)蕪市(萊(lai)城(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)、鋼城(cheng)(cheng)區(qu))、聊城(cheng)(cheng)市、陵縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、臨清市、蒙陰縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、平陰縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、齊河縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、莘(xin)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中北部(bu)(莘(xin)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)南部(bu)屬(shu)中原(yuan)官話區(qu)),泰(tai)安市、武城(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、夏(xia)津(jin)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、新泰(tai)市、沂南縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、沂源(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、禹城(cheng)(cheng)市、淄博市、博山(shan)區(qu)、淄川區(qu)、桓臺縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)
共有52個縣(xian)市(shi)區,分布(bu)在北京市(shi)、天津市(shi)、河(he)北省和(he)山西省。總人(ren)口約2632萬人(ren),總面(mian)積約64537平方公(gong)里。下面(mian)再(zai)分為(wei)6個小(xiao)片:
1.淶阜小片(pian) 5個縣
山西省:廣靈縣
河北省:阜平縣(xian)淶源縣(xian)曲陽縣(xian)、蔚縣(xian)
2.定霸小片 24個縣區市
河北省(sheng):安(an)(an)國市(shi)(shi)(shi)、保定(ding)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(蓮池區、競秀區、滿城區、清苑區、徐水區)、霸州市(shi)(shi)(shi)、博野(ye)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、大城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、定(ding)興縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、定(ding)州市(shi)(shi)(shi)、高(gao)碑店市(shi)(shi)(shi)、高(gao)陽縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、淶水縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、蠡(li)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、雄縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、安(an)(an)新縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、容城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、順平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、唐縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、望(wang)都縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、文安(an)(an)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、易縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、永(yong)清縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)
天津市:靜海區
3.天津小片
天津(jin)市區(qu)內(nei)部(bu)方言很(hen)不一致。天津(jin)小片指(zhi)的是以舊城區(qu)為中心的老天津(jin)話。分布的大致范(fan)圍是:西邊從曹莊(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)起,沿(yan)津(jin)浦線到東邊的徐莊(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)、趙莊(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi).再向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)經貴莊(zhuang)(zhuang)、蘆莊(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)、南(nan)(nan)馬集到南(nan)(nan)端的大韓莊(zhuang)(zhuang),再向(xiang)西北(bei)經大蘆北(bei)口、卞莊(zhuang)(zhuang)、邢莊(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)回到曹莊(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)。
4.薊遵小片 18個縣市區(qu)
北京市:平谷區
天(tian)津市:寶坻(chi)區、薊州區、寧河區、漢沽區
河北(bei)(bei)省:興隆縣(xian)、寬城西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)、唐山市(豐潤區(qu)、豐南(nan)(nan)區(qu)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)、古冶區(qu)大(da)部(bu)、路南(nan)(nan)區(qu)、路北(bei)(bei)區(qu)、開平區(qu))、玉田縣(xian)、遵化市、遷安市灤河以(yi)西(xi)(xi)、遷西(xi)(xi)縣(xian)、灤州市九百(bai)戶鎮以(yi)西(xi)(xi)。
5.灤昌小(xiao)片 8個縣區
