發展歷史
隋大業七(qi)年(公(gong)元611年),東(dong)漢(han)的潼(tong)關,遷于南北(bei)連城關間的坑獸檻谷(今港(gang)口鎮禁溝口附近(jin))。隋亡后,唐朝(chao)仍在(zai)此設防約八(ba)十(shi)年。 唐天(tian)授二年(公(gong)元691年),再資(zi)助遷關,移近(jin)黃河(即今港(gang)口鎮的舊城址),建有關樓(lou),城外開挖塹溝。
明(ming)代,潼關為軍事(shi)治(zhi)所,設潼關衛,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池空前擴大(da)。洪(hong)武九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1376年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))對前朝關城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)向南(nan)、向西(xi)作(zuo)(zuo)了(le)大(da)規模(mo)的擴建(jian)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、北(bei)(bei)三(san)面由板筑而成,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)高 約16米,南(nan)與東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)一隅,是順山勢之高下,削成垛口,高達30多米,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池周長11.2公里。這(zhe)就把麒麟山、鳳凰山、象山、印(yin)臺山、筆架山等囊括于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)。建(jian)有(you)六處(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men):東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)名“金陡”;西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)名“懷遠”;南(nan)有(you)上南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)、下南(nan)門(men)(men)(men);北(bei)(bei)有(you)大(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)和小北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)和大(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)建(jian)有(you)高大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)。建(jian)文二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1400年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))及宣(xuan)德(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(公元(yuan)1512年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))給水關建(jian)了(le)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)。嘉靖十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1539年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),又修建(jian)了(le)兩個(ge)重(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)。萬(wan)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1601年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))又作(zuo)(zuo)了(le)大(da)規模(mo)的重(zhong)修,給這(zhe)些建(jian)筑物命(ming)了(le)名:東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)叫(jiao)“迎恩”,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)叫(jiao)“占紫處(chu)”,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)郭門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)叫(jiao)“天險”;西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)仍沿(yan)用(yong)“懷遠”,西(xi)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)叫(jiao)“大(da)觀(guan)亭”,西(xi)郭門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“地維”;上南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“凌云”,下南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“迎熏”;大(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“吸洪(hong)”,小北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“俯晉”,北(bei)(bei)水關樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)叫(jiao)“鎮河”。取名古(gu)雅(ya),寓(yu)意深長。
清朝(chao)二百(bai)多(duo)年,仍在明代潼關(guan)城地設防,城池規(gui)模(mo)(mo)一(yi)依(yi)明朝(chao),但進行了(le)多(duo)次(ci)復(fu)(fu)(fu)修,并(bing)有(you)(you)所新建(jian)(jian)。乾隆五十三年(公元1788年),約下(xia)臨黃河的(de)北面土城墻約2400多(duo)米砌了(le)磚,并(bing)興建(jian)(jian)了(le)南、北水(shui)關(guan)樓,復(fu)(fu)(fu)修了(le)各大(da)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)。依(yi)然有(you)(you)六個城門(men)。東、西(xi)門(men)的(de)樓名(ming)仍沿其舊。東門(men)有(you)(you)正樓五間(jian),箭(jian)(jian)樓三間(jian),西(xi)門(men)有(you)(you)正樓、箭(jian)(jian)樓各七間(jian)。大(da)北門(men)改(gai)名(ming)“鎮河”,小北門(men)改(gai)名(ming)“拱級”,下(xia)南門(men)改(gai)名(ming)“鳳”,上南門(men)改(gai)名(ming)“麟游”。南水(shui)關(guan)有(you)(you)閘樓七間(jian),北水(shui)關(guan)有(you)(you)閘樓九間(jian),規(gui)模(mo)(mo)宏大(da),映照山川,潼水(shui)穿(chuan)而而過,中經橫跨東西(xi)的(de)石橋,宛如長虹,復(fu)(fu)(fu)波往來(lai),引人入勝。后來(lai)又給東、西(xi)兩面的(de)土城墻俱(ju)砌了(le)磚,雄偉可(ke)觀。
明清(qing)的(de)潼關(guan)城(cheng)池,除城(cheng)墻上(shang)的(de)宏大建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)而(er)外,在關(guan)城(cheng)內(nei)外,山(shan)上(shang)山(shan)下(xia),還建(jian)(jian)有(you)30多(duo)外庵堂寺為廟以及木石牌坊(fang),這些古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物,雕梁畫棟,飛檐疊(die)嶂,,古(gu)色古(gu)香(xiang),構筑(zhu)精(jing)美。到了清(qing)代,潼關(guan)城(cheng)內(nei)的(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)主要有(you)育賢街(jie)(jie)(jie)、帥(shuai)府街(jie)(jie)(jie)、四牌坊(fang)街(jie)(jie)(jie)、牌樓(lou)南街(jie)(jie)(jie)、牌樓(lou)北街(jie)(jie)(jie)、府部街(jie)(jie)(jie)、縣(xian)門通街(jie)(jie)(jie)、下(xia)南門街(jie)(jie)(jie)和(he)西關(guan)大街(jie)(jie)(jie)等,縱橫排列,50多(duo)條巷道(dao),起(qi)伏密布(bu)。在這座不大的(de)城(cheng)池內(nei),有(you)如此(ci)這多(duo)的(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)、巷和(he)古(gu)代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),其繁華程(cheng)度是(shi)可以想見的(de)。