掛(gua)錢(qian),是中(zhong)(zhong)國北(bei)方地(di)區貼在(zai)門(men)(men)楣、房(fang)檐(yan)上的(de)一(yi)種傳統(tong)剪(jian)紙(zhi)藝(yi)術。叫法有“掛(gua)簽(qian)”、“掛(gua)千(qian)”、“吊錢(qian)”、“過(guo)門(men)(men)箋”、“門(men)(men)吊子”,是中(zhong)(zhong)國民間刻(剪(jian))紙(zhi)藝(yi)術品中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一(yi)種。由于圖(tu)案(an)清晰絢麗,花紋(wen)細膩精(jing)美(mei),又因(yin)圖(tu)案(an)多為古(gu)錢(qian)狀(zhuang),故古(gu)人才將其(qi)稱“掛(gua)錢(qian)”。掛(gua)錢(qian),其(qi)形狀(zhuang)如小幡(fan)。新春佳節,北(bei)方鄉村的(de)人們喜歡并且(qie)都很自然(ran)地(di)在(zai)自家的(de)門(men)(men)楣上貼上一(yi)排色彩繽(bin)紛的(de)“掛(gua)錢(qian)”,作為新年點(dian)綴,借以(yi)邀引財源。掛(gua)錢(qian)在(zai)鄉村最是盛行,除門(men)(men)檐(yan)、房(fang)檐(yan)下,也(ye)有把它貼在(zai)財神洞、倉庫、雞舍、豬舍和井臺上的(de)。
掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)上(shang)刻鏤(lou)著吉祥的圖案和文字,上(shang)沿(yan)貼牢,下(xia)面(mian)大(da)部懸(xuan)空,可隨(sui)風飄動。掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)和春(chun)聯(lian)交相輝映,呈現(xian)出一副濃厚的鄉土氣息和辭(ci)舊迎(ying)新的節(jie)日(ri)畫面(mian)。
掛(gua)錢(qian)在中國有(you)幾千年的(de)歷(li)史(shi)。貼掛(gua)錢(qian),為北方地區民間(jian)春節(jie)的(de)一(yi)大習(xi)俗。新春佳節(jie),掛(gua)錢(qian)與對聯搭配著(zhu)貼,一(yi)是表(biao)示一(yi)種祝福,表(biao)示吉祥如意的(de)意思,二是象征著(zhu)富有(you),即很有(you)錢(qian)的(de)意思。
掛(gua)(gua)錢據說是和爆(bao)竹(zhu)一(yi)樣的,都是為(wei)了(le)驅(qu)趕(gan)那個叫做“年(nian)”的怪獸,爆(bao)竹(zhu)是以其(qi)聲音來(lai)嚇(xia)唬“年(nian)”,而“掛(gua)(gua)錢”則(ze)以其(qi)顏色來(lai)刺激(ji)“年(nian)”的眼睛。
專(zhuan)家認為掛錢(qian)是由古時彩勝演(yan)變而來。中(zhong)國古時就(jiu)有以幡表(biao)達(da)意愿的風(feng)俗(su)。這(zhe)樣的記載《后漢書·禮儀志》中(zhong)就(jiu)已經(jing)有了。
民間(jian)形(xing)成貼(tie)(tie)“掛(gua)錢兒(er)”的(de)習俗,來源于唐(tang)宋時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)“幡(fan)(fan)(fan)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”。唐(tang)宋時(shi)(shi)(shi)每逢(feng)立(li)春(chun)(chun)(chun)日(ri)(ri),人(ren)們便用(yong)銀箔、羅彩剪(jian)(jian)成飾(shi)(shi)物或小(xiao)幡(fan)(fan)(fan)、戴在頭(tou)上或系在花(hua)下,用(yong)以(yi)歡慶(qing)春(chun)(chun)(chun)日(ri)(ri)來臨,并互相贈送(song)。唐(tang)代詩(shi)人(ren)韋莊在《春(chun)(chun)(chun)盤》詩(shi)中這(zhe)樣(yang)描述:“雪圃乍開(kai)紅果(guo)甲,彩幡(fan)(fan)(fan)新剪(jian)(jian)綠楊絲,殷勤為作宜春(chun)(chun)(chun)曲,題向花(hua)箋(jian)貼(tie)(tie)繡(xiu)楣。”晚唐(tang)段成式《酉陽雜俎》:“立(li)春(chun)(chun)(chun)日(ri)(ri),士大(da)夫之家,剪(jian)(jian)紙為小(xiao)幡(fan)(fan)(fan),或懸(xuan)于佳(jia)人(ren)之首,或綴(zhui)于花(hua)下,又剪(jian)(jian)為春(chun)(chun)(chun)蝶、春(chun)(chun)(chun)錢、春(chun)(chun)(chun)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)戲(xi)之。”蘇軾在《分類東坡(po)詩(shi)》中云:“蕭索東風兩鬢(bin)華(hua),年年幡(fan)(fan)(fan)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)剪(jian)(jian)宮花(hua)”。后來,人(ren)們用(yong)它來避(bi)邪,把幡(fan)(fan)(fan)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)放大(da),在立(li)春(chun)(chun)(chun)之日(ri)(ri),貼(tie)(tie)在門楣上。而南宋孟元老《東京夢華(hua)錄》:“春(chun)(chun)(chun)日(ri)(ri)宰執親王百官皆賜(si)金銀幡(fan)(fan)(fan)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),入(ru)賀訖,戴歸私第(di)。”同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期的(de)吳自牧(mu)在《夢梁錄》中載(zai):“歲旦在你……街市(shi)撲(pu)買錫打(da)春(chun)(chun)(chun)幡(fan)(fan)(fan)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),百事吉(ji)斛(hu)兒(er),以(yi)備元旦懸(xuan)于門首,為新春(chun)(chun)(chun)吉(ji)兆(zhao)。“這(zhe)種(zhong)錫打(da)春(chun)(chun)(chun)幡(fan)(fan)(fan)勝(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),就是最早的(de)“掛(gua)錢兒(er)”。可見在唐(tang)宋時(shi)(shi)(shi)期,就有這(zhe)種(zhong)裝飾(shi)(shi)品,只(zhi)是各有各的(de)用(yong)途。
