發掘歷程
商代晚期至春秋時(shi)期,南陵的先民們在(zai)牯(gu)牛(niu)山興(xing)建(jian)了(le)(le)一(yi)座(zuo)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(現籍山鎮先進(jin)村(cun)),他們在(zai)此(ci)創造了(le)(le)當(dang)時(shi)輝煌,寫下一(yi)頁燦爛的南陵古(gu)文明。“牯(gu)牛(niu)山”是人(ren)工歷經數(shu)十年(nian)乃至數(shu)百(bai)年(nian)堆建(jian)形(xing)成的高臺地(di),逐而(er)建(jian)成一(yi)座(zuo)布局(ju)(ju)合理、規模(mo)宏大的古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)。它(ta)(ta)形(xing)似浮(fu)在(zai)水(shui)中的牯(gu)牛(niu),故(gu)而(er)稱之“牯(gu)牛(niu)山”。先民們充分利用(yong)了(le)(le)本(ben)地(di)水(shui)資(zi)源優(you)勢(shi),“以水(shui)為(wei)路(lu),以船代車,以橋相連(lian)”,興(xing)建(jian)了(le)(le)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng),古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)亦叫“水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)”。它(ta)(ta)面積(ji)約七十萬(wan)平方米。如此(ci)規模(mo)及布局(ju)(ju)的古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)當(dang)時(shi)可謂(wei)大城(cheng)(cheng)市了(le)(le)。
1984年全縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)物普(pu)查時(shi)發現了牯(gu)牛(niu)山(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)以(yi)后,立即(ji)引起(qi)了中(zhong)外考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)界專家、學(xue)者的(de)關注,先后有(you)北(bei)京大學(xue)、上海博(bo)物館、南京博(bo)物院、中(zhong)國(guo)科技(ji)大學(xue)、東南大學(xue)、華(hua)東師大、安(an)徽大學(xue)等考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研究單(dan)位(wei)的(de)百余名知名專家和德國(guo)、日本、韓(han)國(guo)、美國(guo)、等國(guo)家及臺灣的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)學(xue)者來陵參觀、考(kao)(kao)(kao)察古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)。中(zhong)央電(dian)視臺以(yi)及省(sheng)、市(shi)、縣(xian)電(dian)視臺曾對牯(gu)牛(niu)山(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘(jue)情況進行多次報(bao)道,蕪湖市(shi)電(dian)視臺還制作了古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)專題宣傳片。省(sheng)文(wen)(wen)物研究部門將牯(gu)牛(niu)山(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)列入重點考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研究課(ke)題。安(an)徽大學(xue)、東南大學(xue)將其作為本科生考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘(jue)實習(xi)地。
1996年(nian)至1997年(nian)省(sheng)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研(yan)究所和(he)上海(hai)華(hua)東師范大(da)學遙(yao)(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)實驗室與(yu)省(sheng)地質遙(yao)(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)應用(yong)中心聯合利用(yong)遙(yao)(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)技術(shu)對古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址進(jin)行全面的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)查(cha),發(fa)現輪廓清晰的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址,并(bing)對航空遙(yao)(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)照片進(jin)行解譯,繪制出位置圖(tu)。這也是安徽境(jing)內首次(ci)(ci)利用(yong)遙(yao)(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)技術(shu)開展考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)調(diao)查(cha)。1998年(nian)經國家文(wen)(wen)物(wu)局批準,省(sheng)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研(yan)究所與(yu)南(nan)陵縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)管理(li)所對古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行首次(ci)(ci)發(fa)掘(jue)。通過考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)掘(jue),出土了陶器(qi)(qi)、原始瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)和(he)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)、冶煉銅渣(zha)等(deng)百余件,標本數百件,器(qi)(qi)類主(zhu)要有(you)鼎(ding)、鬲(li)、豆(dou)、釜、甗、罐、盂、盆等(deng),從器(qi)(qi)形分(fen)析,它(ta)們具有(you)鮮明的(de)(de)(de)地域特征,可以形成(cheng)獨立的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化類型——“牯(gu)牛山文(wen)(wen)化”,同(tong)時它(ta)又與(yu)周(zhou)圍(wei)各種文(wen)(wen)化有(you)著(zhu)千(qian)絲(si)萬(wan)縷(lv)的(de)(de)(de)聯系。考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)現,古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)由四(si)個高臺地組(zu)成(cheng),四(si)周(zhou)分(fen)布著(zhu)四(si)條水(shui)道(dao)(即(ji)護城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)(he)),西南(nan)有(you)進(jin)水(shui)口(kou),東北有(you)出水(shui)口(kou),形成(cheng)規則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)方形,長(chang)約(yue)900米(mi),寬約(yue)750米(mi)。最(zui)高最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)臺地為主(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分(fen),其余為輔助城(cheng)(cheng)。每個臺地之間有(you)水(shui)道(dao)隔(ge)開,索橋(qiao)相連,水(shui)道(dao)與(yu)外(wai)圍(wei)護城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)(he)相通。護城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)(he)寬約(yue)20-50米(mi),雖然歷(li)經數千(qian)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)滄桑,部(bu)分(fen)河(he)(he)(he)段(duan)已經淤塞,但大(da)部(bu)護城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)(he)至今(jin)仍為河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)或水(shui)塘,至今(jin)護城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)(he)與(yu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)原貌輪廓仍然清晰可見(jian)。
