發展歷史
隋(sui)大業七(qi)年(nian)(公(gong)元611年(nian)),東漢(han)的潼關(guan),遷于南北連城關(guan)間的坑獸檻谷(今(jin)港口鎮禁溝(gou)口附近(jin))。隋(sui)亡后(hou),唐朝仍在此設防約(yue)八(ba)十年(nian)。 唐天授二年(nian)(公(gong)元691年(nian)),再資助遷關(guan),移近(jin)黃河(即今(jin)港口鎮的舊城址),建有關(guan)樓,城外(wai)開挖(wa)塹溝(gou)。
明(ming)代,潼關(guan)為(wei)軍事治所,設潼關(guan)衛,城(cheng)(cheng)池空前(qian)(qian)擴大(da)(da)(da)。洪武(wu)九年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1376年(nian))對前(qian)(qian)朝關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)、向(xiang)西(xi)作(zuo)了(le)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模的擴建(jian)(jian)。東(dong)、西(xi)、北(bei)(bei)三面由板筑(zhu)而成,城(cheng)(cheng)高(gao) 約(yue)16米,南(nan)(nan)與東(dong)南(nan)(nan)一隅,是順山(shan)(shan)勢之高(gao)下,削成垛口,高(gao)達(da)30多米,城(cheng)(cheng)池周長11.2公里。這就把麒麟山(shan)(shan)、鳳凰山(shan)(shan)、象山(shan)(shan)、印臺(tai)山(shan)(shan)、筆架山(shan)(shan)等(deng)囊括(kuo)于城(cheng)(cheng)中。建(jian)(jian)有(you)六(liu)處城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men):東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)名“金陡”;西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)名“懷(huai)遠”;南(nan)(nan)有(you)上南(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、下南(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men);北(bei)(bei)有(you)大(da)(da)(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)和小北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。東(dong)、西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)和大(da)(da)(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)建(jian)(jian)有(you)高(gao)大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)。建(jian)(jian)文二年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1400年(nian))及宣德年(nian)間(jian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1512年(nian))給水(shui)關(guan)建(jian)(jian)了(le)樓(lou)。嘉靖十八年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1539年(nian)),又(you)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)了(le)兩個重門(men)(men)(men)(men)。萬九年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1601年(nian))又(you)作(zuo)了(le)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模的重修(xiu),給這些建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物命了(le)名:東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)叫(jiao)“迎恩”,東(dong)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)叫(jiao)“占紫處”,東(dong)郭(guo)(guo)門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)叫(jiao)“天險”;西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)仍沿用“懷(huai)遠”,西(xi)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)叫(jiao)“大(da)(da)(da)觀亭”,西(xi)郭(guo)(guo)門(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“地維”;上南(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“凌云”,下南(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“迎熏”;大(da)(da)(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“吸洪”,小北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“俯晉”,北(bei)(bei)水(shui)關(guan)樓(lou)叫(jiao)“鎮河”。取(qu)名古雅(ya),寓意深(shen)長。
清(qing)朝二百(bai)多年(nian),仍在明代潼(tong)關(guan)城地設防,城池規模(mo)一(yi)依明朝,但進行了多次復(fu)修(xiu),并有(you)所新建(jian)。乾隆五(wu)十三年(nian)(公元1788年(nian)),約下(xia)臨黃河的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)面土城墻約2400多米砌了磚,并興建(jian)了南(nan)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)水(shui)(shui)關(guan)樓(lou)(lou)(lou),復(fu)修(xiu)了各(ge)大建(jian)筑物(wu)。依然有(you)六個城門(men)(men)(men)。東、西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)名(ming)仍沿(yan)其(qi)舊(jiu)。東門(men)(men)(men)有(you)正(zheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)五(wu)間(jian),箭樓(lou)(lou)(lou)三間(jian),西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)有(you)正(zheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、箭樓(lou)(lou)(lou)各(ge)七(qi)間(jian)。大北(bei)(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“鎮河”,小北(bei)(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“拱級”,下(xia)南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“鳳(feng)”,上南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“麟(lin)游”。南(nan)水(shui)(shui)關(guan)有(you)閘(zha)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)七(qi)間(jian),北(bei)(bei)(bei)水(shui)(shui)關(guan)有(you)閘(zha)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)九間(jian),規模(mo)宏大,映照山川,潼(tong)水(shui)(shui)穿而(er)而(er)過,中經橫跨東西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)石橋,宛如長虹,復(fu)波(bo)往來,引人入勝(sheng)。后來又給東、西(xi)兩面的(de)(de)(de)土城墻俱砌了磚,雄偉(wei)可(ke)觀。
明(ming)清的潼關城(cheng)池,除城(cheng)墻(qiang)上的宏(hong)大(da)建筑而外,在關城(cheng)內外,山(shan)(shan)上山(shan)(shan)下(xia),還建有30多(duo)外庵(an)堂寺為廟以及木(mu)石(shi)牌(pai)坊(fang),這些古(gu)建筑物,雕(diao)梁畫(hua)棟(dong),飛(fei)檐疊(die)嶂,,古(gu)色古(gu)香,構筑精美(mei)。到(dao)了清代(dai),潼關城(cheng)內的街(jie)(jie)(jie)道主(zhu)要(yao)有育賢街(jie)(jie)(jie)、帥府街(jie)(jie)(jie)、四(si)牌(pai)坊(fang)街(jie)(jie)(jie)、牌(pai)樓南街(jie)(jie)(jie)、牌(pai)樓北街(jie)(jie)(jie)、府部街(jie)(jie)(jie)、縣門通(tong)街(jie)(jie)(jie)、下(xia)南門街(jie)(jie)(jie)和(he)西關大(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)等,縱(zong)橫排列,50多(duo)條巷道,起伏密布(bu)。在這座不大(da)的城(cheng)池內,有如此(ci)這多(duo)的街(jie)(jie)(jie)、巷和(he)古(gu)代(dai)建筑,其(qi)繁華(hua)程度是可以想見的。