祓國(guo)都城遺址,位(wei)于(yu)山東省青(qing)島市(shi)膠州市(shi),是漢代時期的古城遺址,2013年(nian)5月,被國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)核定公布為第七批全國(guo)重(zhong)點文物(wu)保護單位(wei)。
祓(fu)國,西漢(han)諸侯(hou)國,俗曰肥城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),其都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于“膠(jiao)州西南(nan)七十(shi)里”(即膠(jiao)州市(shi)里岔鎮駐地(di)(di)西北(bei)方向(xiang)3里處)。《增(zeng)修(xiu)志》載(zai):秦始(shi)皇二十(shi)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)前227年(nian))滅齊(qi),置(zhi)瑯琊郡,始(shi)置(zhi)黔陬縣,漢(han)武帝元(yuan)狩四年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)前119年(nian))在(zai)秦置(zhi)黔陬建(jian)立祓(fu)國,新莽(mang)天鳳(feng)元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)14年(nian))祓(fu)國改名純德,更始(shi)元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)23年(nian))王莽(mang)被(bei)(bei)誅,重又恢復祓(fu)國舊縣,東(dong)漢(han)光武帝建(jian)武十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)37年(nian))祓(fu)國被(bei)(bei)撤銷(xiao),祓(fu)國共延續(xu)156年(nian)之(zhi)久祓(fu)國被(bei)(bei)撤銷(xiao)后,由(you)于人口外遷(qian),交通不便繁(fan)華(hua)的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池逐漸被(bei)(bei)沒落直到(dao)湮廢。到(dao)了(le)明(ming)代(dai),膠(jiao)州所轄范圍與(yu)權限比以前擴大了(le),軍事(shi)、地(di)(di)理位(wei)置(zhi)非常重要(yao),因(yin)此在(zai)膠(jiao)州擇(ze)地(di)(di)養馬(ma)以供軍政需要(yao)。祓(fu)國都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雖然(ran)已廢,但因(yin)其地(di)(di)處近丘陵平原(yuan),東(dong)西兩側膠(jiao)水瀠帶,東(dong)南(nan)方有堯王山、石(shi)馬(ma)山為(wei)列屏(ping),再(zai)加上(shang)水草豐美,原(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)略加修(xiu)整,即成(cheng)高墻(qiang)圍欄(lan),成(cheng)為(wei)養馬(ma)的寶地(di)(di)。《增(zeng)修(xiu)膠(jiao)志》載(zai):“明(ming)擇(ze)地(di)(di)養馬(ma),因(yin)舊而更新之(zhi)”,昔日的祓(fu)國故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)明(ming)朝成(cheng)為(wei)“牧(mu)馬(ma)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。牧(mu)馬(ma)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭方形,周長2公(gong)里,占(zhan)地(di)(di)375畝,有東(dong)、南(nan)、西三(san)(san)(san)門,但經(jing)過近兩千年(nian)的風雨剝(bo)蝕,現只存城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)二、三(san)(san)(san)米不等(deng),昔日的繁(fan)華(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池已蕩然(ran)無(wu)存。
位于膠州(zhou)市里岔鎮駐(zhu)地(di)西側的(de)“牧(mu)馬(ma)(ma)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,至(zhi)今聞名遐(xia)邇。但由(you)于歷(li)史(shi)久遠,史(shi)籍記載較少,再加(jia)上舊史(shi)學家受(shou)歷(li)史(shi)局(ju)限,缺乏科學的(de)考察條件,相互傳抄,穿鑿附(fu)會,以訛(e)(e)傳訛(e)(e),把牧(mu)馬(ma)(ma)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當成了黔陬(zou)東城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(又稱黔陬(zou)故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)),致使(shi)幾部(bu)志書(shu)都做了誤載。根據《中國歷(li)史(shi)地(di)圖集》標注的(de)地(di)理座標,在(zai)1979年地(di)名普查、1981年文物(wu)普查過程中,經過實地(di)勘察,反復核校,終于考證清楚,明代擇(ze)地(di)養馬(ma)(ma)用過的(de)牧(mu)馬(ma)(ma)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),不是(shi)黔陬(zou)東城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),而是(shi)祓國古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。
