發展歷史
隋大業(ye)七年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)611年(nian)(nian)),東漢的潼關(guan)(guan),遷于南北(bei)連城(cheng)(cheng)關(guan)(guan)間(jian)的坑(keng)獸(shou)檻谷(今(jin)(jin)港(gang)口鎮(zhen)(zhen)禁(jin)溝口附(fu)近)。隋亡后,唐(tang)朝仍(reng)在此設(she)防約八十年(nian)(nian)。 唐(tang)天授(shou)二年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)691年(nian)(nian)),再(zai)資(zi)助(zhu)遷關(guan)(guan),移近黃河(即今(jin)(jin)港(gang)口鎮(zhen)(zhen)的舊城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)),建有關(guan)(guan)樓,城(cheng)(cheng)外開挖塹溝。
明代,潼關(guan)為軍事治所,設(she)潼關(guan)衛,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)空前擴大。洪(hong)武九年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1376年)對(dui)前朝(chao)關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)向(xiang)南(nan)、向(xiang)西(xi)作了(le)(le)(le)大規模(mo)的(de)擴建。東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、北(bei)(bei)三面由板(ban)筑(zhu)而成,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)高(gao) 約16米(mi),南(nan)與東(dong)(dong)南(nan)一隅,是順(shun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)勢之高(gao)下,削成垛口(kou),高(gao)達(da)30多米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)周(zhou)長11.2公(gong)(gong)里。這(zhe)就把(ba)麒麟(lin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、鳳凰山(shan)(shan)(shan)、象山(shan)(shan)(shan)、印臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)、筆(bi)架山(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)囊括于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中。建有(you)(you)六處城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men):東(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)名(ming)(ming)“金(jin)陡”;西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)名(ming)(ming)“懷遠”;南(nan)有(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、下南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men);北(bei)(bei)有(you)(you)大北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和小北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和大北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)建有(you)(you)高(gao)大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)。建文二年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1400年)及宣德年間(jian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1512年)給水關(guan)建了(le)(le)(le)樓(lou)。嘉(jia)靖十(shi)八(ba)年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1539年),又修建了(le)(le)(le)兩(liang)個重(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。萬(wan)九年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1601年)又作了(le)(le)(le)大規模(mo)的(de)重(zhong)修,給這(zhe)些建筑(zhu)物命了(le)(le)(le)名(ming)(ming):東(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)叫(jiao)“迎(ying)恩”,東(dong)(dong)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)叫(jiao)“占紫(zi)處”,東(dong)(dong)郭門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)叫(jiao)“天險”;西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)仍沿(yan)用“懷遠”,西(xi)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)叫(jiao)“大觀亭”,西(xi)郭門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“地維”;上(shang)(shang)南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“凌云”,下南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“迎(ying)熏”;大北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“吸(xi)洪(hong)”,小北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“俯晉”,北(bei)(bei)水關(guan)樓(lou)叫(jiao)“鎮(zhen)河(he)”。取名(ming)(ming)古雅,寓意深長。
清(qing)朝二百多年,仍(reng)在(zai)明(ming)代潼(tong)關城(cheng)地(di)設(she)防(fang),城(cheng)池規模一依明(ming)朝,但進行了多次復修(xiu),并有所新(xin)建(jian)(jian)。乾(qian)隆五十三年(公元1788年),約(yue)下臨黃河(he)的(de)北面(mian)土城(cheng)墻約(yue)2400多米(mi)砌(qi)了磚,并興建(jian)(jian)了南、北水(shui)關樓(lou)(lou),復修(xiu)了各(ge)大(da)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)。依然有六(liu)個城(cheng)門(men)(men)。東、西(xi)門(men)(men)的(de)樓(lou)(lou)名(ming)仍(reng)沿其(qi)舊。東門(men)(men)有正(zheng)樓(lou)(lou)五間,箭樓(lou)(lou)三間,西(xi)門(men)(men)有正(zheng)樓(lou)(lou)、箭樓(lou)(lou)各(ge)七(qi)間。大(da)北門(men)(men)改名(ming)“鎮河(he)”,小北門(men)(men)改名(ming)“拱級”,下南門(men)(men)改名(ming)“鳳”,上南門(men)(men)改名(ming)“麟游”。南水(shui)關有閘樓(lou)(lou)七(qi)間,北水(shui)關有閘樓(lou)(lou)九間,規模宏大(da),映照山川,潼(tong)水(shui)穿而而過,中經(jing)橫跨東西(xi)的(de)石(shi)橋(qiao),宛(wan)如(ru)長虹,復波往(wang)來(lai),引(yin)人入勝。后來(lai)又給東、西(xi)兩面(mian)的(de)土城(cheng)墻俱砌(qi)了磚,雄(xiong)偉(wei)可(ke)觀。
明清(qing)的(de)(de)潼關(guan)城池,除(chu)城墻上的(de)(de)宏(hong)大(da)建筑而(er)外,在(zai)關(guan)城內外,山上山下,還建有30多外庵堂寺(si)為廟以及木石牌坊(fang),這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)古(gu)建筑物(wu),雕梁畫棟(dong),飛檐疊嶂,,古(gu)色(se)古(gu)香,構筑精美(mei)。到了(le)清(qing)代,潼關(guan)城內的(de)(de)街道主要有育(yu)賢街、帥府街、四牌坊(fang)街、牌樓南街、牌樓北街、府部(bu)街、縣門(men)通街、下南門(men)街和(he)(he)西關(guan)大(da)街等(deng),縱(zong)橫排(pai)列,50多條(tiao)巷道,起伏(fu)密布。在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)座不(bu)大(da)的(de)(de)城池內,有如此這(zhe)(zhe)多的(de)(de)街、巷和(he)(he)古(gu)代建筑,其繁華程度是可以想(xiang)見的(de)(de)。