簡介
青(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)山,一(yi)名(ming)丈(zhang)人(ren)(ren),一(yi)名(ming)赤城(cheng)(cheng),一(yi)名(ming)清城(cheng)(cheng),西岳佐(zuo)命之(zhi)山。為十大洞(dong)天第五洞(dong),號曰“寶仙(xian)(xian)九室之(zhi)天”,在青(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)青(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)山洞(dong),周回(hui)二千里,屬(shu)青(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)丈(zhang)人(ren)(ren)治之(zhi)。環列三(san)十六峰一(yi)百零八勝景,諸峰環繞狀如城(cheng)(cheng)廓。青(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)丈(zhang)人(ren)(ren),黃帝(di)所命也(ye),主地仙(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren),是五岳之(zhi)上司,以總群(qun)臣(chen)也(ye)。丈(zhang)人(ren)(ren)領(ling)仙(xian)(xian)官(guan)萬人(ren)(ren)。道士(shi)入其(qi)岳,丈(zhang)人(ren)(ren)服朱(zhu)光之(zhi)袍,戴(dai)蓋天之(zhi)冠,佩三(san)庭之(zhi)印,乘(cheng)科車從眾(zhong)靈,而來(lai)迎子(zi)。
歷史沿革
青城(cheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)歷史源遠流長,相傳軒轅黃(huang)帝(di)時有寧(ning)封(feng)子,居(ju)青城(cheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)修道,曾向(xiang)黃(huang)帝(di)傳授(shou)御(yu)風云的(de)“龍躋之術(shu)”,黃(huang)帝(di)筑壇拜其為(wei)“五(wu)(wu)岳(yue)丈人”,故后世又(you)稱(cheng)青城(cheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)丈人山(shan)(shan)(shan),并建觀(丈人觀)紀(ji)念(nian)。在(zai)古時與湖北武(wu)當山(shan)(shan)(shan)、江西龍虎(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、安徽齊云山(shan)(shan)(shan)、陜(shan)西景福山(shan)(shan)(shan)合稱(cheng)五(wu)(wu)大仙山(shan)(shan)(shan)。各自(zi)供奉真(zhen)武(wu)蕩魔大帝(di)、五(wu)(wu)岳(yue)丈人寧(ning)封(feng)真(zhen)君、昊天玉皇上帝(di)、降魔護道天尊、廣援普度天尊。
西漢末年,被(bei)稱(cheng)為“蜀(shu)中(zhong)八仙”之一(yi)的陰(yin)長生入青城(cheng)山修道(dao)。但真正奠定青城(cheng)山為道(dao)教(jiao)名山地位的是張陵。
東漢順帝(di)初年,他入鶴嗚山(shan)(今成(cheng)都(dou)市(shi)大邑縣境內)修道(dao)(dao),創立五斗(dou)米道(dao)(dao).亦即天師(shi)道(dao)(dao)。鶴鳴山(shan)與青(qing)城山(shan)同屬(shu)古岷山(shan)山(shan)脈,張陵最(zui)早從鶴鳴山(shan)來到青(qing)城山(shan)結茅傳道(dao)(dao),并羽化山(shan)中。
公(gong)元143年(nian)(東漢漢安二年(nian)),在(zai)寫(xie)畢(bi)二十四道(dao)書兩年(nian)后,張陵到達(da)青城(cheng)山,在(zai)此結茅傳道(dao),創立了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)的本土宗教——道(dao)教,使(shi)青城(cheng)山成為了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)四大道(dao)教名山之首。
唐宋時(shi)期,青城武術在吸收外來(lai)武技的同時(shi),與丹道、自然辟谷、易學、醫學交融互匯形(xing)成獨特完(wan)整體系,成為中國(guo)武林四大門派之一。
隋(sui)唐統(tong)治(zhi)者對道(dao)教的(de)扶持,使(shi)這(zhe)一時期的(de)青城山(shan)實乃“神仙都會之府”。隋(sui)唐時期道(dao)教興盛,青城山(shan)宮觀遍布,高道(dao)輩出(chu)。
天寶之(zhi)亂后(hou),中(zhong)原不寧,唐(tang)玄宗、僖(xi)宗先后(hou)入蜀避難。
唐僖(xi)宗命青城山(shan)修(xiu)靈寶道(dao)場(chang)周天大醮,設(she)醮位2400個。