古城狀況
古城(cheng)四周有(you)(you)人工(gong)堆建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夯土城(cheng)垣,至(zhi)今仍有(you)(you)殘垣保存。城(cheng)內(nei)有(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅燒土和煉(lian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)、制陶遺跡(ji)以及生活遺跡(ji),文(wen)化(hua)層厚(hou)2-3米(mi)之(zhi)間(jian),其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)內(nei)涵十分豐富。除此(ci)之(zhi)外,還(huan)(huan)發(fa)現了(le)炭化(hua)了(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稻(dao)谷、稻(dao)草以及打漁(yu)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)網墜等(deng)。證(zheng)明了(le)居住在牯牛山古城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先民們(men)依靠種植水稻(dao)等(deng)農(nong)業和捕魚業為(wei)生計,同時還(huan)(huan)熟練掌握高溫燒制耐用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印紋硬陶器(qi)技(ji)術,也能冶煉(lian)冰銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和鑄造出精美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)。文(wen)物(wu)(wu)部(bu)門已(yi)在本(ben)縣境內(nei)征集了(le)四十余件春秋以前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)物(wu)(wu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)數量(liang)和質量(liang)是皖南其(qi)(qi)(qi)他市、縣所不(bu)具有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中南陵文(wen)物(wu)(wu)部(bu)門收藏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)春秋青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)龍耳(er)尊就是本(ben)地代表(biao)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi),此(ci)尊為(wei)國(guo)家一級文(wen)物(wu)(wu),列(lie)(lie)入中華文(wen)明文(wen)物(wu)(wu)精品系列(lie)(lie)。
筆(bi)者參(can)加牯(gu)(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)掘(jue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,接待(dai)過(guo)多位知名專家,聽(ting)取他們(men)對古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法(fa),又(you)根據已(yi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量器物、標本(ben)(ben)以及各方資料分析,筆(bi)者以為(wei),古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立與(yu)南(nan)陵(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)礦(kuang)資源(yuan)有著必(bi)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系。牯(gu)(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)在商代晚期原(yuan)始聚落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上,逐步發(fa)展(zhan)成一(yi)(yi)處(chu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。由于南(nan)陵(ling)大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)礦(kuang)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興起,統治者為(wei)了(le)(le)加強對其(qi)管理(li)(li),牯(gu)(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)成為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)采冶(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行政(zheng)管理(li)(li)機構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所在地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。春秋(qiu)中期古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)已(yi)成為(wei)長江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)下游南(nan)岸最重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)戰(zhan)(zhan)略要(yao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),是(shi)本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治、經濟(ji)、軍事(shi)中心,并發(fa)揮了(le)(le)巨大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輻射功能。