建筑布局
始建(jian)年代不詳,金承(cheng)安(an)五(wu)年(公元1200 年)在觀內創建(jian)醮壇,明(ming)、清時期(qi)屢有修(xiu)葺。現(xian)存建(jian)筑昊天玉皇上(shang)帝殿為金代原構,余皆明(ming)代所建(jian)。
太符(fu)觀(guan)坐北(bei)(bei)朝(chao)南,占地面積8875平方米。兩進院落(luo),中軸線由南至(zhi)北(bei)(bei)依次建有照壁、牌樓、倒座戲臺(下層為山(shan)門)、昊(hao)天玉皇上帝(di)(di)(di)殿(dian)。牌坊至(zhi)戲臺之間(jian),東(dong)設(she)(she)關帝(di)(di)(di)廟,西(xi)設(she)(she)二郎殿(dian);戲臺至(zhi)昊(hao)天玉皇上帝(di)(di)(di)殿(dian)之間(jian),東(dong)設(she)(she)后土圣(sheng)(sheng)母殿(dian),西(xi)設(she)(she)五(wu)岳(yue)殿(dian),在后土圣(sheng)(sheng)母殿(dian)、五(wu)岳(yue)殿(dian)南側各設(she)(she)有窯洞十孔,窯頂分別(bie)建有鐘、鼓樓。
昊天(tian)玉皇上(shang)帝殿位(wei)于觀內最北端,俗稱(cheng)大殿。大殿面寬進深(shen)各三間,平面近(jin)方(fang)形(xing)。單檐歇山頂(ding)。殿前(qian)設月(yue)臺,明間施板門,兩次間置直欞窗(chuang),檐下柱頭(tou)斗栱五鋪作雙抄計心造(zao)。殿內神臺上(shang)設竹木神龕(kan),龕(kan)內正中奉昊天(tian)玉皇大帝,左右侍女(nv)、天(tian)官等像(xiang)共7尊,為明代塑造(zao)。殿內山墻及后壁清代繪道教壁畫(hua)共93平方(fang)米,每組(zu)畫(hua)旁列有榜(bang)題(ti)。
五(wu)(wu)岳殿為西配殿,面寬五(wu)(wu)間,進深三間,單檐懸山頂。
殿內神壇(tan)之上塑(su)五岳四(si)瀆(du)(du)神像,兩側山墻上方塑(su)“五岳巡幸”和“四(si)瀆(du)(du)出行”懸塑(su)。
后(hou)土(tu)圣(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)殿(dian)為(wei)東(dong)配殿(dian),面寬五間,進深(shen)三(san)間,四柱前廊式結構,單檐(yan)懸(xuan)(xuan)山(shan)(shan)頂。殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)神壇(tan)及兩山(shan)(shan)墻(qiang)下供(gong)奉彩塑35尊。后(hou)壁及兩山(shan)(shan)面墻(qiang)上繪(hui)(hui)有“燕樂圖”壁畫,描繪(hui)(hui)圣(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)宮中生(sheng)活場面。兩山(shan)(shan)墻(qiang)壁滿布(bu)懸(xuan)(xuan)塑,為(wei)圣(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)“出行”與“回宮”場景。五岳殿(dian)與后(hou)土(tu)圣(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)壁畫、彩塑均為(wei)明清兩代作品(pin)。
觀內還保存(cun)有金(jin)碑(bei)1通(tong)(tong)、明(ming)碑(bei)5通(tong)(tong)、清代及民國(guo)碑(bei)3通(tong)(tong)。
太符(fu)觀(guan)位(wei)于汾陽(yang)城東(dong)北17公里處的杏花(hua)鎮上廟村 , 西依全國(guo)著名的山西杏花(hua)村汾酒廠 ,南望307國(guo)道。據《太符(fu)觀(guan)創建醮檀記》記裁,此觀(guan)創建于金承(cheng)安五年(nian)(1200),是中國(guo)、山西省(sheng)重點文物保護(hu)單位(wei)。
太符(fu)觀座(zuo)北向南,正殿(dian)立于高大的臺基之上,前有月臺,突了(le)了(le)正殿(dian)的位置(zhi)。正殿(dian)南向為山(shan)門,配殿(dian)分列東西(xi)兩側,整個(ge)廟區面積 6420 平方米。
正殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)昊天(tian)玉(yu)皇上(shang)(shang)帝殿(dian)(dian),單檐(yan)(yan)歇山頂,面闊五(wu)間,進(jin)深六架(jia)椽,前后(hou)檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)及(ji)兩(liang)山檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)均置斗拱,斗拱為(wei)五(wu)輔作(zuo)(zuo)雙抄計心造,碩(shuo)健(jian)百古(gu)樸(pu)。殿(dian)(dian)內徹上(shang)(shang)露明,梁(liang)架(jia)四緣木伏(fu)(fu),前接乳木伏(fu)(fu),兩(liang)山檐(yan)(yan)柱頭斗拱里(li)轉(zhuan)五(wu)輔作(zuo)(zuo)承(cheng)托(tuo)丁木伏(fu)(fu)梁(liang),翼角(jiao)斗拱里(li)轉(zhuan)五(wu)輔作(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)施抹角(jiao)梁(liang)承(cheng)托(tuo)下(xia)平轉(zhuan)。屋面各脊用琉(liu)璃檐(yan)(yan),檐(yan)(yan)口(kou)呈曲線,出檐(yan)(yan)深遠。建個建筑(zhu)(zhu)外觀(guan)雄渾、飄逸,極富美感,為(wei)古(gu)代建筑(zhu)(zhu)藝術之(zhi)范(fan)例。殿(dian)(dian)內筑(zhu)(zhu)神(shen)臺,塑玉(yu)皇大帝坐像及(ji)待(dai)臣、侍(shi)女(nv)立像,共7尊。塑像神(shen)態各異,特(te)別是侍(shi)女(nv)像神(shen)態非(fei)常生動,似依真人所塑。殿(dian)(dian)內三(san)壁滿布三(san)百六十五(wu)日(ri)值日(ri)神(shen)君“朝(chao)無圖”壁畫。
