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商(shang)代晚期至春(chun)秋時(shi)(shi)期，南陵的先民們在(zai)牯(gu)牛(niu)山興建(jian)了一座古(gu)城(cheng)（現籍山鎮先進(jin)村），他們在(zai)此創造(zao)了當時(shi)(shi)輝煌，寫下一頁燦爛的南陵古(gu)文明(ming)。“牯(gu)牛(niu)山”是(shi)人工歷經(jing)數(shu)十(shi)年(nian)乃至數(shu)百年(nian)堆建(jian)形成的高臺(tai)地，逐而建(jian)成一座布局合理、規(gui)模宏大(da)的古(gu)城(cheng)。它形似浮(fu)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)中的牯(gu)牛(niu)，故而稱(cheng)之“牯(gu)牛(niu)山”。先民們充分利用了本地水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源優勢(shi)，“以水(shui)(shui)為路(lu)，以船代車，以橋相連”，興建(jian)了古(gu)城(cheng)，古(gu)城(cheng)亦叫“水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)”。它面積(ji)約七十(shi)萬平方米(mi)。如此規(gui)模及布局的古(gu)城(cheng)在(zai)當時(shi)(shi)可謂大(da)城(cheng)市了。

1984年全縣(xian)(xian)文物(wu)(wu)普(pu)查(cha)時(shi)發(fa)現了(le)牯牛山(shan)古(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)以(yi)后，立(li)即(ji)引起了(le)中外(wai)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)界專家(jia)、學者的(de)關注(zhu)，先后有北京(jing)大(da)學、上海博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館、南京(jing)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)院、中國(guo)科技大(da)學、東南大(da)學、華(hua)東師(shi)大(da)、安徽大(da)學等考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)(jiu)單位的(de)百余(yu)名(ming)知名(ming)專家(jia)和(he)德國(guo)、日(ri)本、韓國(guo)、美(mei)國(guo)、等國(guo)家(jia)及臺(tai)灣的(de)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)學者來陵參觀(guan)、考(kao)(kao)察古(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)。中央(yang)電(dian)視(shi)臺(tai)以(yi)及省、市、縣(xian)(xian)電(dian)視(shi)臺(tai)曾對牯牛山(shan)古(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)發(fa)掘(jue)情(qing)況進行多次報道，蕪湖市電(dian)視(shi)臺(tai)還制作(zuo)了(le)古(gu)城(cheng)專題宣(xuan)傳片。省文物(wu)(wu)研究(jiu)(jiu)部門將(jiang)牯牛山(shan)古(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)列入重(zhong)點考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)(jiu)課題。安徽大(da)學、東南大(da)學將(jiang)其作(zuo)為本科生考(kao)(kao)古(gu)發(fa)掘(jue)實習地。

1996年(nian)至1997年(nian)省文(wen)物(wu)考(kao)(kao)古研究所和上(shang)海(hai)華東師范大學遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)實(shi)驗室與省地(di)(di)質遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)應用(yong)中心(xin)聯合利(li)(li)用(yong)遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)技(ji)術(shu)對(dui)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址進(jin)行全面的(de)調查，發(fa)(fa)現輪廓(kuo)清晰的(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址，并對(dui)航空遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)照片進(jin)行解譯(yi)，繪制出位置圖。這(zhe)也是(shi)安(an)徽境內首次(ci)利(li)(li)用(yong)遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)(gan)技(ji)術(shu)開展考(kao)(kao)古調查。1998年(nian)經(jing)國家文(wen)物(wu)局批準，省文(wen)物(wu)考(kao)(kao)古研究所與南(nan)陵(ling)縣文(wen)物(wu)管理所對(dui)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行首次(ci)發(fa)(fa)掘。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)考(kao)(kao)古發(fa)(fa)掘，出土了陶器(qi)、原(yuan)始(shi)瓷器(qi)和石器(qi)、冶煉銅渣等(deng)百(bai)余件，標(biao)本數百(bai)件，器(qi)類主要有(you)(you)鼎、鬲、豆、釜、甗、罐、盂、盆等(deng)，從器(qi)形分(fen)析，它(ta)們(men)具有(you)(you)鮮明的(de)地(di)(di)域特征，可(ke)(ke)以形成(cheng)獨立(li)的(de)考(kao)(kao)古文(wen)化(hua)類型——“牯牛(niu)山文(wen)化(hua)”，同時它(ta)又與周圍各(ge)種文(wen)化(hua)有(you)(you)著千絲萬縷的(de)聯系。考(kao)(kao)古發(fa)(fa)現，古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由四個(ge)(ge)高(gao)臺地(di)(di)組成(cheng)，四周分(fen)布著四條水(shui)(shui)(shui)道（即(ji)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河），西南(nan)有(you)(you)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口，東北有(you)(you)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)口，形成(cheng)規則(ze)的(de)長方(fang)形，長約900米(mi)，寬約750米(mi)。最高(gao)最大的(de)臺地(di)(di)為(wei)主城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)，其余為(wei)輔(fu)助城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。每個(ge)(ge)臺地(di)(di)之(zhi)間有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)道隔開，索橋相(xiang)連，水(shui)(shui)(shui)道與外圍護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河相(xiang)通(tong)(tong)。護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河寬約20-50米(mi)，雖然(ran)歷經(jing)數千年(nian)的(de)滄桑，部(bu)(bu)分(fen)河段已經(jing)淤(yu)塞，但大部(bu)(bu)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河至今仍為(wei)河道或(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)塘，至今護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河與古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)原(yuan)貌輪廓(kuo)仍然(ran)清晰可(ke)(ke)見(jian)。