清(qing)(qing)代(dai)(dai),掛錢(qian)正式(shi)成(cheng)形(xing),清(qing)(qing)代(dai)(dai)天津詩人周(zhou)寶善為(wei)(wei)其作年俗詩說:“先貼(tie)門(men)箋次掛錢(qian),撤金紅(hong)(hong)紙(zhi)寫春聯;竹竿緊束攢前帚,掃房糊窗算過(guo)年。”清(qing)(qing)代(dai)(dai)的(de)富察敦崇(chong)《燕(yan)京歲(sui)時記》中還為(wei)(wei)它作了詳細的(de)注解:“掛千者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),用吉祥語鐫于(yu)紅(hong)(hong)紙(zhi)之(zhi)上,長尺有(you)颶,貼(tie)在門(men)前,與桃符相輝映。其上有(you)八仙人物者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),乃佛前所(suo)懸(xuan)也(ye)。是(shi)物民戶多(duo)用之(zhi)。其黃(huang)紙(zhi)長三寸,紅(hong)(hong)紙(zhi)長寸余(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),日(ri)小掛千,乃市肆所(suo)用也(ye)。””可見,“掛錢(qian)”的(de)歷史是(shi)由來已久的(de)。
人們(men)對(dui)掛(gua)錢的喜愛,還(huan)有另外一層原因,那就是它名字中(zhong)(zhong)的“錢”字,把它們(men)掛(gua)在門前(qian)檐下(xia),預示著新的一年中(zhong)(zhong),財源(yuan)會滾(gun)滾(gun)而來。
掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)多種,樣式(shi)各異,一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大都是簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)(an),最早的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候都是民(min)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)祝福之意。圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)(an)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)神仙、玉皇大帝、麒麟送子、連(lian)年(nian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)魚、吉慶(qing)豐(feng)收等(deng)等(deng),也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)在上邊(bian)剪(jian)(jian)字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de),以(yi)(yi)福字(zi)(zi)(zi)和喜(xi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)(wei)多,更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)是比較簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)樣式(shi)。鄉間較常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),大都是長(chang)方形,由中(zhong)心(xin)、邊(bian)框、穗兒構成(cheng)。其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)(an),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)文字(zi)(zi)(zi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)既(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)又有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)(an)。掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)細制、糙制兩種。細制是用(yong)(yong)(yong)紅(hong)毛邊(bian)紙雕(diao)成(cheng),用(yong)(yong)(yong)者較少。糙制是用(yong)(yong)(yong)紅(hong)燈花紙雕(diao)成(cheng),用(yong)(yong)(yong)者較為(wei)(wei)普遍。一(yi)般(ban)每(mei)套五(wu)張,大的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)片長(chang)約一(yi)尺,寬約半尺,小的(de)(de)(de)(de)按比例相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)縮(suo)小。據《帝京歲時(shi)紀勝(sheng)》載(zai):“掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)輝五(wu)色。”五(wu)色原指青(qing)、赤、黃、白、黑。因在民(min)俗中(zhong)人們(men)忌諱(hui)黑白二(er)色,所以(yi)(yi),掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)兒的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)色為(wei)(wei)大紅(hong)、粉紅(hong)、黃、綠和藍,其(qi)順序(xu)為(wei)(wei)“頭紅(hong)、二(er)綠、三(san)黃、四水(粉)、五(wu)藍”。每(mei)門每(mei)窗所掛(gua)(gua)皆為(wei)(wei)單數,多為(wei)(wei)五(wu)張或三(san)張,每(mei)張一(yi)色。