東西配(pei)殿(dian)建筑結(jie)構基本相同,懸(xuan)山頂,面闊五(wu)間,進深(shen)六架椽。西配(pei)殿(dian)為五(wu)岳殿(dian),塑(su)(su)(su)五(wu)岳四瀆(du)及侍(shi)臣塑(su)(su)(su)像,兩(liang)山持五(wu)岳出巡、降安懸(xuan)塑(su)(su)(su)。東配(pei)殿(dian)為后土圣母殿(dian),塑(su)(su)(su)各(ge)種圣母及圣母侍(shi)臣、侍(shi)女像,后壁繪壁畫,表列圣母燕樂(le)場(chang)景,兩(liang)山掛圣母去(qu)游天界,眾神俯瞰人(ren)間懸(xuan)塑(su)(su)(su)。
這三座殿宇大量的(de)(de)(de)壁畫、泥塑、懸(xuan)塑,包含了(le)豐富的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)教(jiao)內容,同時也是中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代杰出的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)術作(zuo)品(pin)。太符觀作(zuo)為(wei)道(dao)教(jiao)做(zuo)法祀神的(de)(de)(de)場所,雖經(jing)滄桑(sang),仍保存這么(me)多的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)物,實為(wei)珍貴(gui)。是山(shan)西(xi)古(gu)代文(wen)化遺產的(de)(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分,在山(shan)西(xi)眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)(de)宗教(jiao)建筑中(zhong)(zhong)占有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)地位。
主要特色
汾陽(yang)作為(wei)古汾州(zhou)府(fu)所在(zai)地,確實(shi)也有許多的人文(wen)古跡傳承與(yu)世,杏花的“太符觀(guan)(guan)”就是其(qi)中的一個。太符觀(guan)(guan)位(wei)于山西汾陽(yang)市城東北15公(gong)(gong)里杏花鎮上廟村。此觀(guan)(guan)始建年代(dai)不詳,金承安五年在(zai)此創(chuang)建醮壇,刻(ke)立碑記,后經明、清(qing)修葺,始成現狀。太符觀(guan)(guan)先后在(zai)1965年被(bei)山西省政府(fu)公(gong)(gong)布(bu)為(wei)省級重(zhong)(zhong)點文(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位(wei),2001年6月國務院頒布(bu)為(wei)中國重(zhong)(zhong)點文(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)。
太符觀(guan)(guan)的主要特色是(shi)它有(you)著品位(wei)高超的建筑(zhu)群體和線條優(you)美(mei)(mei)的彩(cai)塑、懸塑和壁畫。多(duo)年(nian)(nian)以(yi)來它吸引了(le)許(xu)多(duo)建筑(zhu)、美(mei)(mei)術(shu)(shu)、文物、文化藝術(shu)(shu)屆(jie)的專家學者到此參觀(guan)(guan)考察。太符觀(guan)(guan)的壁畫、彩(cai)塑、懸塑、碑(bei)碣包(bao)含了(le)豐富的道(dao)教(jiao)內容,同時也是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國古代杰出的藝術(shu)(shu)作品,雖歷經風雨,但仍煥發(fa)絢麗(li)光彩(cai),在山西宗教(jiao)建筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)占具重要地位(wei)。太符觀(guan)(guan)總占地面積為8600平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),始(shi)建年(nian)(nian)代無考。據正殿建筑(zhu)風格和觀(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)現有(you)金承安五年(nian)(nian)(公元1200年(nian)(nian))《太符觀(guan)(guan)創(chuang)建醮(jiao)壇記(ji)》記(ji)載:始(shi)建年(nian)(nian)代當(dang)不晚于金代中(zhong)(zhong)期。至(zhi)今至(zhi)少已(yi)有(you)800多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的歷史。
太(tai)符觀(guan),整體(ti)(ti)外(wai)觀(guan)雄渾飄逸,極富美感(gan),為(wei)(wei)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藝術之(zhi)典范。它(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、東西配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)“昊(hao)天(tian)玉(yu)皇(huang)上帝(di)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)”為(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結構(gou)。該殿(dian)(dian)(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)壯觀(guan)、結構(gou)樸(pu)實、用(yong)(yong)材(cai)粗碩,形制、手法(fa)(fa)和(he)風格為(wei)(wei)宋金(jin)(jin)(jin)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)平面(mian)近正方(fang)形,前置月臺,面(mian)寬(kuan)3間(jian),進深3間(jian)。