河北省(sheng):昌黎縣、樂亭縣、灤州市大部、灤南(nan)縣、豐(feng)南(nan)區中東(dong)部、曹妃甸(dian)區、盧龍縣南(nan)部、古冶一小(xiao)部
6.撫龍小片 9個(ge)縣市
河北(bei)(bei)省:秦皇島市(海港(gang)區(qu)、山海關區(qu)、北(bei)(bei)戴河區(qu)、撫寧(ning)區(qu))、盧龍北(bei)(bei)半縣、青龍滿族自治縣、寬城東部(bu)、遷安市灤(luan)河以東不含遷安鎮、灤(luan)州(zhou)市油榨鎮。
共44個縣市區(qu),分布在河北省和山東省。總人口約2430萬(wan)人,總面(mian)積(ji)約53580平(ping)方公里。下(xia)面(mian)再分為4個小(xiao)片。
1.黃樂小(xiao)片 24個縣區市
河北省:泊頭市(shi)、滄(cang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、滄(cang)州市(shi)、東光(guang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、阜(fu)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、海興縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、河間市(shi)、黃驊(hua)市(shi)、景縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、孟村回族自治縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、南皮縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、青縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、任(ren)丘(qiu)市(shi)、肅(su)寧縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、獻縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、鹽山縣(xian)(xian)(xian)
山東(dong)省:樂陵市、臨邑縣(xian)、寧津縣(xian)、平原縣(xian)、慶云縣(xian)、商河縣(xian)、無棣縣(xian)、濱州沾化區
2.陽壽小(xiao)片 13個(ge)縣區市
山東省:濱州市、博興縣(xian)、昌樂縣(xian)、東營(ying)市、河口區、廣饒(rao)縣(xian)、惠(hui)民(min)縣(xian)、墾(ken)利縣(xian)、壽(shou)光(guang)市、陽信縣(xian)
3.莒照小片
4.章桓小片
保唐片:清(qing)(qing)入多歸陰平上(shang)聲(sheng)(sheng);只有唐縣、順平、曲(qu)陽(yang)三地(di)清(qing)(qing)入多歸上(shang)聲(sheng)(sheng)。調值(zhi)接近北京(jing),尤其是上(shang)聲(sheng)(sheng),一般都是降升調。一般不分尖團(tuan)。影(ying)疑母(mu)開(kai)口呼(hu)洪音一般有聲(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)[n],少數為[?]。
石濟片:清入多歸(gui)陰(yin)平;一(yi)(yi)般上聲讀高(平)調,去聲低降(jiang),陽平高降(jiang);知系字合一(yi)(yi)不分;影疑(yi)母開口呼(hu)洪音有鼻音,一(yi)(yi)般為[?]。
滄(cang)惠片:清入多歸(gui)陰平;一般陰平讀低(di)降(jiang)升(sheng),陽平高降(jiang),上聲(sheng)高平,去聲(sheng)低(di)降(jiang);影疑(yi)母(mu)開口呼洪音有聲(sheng)母(mu)[?]。
章(zhang)利片:清入基(ji)本(ben)獨(du)立(li)成調。地域較(jiao)小,不再(zai)細分。除利津(jin)外(wai),其他地點陽(yang)平與(yu)上聲同調。山(shan)東(7):章(zhang)丘、桓臺、鄒平、利津(jin)、高青、淄(zi)博(張店區、周村區)
《中(zhong)國語言(yan)地圖(tu)集》中(zhong)滄惠(hui)片亦(yi)含(han)莒照小(xiao)片(含(han)莒縣、莒南、日(ri)照三縣市),《漢語官話(hua)方言(yan)研(yan)究》改歸膠(jiao)遼官話(hua)。章(zhang)利片在《地圖(tu)集》中(zhong)是屬(shu)滄惠(hui)片的章(zhang)桓小(xiao)片,《研(yan)究》中(zhong)則另立成片。
各分支調值的差異
大片 小片 代表點(dian) 陰(yin)平 陽平 上聲 去聲 陰(yin)入
保(bao)唐片 淶(lai)阜小片 淶(lai)源話(hua) 55 24 213 51 -
定霸小(xiao)片 保定話(hua) 34 22 214 51 -
薊遵(zun)小(xiao)片 唐山話 34 322 213 51 -
灤昌(chang)小片 昌(chang)黎話(hua) 32 13 213 55 -
撫龍小(xiao)片 撫寧(ning)話 33 35 214 51 -
石濟(ji)片 趙深小片 石家莊話 23 53 55 31 -
邢衡小片 邢臺話 213 53 55 31 -
聊泰小片 濟(ji)南話(hua) 213 42 55 21 -
滄惠片 黃樂小(xiao)片 滄州話 213 55 31 -
陽壽(shou)小片(pian) 壽(shou)光話 213 53 55 21 -
章利片(pian) 利津話 213 53 55 21 44
屬于冀魯官話的方言
(只列舉部分)
保唐片
淶阜小片
-淶(lai)源(yuan)方言(保定市淶(lai)源(yuan)縣)
定霸小片
-保定話(保定市)
薊遵小片
-唐山話(唐山市)
灤昌小片
-昌黎話(秦皇島市昌黎縣)
撫龍小片
-撫寧方言(秦皇島(dao)市撫寧區)
石濟片
趙深小片
-石(shi)家(jia)莊方(fang)言(石(shi)家(jia)莊市)
-晉(jin)州話(石(shi)家(jia)莊市晉(jin)州市)
邢衡小片
-邢臺話(邢臺市)
-衡水話(衡水市)
聊泰小片
-濟南話(濟南市)
-平陰(yin)方言(濟南市平陰(yin)縣)
-聊城話(聊城市)
-泰安話(泰安市)
-肥(fei)城(cheng)話(泰安市肥(fei)城(cheng)市)
-新泰(tai)話(泰(tai)安市新泰(tai)市)
-德(de)州話(hua)(德(de)州市(shi)德(de)城區)
-萊蕪方言(yan)(濟南市萊蕪區)
滄惠片
黃樂小片
-樂陵(ling)方言(德州市樂陵(ling)市)
陽壽小片
-陽信(xin)(xin)方言(濱(bin)州市陽信(xin)(xin)縣(xian))
-壽(shou)光話(濰坊(fang)市(shi)壽(shou)光市(shi))
章利片
-高青(qing)方言(淄博市高青(qing)縣)
-淄博(bo)話(淄博(bo)市張店區、周(zhou)村區)