北方人做(zuo)“掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”,多用(yong)(yong)(yong)精巧鋒利的(de)(de)(de)(de)刻(ke)刀,在優(you)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)紙上,按樣品刻(ke)出豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)(an),亦有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)剪(jian)(jian)刀剪(jian)(jian)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)。然后再用(yong)(yong)(yong)金色鉑(bo)紙刻(ke)成(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)(an)貼上去,顯示出富(fu)麗堂(tang)皇的(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)色。掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)般(ban)長(chang)為(wei)(wei)26至30厘(li)米,寬20至25厘(li)米,掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)兒中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)(an)和文字(zi)(zi)(zi)須與邊(bian)框緊(jin)密相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian),如果象窗花那樣細密,人們(men)會看不清楚。所以(yi)(yi),掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)兒差(cha)不多都要剪(jian)(jian)刻(ke)得(de)疏案(an)(an)簡練,才(cai)使它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)(an)形成(cheng)富(fu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)、粗線條的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術風格。曾有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)好趣之君針對掛(gua)(gua)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)兒的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,(制)就了這樣一(yi)個謎語:“長(chang)方形,一(yi)塊板兒,瀝(li)(li)瀝(li)(li)拉拉胡椒眼兒,中(zhong)心(xin)襯著(zhu)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和字(zi)(zi)(zi)兒,辭(ci)舊迎新添(tian)風采兒。”
隨著時(shi)代的(de)發展,人們又把掛(gua)錢賦(fu)于(yu)了新的(de)創(chuang)造,用(yong)布或者絲(si)綢刻、剪成幾米(mi)的(de)大型的(de)掛(gua)錢,用(yong)于(yu)大市(shi)場(chang)、超市(shi)、會堂等(deng)(deng)公(gong)益場(chang)所,代表(biao)著吉祥(xiang)和喜慶。而且圖案(an)和文(wen)字通過人們的(de)不斷(duan)改造和花(hua)樣(yang)(yang)翻新,在原有的(de)基礎上又增加了“龍(long)鳳呈祥(xiang)”、“雙龍(long)戲珠(zhu)”、“梅花(hua)四喜”、“彩燈(deng)”等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。其橫匾的(de)字樣(yang)(yang)也日趨(qu)豐(feng)(feng)富,由過去只有“和平”、“和合(he)”,演(yan)變為(wei)“共產黨好”、“吉祥(xiang)如(ru)意”、“國泰民安”、“人壽年豐(feng)(feng)”等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。
另外還有一種白掛錢,長二三尺(chi),寬一尺(chi),中雕滿文“靈”字,四(si)周轱轆錢,非常細巧(qiao),專為滿族旗(qi)人貼祖宗板子上用的。
新春(chun)佳節一到(dao)(dao),家(jia)家(jia)戶戶皆用掛錢兒把門口裝飾得面目一新,喜氣盈盈,使人們感到(dao)(dao)嚴冬(dong)已去,新春(chun)盎然(ran)。貼(tie)掛錢,已成(cheng)為中(zhong)國民間春(chun)節一大習俗。
舊習(xi)俗中(zhong),人們(men)在元宵過后,都必須將“掛錢”摘(zhai)下。據(ju)說(shuo)如不(bu)摘(zhai)下,瞌睡蟲就會伴著不(bu)走(zou),使(shi)這家人經(jing)常(chang)打瞌睡,影響生產,當年得不(bu)到(dao)好收成。隨著時代的(de)(de)變遷,也有人把它作為一(yi)種長久的(de)(de)裝飾,客廳、書房以及樓(lou)里門楣上貼的(de)(de)掛錢,從(cong)頭一(yi)年的(de)(de)臘月三(san)十(shi)貼到(dao)來年的(de)(de)臘月二十(shi)九,始終都保(bao)存好好的(de)(de),讓喜(xi)慶氣氛(fen)保(bao)持一(yi)年不(bu)衰。同(tong)時給傳統(tong)的(de)(de)民間藝術注(zhu)入了新(xin)的(de)(de)活力。使(shi)民間藝術發揚光(guang)大(da)。
民間(jian)傳(chuan)說,吊(diao)錢是姜(jiang)(jiang)子(zi)牙(ya)封(feng)神時傳(chuan)下來(lai)的(de)(de)。姜(jiang)(jiang)子(zi)牙(ya)封(feng)罷諸神,他的(de)(de)老(lao)婆也向他討(tao)封(feng),可是神號已滿,姜(jiang)(jiang)太公只(zhi)(zhi)好封(feng)她為窮(qiong)神。他轉(zhuan)而又想,它若進到窮(qiong)人(ren)(ren)家(jia),這家(jia)人(ren)(ren)豈不(bu)是更貧窮(qiong),于(yu)是又附加了(le)個小(xiao)條件,即(ji)“見破不(bu)入”,窮(qiong)神不(bu)許進窮(qiong)人(ren)(ren)家(jia),只(zhi)(zhi)能進富人(ren)(ren)家(jia)。后(hou)來(lai)人(ren)(ren)們為阻擋窮(qiong)神的(de)(de)腳步,逢年過節(jie)就用破紙條掛在窗(chuang)戶上,后(hou)來(lai)破紙逐漸演變成刻有各種(zhong)圖案花紋和吉語(yu)的(de)(de)吊(diao)錢了(le)。