單(dan)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)歇山頂,前檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)及(ji)兩山檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)下(xia)均置斗(dou)拱,為(wei)(wei)五鋪作(zuo)(zuo)雙抄計心(xin)造。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)深遠,翼角升(sheng)起升(sheng)出(chu)明顯(xian),使(shi)屋檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)形成一(yi)條(tiao)優美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲線(xian),使(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)更(geng)顯(xian)得獨特、飄逸。它(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)呈螞蚱(zha)頭狀,給人(ren)活(huo)靈(ling)活(huo)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)覺,窗(chuang)戶為(wei)(wei)直欞窗(chuang),殿(dian)(dian)(dian)門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)板門(men)(men),各扇(shan)各釘五排(pai)金(jin)(jin)(jin)爪形鐵鉚釘,每(mei)(mei)溜(liu)十個(ge)共(gong)100個(ge)。說宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結構(gou)樸(pu)實、用(yong)(yong)材(cai)粗碩,主(zhu)(zhu)要斗(dou)拱、梁柱(zhu)方(fang)面(mian)。宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)斗(dou)拱粗壯、笨拙,比清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)更(geng)具實用(yong)(yong)性,它(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)有(you)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側(ce)(ce)腳,檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)柱(zhu)不(bu)設(she)柱(zhu)礎(chu)石,使(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)更(geng)加穩固,這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)宋金(jin)(jin)(jin)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特色。墻上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)與咱們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)也(ye)有(you)區別(bie)。這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)又(you)扁又(you)寬(kuan),最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)與磚(zhuan)(zhuan)之(zhi)間(jian)沒有(you)用(yong)(yong)泥壘(lei)在(zai)一(yi)起,而是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)磨(mo)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)合縫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手法(fa)(fa)建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。進入殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)檻,不(bu)能踩。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)在(zai)宗教(jiao)中(zhong)門(men)(men)檻為(wei)(wei)神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肩膀(bang)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂右上方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浮木(mu),呈人(ren)字型。主(zhu)(zhu)要起分解力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。柱(zhu)梁下(xia)面(mian)沒有(you)柱(zhu)礎(chu),主(zhu)(zhu)要為(wei)(wei)防震,再者是(shi)(shi)結實。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)神(shen)臺,設(she)竹木(mu)神(shen)龕(kan),檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)部小木(mu)作(zuo)(zuo)遍施(shi)彩繪(hui),神(shen)龕(kan)正中(zhong)供奉昊(hao)天(tian)玉(yu)皇(huang)大帝(di),高(gao)(gao)2.45米(mi)(mi)。