唐末五代,道(dao)門的一些(xie)著(zhu)(zhu)名人物也都出入蜀中(zhong),如彭(peng)曉、陳(chen)摶等(deng)曾游青城山(shan)(shan),杜光庭(ting)(ting)、譚峭等(deng)皆(jie)終老于青城山(shan)(shan)。其中(zhong)唐末五代著(zhu)(zhu)名道(dao)士杜光庭(ting)(ting)長期隱居青城山(shan)(shan)白(bai)云(yun)溪,整(zheng)理(li)和撰(zhuan)寫了(le)大量(liang)道(dao)書。后人在白(bai)云(yun)溪畔(pan)建(jian)“杜光庭(ting)(ting)讀(du)書臺”,供人憑吊。
唐末,著名道(dao)(dao)士杜光庭來青城(cheng)山,天師(shi)道(dao)(dao)傳(chuan)統乃與上清道(dao)(dao)結(jie)合。上清道(dao)(dao)宣稱修行得(de)道(dao)(dao)可升“上清天”,比舊天師(shi)道(dao)(dao)理想的“太清境”更高。
北宋三十代天(tian)(tian)師張繼先曾來此朝拜(bai),在常道(dao)觀(guan)再興天(tian)(tian)師道(dao)脈。
南(nan)宋淳熙(xi)元年(nian)(1174年(nian)),陸游來(lai)此,賦詩(shi)云:“山中(zhong)猶有(you)讀(du)書臺,風(feng)掃清嵐畫障(zhang)開(kai)。華月冰壺(hu)依舊(jiu)在,青蓮(lian)居士幾時來(lai)。”與杜光庭同時的青城山常道觀道士張(zhang)素卿,是唐末五代畫家,以(yi)道教(jiao)題材的繪畫而著名(ming)。
明代,青城山道(dao)教所傳屬于全真道(dao)龍門(men)派(pai)。
明朝末年,戰亂(luan)不(bu)斷(duan),道士逃散。
清(qing)康(kang)熙八年(nian),武當(dang)山(shan)全真道龍門派道士陳清(qing)覺來(lai)青(qing)城山(shan)主持教(jiao)務,又使局面重(zhong)新改(gai)觀(guan)。現在的青(qing)城山(shan)道教(jiao)所傳屬于全真道龍門派丹臺碧洞宗(zong)。
1982年,青城(cheng)山作(zuo)為四川青城(cheng)山一(yi)都江堰風景名(ming)勝區的重要組成(cheng)部分,被國務院批準列入第一(yi)批國家級風景名(ming)勝區名(ming)單(dan)。
2000年,青(qing)城山和都江(jiang)堰(yan)共同(tong)作為(wei)一項世界(jie)文化遺產被(bei)列入世界(jie)遺產名(ming)錄。
2007年5月8日,青城山一都江(jiang)堰旅(lv)游(you)景區經(jing)國家(jia)(jia)旅(lv)游(you)局正式批準(zhun)為首(shou)批國家(jia)(jia)5A級(ji)旅(lv)游(you)景區。
自然資源
青城(cheng)山主要植(zhi)(zhi)被類型有亞熱(re)帶(dai)常綠(lv)闊葉(xie)林、常綠(lv)落(luo)葉(xie)闊葉(xie)混交林和暖性(xing)針葉(xie)林。根據青城(cheng)山樣地(di)調查資料、野外路線踏勘記錄的植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類及《中(zhong)(zhong)國都(dou)江(jiang)堰(yan)市植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)名錄》中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)記載的青城(cheng)山植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu),初步估計植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)346種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)51種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)于26屬(shu)16科,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)295種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)于192屬(shu)90科。其中(zhong)(zhong)裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)6計青城(cheng)山約(yue)有維管(guan)屬(shu)5科;雙(shuang)子葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)252種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)169屬(shu)77科;單子葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)22屬(shu)8科。植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區系有明顯從亞熱(re)帶(dai)向(xiang)溫(wen)帶(dai)過渡(du)的特(te)點。