從(cong)(cong)(cong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)位置來(lai)(lai)看(kan),牯(gu)(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)與(yu)丘陵(ling)過(guo)渡地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶,攻能進,守能退(tui),是(shi)控制上下往(wang)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),位置十分優(you)越;從(cong)(cong)(cong)交通(tong)運輸途(tu)徑(jing)來(lai)(lai)看(kan),在遙(yao)感解譯圖(tu)上得知古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代漳(zhang)(zhang)河(he)(he)(he)從(cong)(cong)(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)(he)穿過(guo),經繁(fan)昌流(liu)入長江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),而漳(zhang)(zhang)河(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上游支流(liu)峨嶺河(he)(he)(he)從(cong)(cong)(cong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)至(zhi)春秋(qiu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)型冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)場江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)木(mu)沖遺(yi)址西(xi)側流(liu)過(guo),因(yin)此(ci)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)場之(zhi)間依(yi)靠漳(zhang)(zhang)河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)系以船相通(tong),又(you)可通(tong)過(guo)長江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)運通(tong)往(wang)沿江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)各地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),具有交通(tong)便利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點(dian);從(cong)(cong)(cong)三大(da)(da)(da)(da)遺(yi)址出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器物特征來(lai)(lai)看(kan),距(ju)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南(nan)1公里(li)(li)處(chu)就(jiu)是(shi)全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位皖南(nan)土(tu)(tu)墩墓群(千(qian)(qian)峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)),距(ju)另一(yi)(yi)處(chu)全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)木(mu)沖冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)遺(yi)址20公里(li)(li),三地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)皆出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活(huo)器具,通(tong)過(guo)比照,同一(yi)(yi)類器物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造型、紋飾、質地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、特征完全(quan)一(yi)(yi)致,表明三大(da)(da)(da)(da)遺(yi)址為(wei)同一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期、同一(yi)(yi)行政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)范圍(wei)。同時(shi)也(ye)印證了(le)(le)千(qian)(qian)峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)土(tu)(tu)墩墓群埋葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)牯(gu)(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)及周(zhou)(zhou)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居民;從(cong)(cong)(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)發(fa)現了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)、鑄造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)渣(zha)來(lai)(lai)看(kan),古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)已(yi)設置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄銅(tong)作坊,對大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)制品——“冰銅(tong)錠”進行再精煉(lian)(lian)加工(gong)(gong)(gong),從(cong)(cong)(cong)而在古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)制作出(chu)(chu)各種禮器和兵器。因(yin)此(ci)說(shuo),牯(gu)(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)遺(yi)址和千(qian)(qian)峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)土(tu)(tu)墩墓群,構成周(zhou)(zhou)代南(nan)陵(ling)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采冶(ye)區(qu)(qu)、管理(li)(li)區(qu)(qu)、墓葬區(qu)(qu),顯現了(le)(le)南(nan)陵(ling)在先秦以前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮。當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳、越國(guo)就(jiu)是(shi)憑借著本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)礦(kuang)資源(yuan)和處(chu)于世界領先水(shui)平(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)銅(tong)采煉(lian)(lian)技術(shu),以及眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)技人才,如當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄劍大(da)(da)(da)(da)師“干(gan)將”、“莫邪(xie)”、“歐冶(ye)”等,開始了(le)(le)擴張勢力范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭,吳、越國(guo)成為(wei)不可一(yi)(yi)世的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)春秋(qiu)五(wu)霸之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。
古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)存(cun)在時間約為(wei)(wei)一千余年,商代晚期(qi)為(wei)(wei)興起階段,西(xi)周時期(qi)為(wei)(wei)發(fa)展成熟階段,春秋時期(qi)為(wei)(wei)鼎盛階段,到了戰(zhan)國(guo)早期(qi)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)突然廢棄至今就(jiu)是(shi)兩(liang)千余年,消失的(de)原因(yin)有待考(kao)古(gu)(gu)工作者進一步探(tan)索。古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)地處(chu)兩(liang)條(tiao)國(guo)道的(de)交匯處(chu),距縣城(cheng)(cheng)僅3公里,而且古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)皖(wan)南地區(qu)保存(cun)最好的(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址,人(ren)為(wei)(wei)破壞較(jiao)小,文化內涵(han)十分(fen)豐富,具有極大的(de)開發(fa)利用前景(jing)。