左(zuo)右塑侍臣(chen)四(si),侍女(nv)二,高(gao)(gao)約1.85米(mi)(mi)。這(zhe)(zhe)兩尊(zun)仕女(nv)雕像體(ti)(ti)態(tai)均勻豐(feng)滿,眉目較好、端(duan)莊,華貴(gui)雍容,栩(xu)栩(xu)如生(sheng),堪稱古代(dai)(dai)(dai)藝術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍(zhen)品。這(zhe)(zhe)兩尊(zun)仕女(nv)身材(cai)比例恰到好處,整個(ge)雕塑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術價值可(ke)以同(tong)晉祠一(yi)絕宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)仕女(nv)相媲美,兩側(ce)(ce)分別(bie)塑有(you)四(si)尊(zun)天(tian)官,是(shi)(shi)玉(yu)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)得力干(gan)將。柱(zhu)梁上盤著(zhu)四(si)條(tiao)龍是(shi)(shi)道教(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)護衛(wei)四(si)神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化身,同(tong)時也(ye)是(shi)(shi)玉(yu)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)護衛(wei)神(shen),以壯玉(yu)帝(di)聲(sheng)威。四(si)周的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁畫(hua),共(gong)分134組,寬(kuan)為(wei)(wei)12米(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)約3米(mi)(mi),這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)壁畫(hua)是(shi)(shi)365天(tian)值日星(xing)君朝(chao)元圖,與芮(rui)城永(yong)樂宮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝(chao)元圖不(bu)同(tong)之(zhi)處在(zai)于每(mei)(mei)組神(shen)均有(you)題(ti)榜(bang),可(ke)看到“太(tai)羅元始(shi)天(tian)尊(zun)”、“靈(ling)寶元帥真君”等字樣,壁畫(hua)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)物均為(wei)(wei)道教(jiao)諸(zhu)神(shen),執掌天(tian)上人(ren)間(jian)之(zhi)事,每(mei)(mei)天(tian)都(dou)有(you)一(yi)組,下(xia)界體(ti)(ti)察民情,了解民間(jian)百姓疾苦,回來向玉(yu)帝(di)稟報,一(yi)年365天(tian),天(tian)天(tian)有(you)一(yi)組,輪(lun)流循環值日,玉(yu)帝(di)身后繪(hui)有(you)神(shen)農氏,傳說中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)農業和(he)醫(yi)藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明者。
名稱由來
太(tai):為(wei)(wei)太(tai)極(ji)之(zhi)略,意(yi)為(wei)(wei)至(zhi)高無上的(de)(de)宇(yu)宙(zhou)本源和(he)實(shi)體(ti)。符(fu):為(wei)(wei)符(fu)命之(zhi)略,意(yi)為(wei)(wei)天道(dao)(dao)(dao)運行的(de)(de)規(gui)律和(he)顯示其運行規(gui)律的(de)(de)符(fu)號和(he)文字。道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)中(zhong)太(tai)極(ji)又指天地(di)未(wei)分前的(de)(de)原始混沌之(zhi)氣。《周(zhou)易(yi)》《系(xi)辭上》:“易(yi)有太(tai)極(ji),產(chan)生兩儀,兩儀生四象,四象生八(ba)卦。”意(yi)思是(shi)由(you)(you)太(tai)極(ji)產(chan)生陰陽(yang)(或天地(di)),再由(you)(you)陰陽(yang)產(chan)生春(chun)夏秋冬(dong)四時,由(you)(you)四時產(chan)生乾(天)坤(地(di))震(雷)巽(xun風)坎(水(shui))離(火(huo))艮(gen山)兌(澤)八(ba)卦。觀:道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)祭(ji)祀(si)之(zhi)地(di),供奉(feng)(feng)神靈和(he)作法事的(de)(de)場所。傳(chuan)(chuan)說,道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)最早的(de)(de)宮觀是(shi)陜西周(zhou)至(zhi)縣的(de)(de)紫云樓,此樓原是(shi)周(zhou)函(han)谷關關令(ling)尹喜的(de)(de)觀星(xing)望(wang)氣之(zhi)所,后迎老子(zi)在此講授《道(dao)(dao)(dao)德五千(qian)言》,即(ji)傳(chuan)(chuan)世的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德經。于(yu)是(shi)后人即(ji)將奉(feng)(feng)迎神仙之(zhi)所稱(cheng)作觀。所以太(tai)苻觀由(you)(you)此而來。