古城狀況

古城(cheng)四(si)周有(you)人工(gong)堆建的(de)夯土城(cheng)垣(yuan)，至今仍(reng)有(you)殘垣(yuan)保存。城(cheng)內有(you)大(da)量的(de)紅燒土和煉銅(tong)銅(tong)渣(zha)、制陶(tao)遺跡以(yi)及生(sheng)活遺跡，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)厚2-3米之間，其(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵十分豐(feng)富。除此(ci)之外(wai)，還發現(xian)了(le)(le)炭(tan)化(hua)(hua)了(le)(le)的(de)稻(dao)谷、稻(dao)草以(yi)及打(da)漁使用的(de)網(wang)墜等。證明了(le)(le)居住在牯牛山(shan)古城(cheng)的(de)先(xian)民們依靠種植水稻(dao)等農業(ye)和捕魚業(ye)為生(sheng)計，同時還熟練掌握高溫燒制耐用的(de)印紋(wen)硬陶(tao)器(qi)技(ji)術，也能冶煉冰(bing)銅(tong)和鑄(zhu)造出精(jing)(jing)美的(de)青銅(tong)器(qi)。文(wen)(wen)物(wu)部(bu)門(men)已在本縣境內征集了(le)(le)四(si)十余件春(chun)秋(qiu)以(yi)前(qian)的(de)青銅(tong)器(qi)物(wu)，其(qi)(qi)數量和質量是皖南(nan)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)市、縣所不(bu)具有(you)的(de)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)南(nan)陵文(wen)(wen)物(wu)部(bu)門(men)收藏的(de)春(chun)秋(qiu)青銅(tong)龍耳尊就是本地代表青銅(tong)器(qi)，此(ci)尊為國家(jia)一級(ji)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)，列入中(zhong)華文(wen)(wen)明文(wen)(wen)物(wu)精(jing)(jing)品系列。