祓,是建于漢(han)(han)代的侯國(guo)。《中國(guo)歷史地圖集》標“祓國(guo)”,《中國(guo)古今地名(ming)大詞(ci)典》標“[祓縣]漢(han)(han)置,為侯國(guo),后漢(han)(han)省”。《續山(shan)東考古錄》、《增修膠(jiao)志(zhi)》等史籍(ji)都引證《齊乘》的記述,“膠(jiao)州西南七十里,漢(han)(han)祓侯國(guo),俗曰(yue)肥城。”據(ju)《增修膠(jiao)志(zhi)》記載,祓縣在新莽天鳳元年(公元14年)改名(ming)純德,更始元年(公元23年)王莽被誅(zhu),重又恢(hui)復祓舊縣。到東漢(han)(han)光(guang)武帝建武十三年(公元37年),連(lian)同邞、計亓等縣一并省除。
祓(fu)(fu)的讀音,唐代訓(xun)古學家顏師(shi)古考證文字,音廢。《爾雅·釋詁》:“祓(fu)(fu),福也”。是否以吉祥佳言(yan)命國?有(you)待方家考證。
祓(fu)國古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭(guo)方(fang)形,周長(chang)2公(gong)里,有(you)東(dong)、南、西三(san)門。由(you)于(yu)明代在此繁(fan)育(yu)過(guo)軍(jun)馬,對舊(jiu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾作過(guo)修(xiu)葺更新,所(suo)以至(zhi)今(jin)仍形勢可(ke)觀;城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)殘垣(yuan)雖經(jing)(jing)歷(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)近兩千年的(de)風(feng)雨剝(bo)蝕,高(gao)處至(zhi)今(jin)仍有(you)三(san)米(mi)多高(gao),南門的(de)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)也還(huan)保留(liu)(liu)大(da)半。經(jing)(jing)考(kao)古(gu)工作者實地勘察驗證,北墻(qiang)部(bu)(bu)分段落夯(hang)土中夾雜漢(han)代瓦陶(tao)碎片(pian),明顯地保留(liu)(liu)了(le)(le)(le)當(dang)年重修(xiu)過(guo)的(de)痕(hen)跡(ji)。五十年代初(chu)期(qi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內中部(bu)(bu)偏北端還(huan)可(ke)清楚看(kan)到舊(jiu)宮殿基礎痕(hen)跡(ji),群(qun)眾在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內耕(geng)種(zhong)土地,經(jing)(jing)常發現(xian)“貨(huo)泉”以及(ji)石(shi)制貨(huo)泉錢幣、“大(da)布黃千”銅幣和銅盆(pen)等歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)文物(wu)。直到現(xian)在,許(xu)多漢(han)代陶(tao)片(pian)、瓦片(pian)仍信手可(ke)揀。至(zhi)于(yu)因“牧(mu)馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”而派生出來的(de)優美(mei)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)——“神(shen)(shen)馬從城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)里出來,一聲嘶鳴向南飛(fei)奔,留(liu)(liu)下了(le)(le)(le)一溜‘窩洛’(村莊(zhuang)名(ming)(ming)),幾(ji)次‘抬頭’(村莊(zhuang)名(ming)(ming)),最(zui)后進了(le)(le)(le)‘藏馬山’,不(bu)見了(le)(le)(le)”,仍在附(fu)近村莊(zhuang)的(de)群(qun)眾中廣為流傳。對于(yu)祓(fu)國古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)真(zhen)正名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)以及(ji)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)由(you)來,早已(yi)淹沒(mei)在歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)長(chang)河中,連作為青島市重點文物(wu)保護標志的(de)石(shi)碑,也只鐫(juan)刻“牧(mu)馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址”五個大(da)字。歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)的(de)誤(wu)考(kao)既已(yi)糾正,祓(fu)國古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)名(ming)(ming)應(ying)副其實了(le)(le)(le)。