筆者(zhe)參加(jia)牯(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，接待過(guo)多(duo)位(wei)(wei)知名(ming)專(zhuan)家，聽取他們對古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法，又(you)根據已出土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)量器(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、標本(ben)以(yi)及各(ge)方資(zi)(zi)(zi)料分析，筆者(zhe)以(yi)為，古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立(li)與南(nan)(nan)陵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源有著(zhu)必然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系。牯(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)商代晚期(qi)原(yuan)始聚(ju)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，逐(zhu)步(bu)發展成一(yi)(yi)(yi)處(chu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。由于南(nan)(nan)陵大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興起，統治(zhi)者(zhe)為了(le)(le)加(jia)強(qiang)對其管(guan)(guan)理(li)，牯(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)成為大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)采冶(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)機構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)。春秋(qiu)中(zhong)期(qi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)已成為長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)下游南(nan)(nan)岸最(zui)重(zhong)要戰(zhan)略(lve)要地(di)(di)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，是本(ben)地(di)(di)區重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)、經濟、軍(jun)事中(zhong)心，并(bing)發揮(hui)了(le)(le)巨大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輻(fu)射功能(neng)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)地(di)(di)理(li)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)來(lai)看，牯(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)處(chu)平(ping)原(yuan)與丘陵過(guo)渡地(di)(di)帶，攻(gong)能(neng)進，守能(neng)退，是控制上下往來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉之(zhi)地(di)(di)，位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)十分優(you)越；從(cong)(cong)(cong)交(jiao)通運(yun)輸途徑來(lai)看，在(zai)(zai)(zai)遙感解譯圖(tu)上得(de)知古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代漳河從(cong)(cong)(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)護(hu)(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河穿過(guo)，經繁昌(chang)流入長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)，而(er)漳河的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上游支(zhi)流峨嶺河從(cong)(cong)(cong)大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)西(xi)周至(zhi)春秋(qiu)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)場(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)木沖遺址西(xi)側(ce)流過(guo)，因此古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)場(chang)之(zhi)間依(yi)靠漳河水(shui)(shui)系以(yi)船相通，又(you)可通過(guo)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)運(yun)通往沿江(jiang)(jiang)各(ge)地(di)(di)，具(ju)有交(jiao)通便利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點(dian)(dian)(dian)；從(cong)(cong)(cong)三(san)大(da)(da)(da)遺址出土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)特征來(lai)看，距古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)1公里處(chu)就(jiu)是全(quan)(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)保護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)皖南(nan)(nan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)墩墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)（千峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)），距另一(yi)(yi)(yi)處(chu)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)保護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)江(jiang)(jiang)木沖冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)遺址20公里，三(san)地(di)(di)皆出土(tu)(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活器(qi)具(ju)，通過(guo)比照，同一(yi)(yi)(yi)類器(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)、紋飾、質(zhi)地(di)(di)、特征完全(quan)(quan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致，表明(ming)三(san)大(da)(da)(da)遺址為同一(yi)(yi)(yi)時期(qi)、同一(yi)(yi)(yi)行政(zheng)區域(yu)范圍。同時也印證了(le)(le)千峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)墩墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)埋葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是牯(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)及周邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居民；從(cong)(cong)(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)發現(xian)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)量冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)、鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣來(lai)看，古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)已設(she)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)坊(fang)，對大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)制品——“冰銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錠”進行再精(jing)煉(lian)(lian)加(jia)工(gong)，從(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)制作(zuo)(zuo)出各(ge)種禮(li)器(qi)和兵(bing)器(qi)。因此說(shuo)，牯(gu)牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與全(quan)(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)保護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)遺址和千峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)墩墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)，構(gou)成周代南(nan)(nan)陵人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采冶(ye)(ye)區、管(guan)(guan)理(li)區、墓(mu)(mu)葬區，顯現(xian)了(le)(le)南(nan)(nan)陵在(zai)(zai)(zai)先(xian)秦以(yi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮。當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)、越國(guo)就(jiu)是憑借著(zhu)本(ben)地(di)(di)域(yu)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源和處(chu)于世(shi)界領先(xian)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)采煉(lian)(lian)技術，以(yi)及眾(zhong)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科技人(ren)才，如(ru)當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)劍大(da)(da)(da)師“干將(jiang)”、“莫邪(xie)”、“歐(ou)冶(ye)(ye)”等，開始了(le)(le)擴張勢力范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)，吳(wu)、越國(guo)成為不可一(yi)(yi)(yi)世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)春秋(qiu)五霸之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。

古(gu)(gu)城存在時間約為(wei)一千(qian)(qian)余年(nian)，商代(dai)晚期(qi)為(wei)興起階段(duan)，西周時期(qi)為(wei)發展成熟階段(duan)，春秋時期(qi)為(wei)鼎盛階段(duan)，到了戰國(guo)早期(qi)古(gu)(gu)城突然廢(fei)棄至今就是兩千(qian)(qian)余年(nian)，消失的(de)原因有待考古(gu)(gu)工作者(zhe)進一步探(tan)索。古(gu)(gu)城地處兩條(tiao)國(guo)道的(de)交匯處，距縣城僅3公(gong)里，而且古(gu)(gu)城是皖南(nan)地區保存最好的(de)古(gu)(gu)城遺址(zhi)，人(ren)為(wei)破壞較小(xiao)，文化內涵十分豐富(fu)，具(ju)有極(ji)大(da)的(de)開發利用(yong)前(qian)景(jing)。