簡要介紹
貴州白山羊是貴州省地方優(you)良品種, 具有性(xing)(xing)成熟早、繁殖力強、適應性(xing)(xing)廣、肉質(zhi)優(you)良、遺傳性(xing)(xing)能穩定(ding)等特(te)點(dian)。
貴州(zhou)白山羊原產于黔(qian)東北烏(wu)江中下(xia)游的(de)沿河、思南、務川等縣,分(fen)(fen)布(bu)在貴州(zhou)遵義、銅仁兩(liang)地(di),黔(qian)東南苗族侗族自治州(zhou)、黔(qian)南布(bu)依族苗族自治州(zhou)也有(you)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)。公(gong)母羊均有(you)角,頜下(xia)有(you)須,公(gong)羊頸部有(you)卷毛(mao),少數母羊頸下(xia)有(you)一對(dui)肉垂(chui)。該(gai)品種具有(you)產肉性能好(hao),繁殖力(li)(li)強,板(ban)皮質量好(hao)等特性。貴州(zhou)白山羊肉質細(xi)嫩(nen),肌肉間有(you)脂肪分(fen)(fen)布(bu),板(ban)皮拉力(li)(li)強而柔軟,纖(xian)維致密(mi)。
體形外貌
貴州白(bai)山羊(yang)是貴州省優良的地方(fang)肉(rou)用山羊(yang)良種。白(bai)色(se)(se)短毛,體型中等,大部(bu)分有(you)角(jiao)(jiao),角(jiao)(jiao)向同側后上(shang)外扭曲生長;有(you)須,腿較短,背(bei)寬(kuan)平,體軀(qu)較長大豐(feng)滿,后軀(qu)發育良好(hao)。頭寬(kuan)額平,頸(jing)部(bu)較圓,部(bu)分母羊(yang)頸(jing)下(xia)有(you)一對肉(rou)垂,胸深,背(bei)寬(kuan)平,體軀(qu)呈(cheng)圓桶狀,體長,四肢較矮。毛被以白(bai)色(se)(se)為主,其次為麻(ma)、黑(hei)、花色(se)(se),毛被較短。少數羊(yang)鼻、臉(lian)、耳部(bu)皮膚上(shang)有(you)灰褐色(se)(se)斑點。
產地環境
產(chan)區地(di)(di)勢(shi)復雜(za),西高東低,海拔(ba)為(wei)(wei)(wei)500—1200m,坡度為(wei)(wei)(wei)30度左(zuo)右,山間有(you)零星(xing)盆地(di)(di),鄰近(jin)的川、湘(xiang)兩(liang)省屬云貴高原東斜坡向四川盆地(di)(di)及(ji)湘(xiang)西丘(qiu)陵(ling)的過渡地(di)(di)帶(dai)。氣候溫暖(nuan)濕潤(run),年(nian)平均氣溫為(wei)(wei)(wei)15.5—21度,年(nian)降水(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)1030一1355mm,80%的降水(shui)量集中在4一10月(yue)份,無霜期(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)250一290 d。河流(liu)主(zhu)要屬烏江水(shui)系,河網密度大(da)。土(tu)壤(rang)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)酸(suan)性黃壤(rang)土(tu)及(ji)紅壤(rang)土(tu)。農作物(wu)一年(nian)二、三熟,主(zhu)要有(you)水(shui)稻(dao)、玉(yu)米、甘薯、小(xiao)麥、油菜等。農業副產(chan)品豐富,為(wei)(wei)(wei)山羊的發(fa)展提供了(le)良好的飼(si)料(liao)條件。
生長性能
貴州(zhou)白山(shan)羊初生(sheng)重,公羔平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.7kg,母(mu)(mu)羔平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.6kg;3月(yue)(yue)齡公羔平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)8.1kg,3月(yue)(yue)齡母(mu)(mu)羔平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)7.5kg;周歲公羊平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)19.6kg,相當于(yu)成(cheng)年公羊的60.22%,周歲母(mu)(mu)羊平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)18.3kg,相當于(yu)成(cheng)年母(mu)(mu)羊的56.18%。成(cheng)年公羊體(ti)重平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)32.8kg,成(cheng)年母(mu)(mu)羊平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)30.8kg。
生產性能
貴(gui)州(zhou)白(bai)山羊肉(rou)質(zhi)細(xi)嫩,肌肉(rou)間有脂(zhi)肪分布(bu),膻(shan)味輕。一般在秋、冬兩季(ji)屠(tu)宰(zai)。成年羯羊體重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)47.53kg,胴體重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)23.26kg,內(nei)臟(zang)(zang)脂(zhi)肪重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)4.27kg,凈(jing)肉(rou)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)19.02kg,屠(tu)宰(zai)率(包括(kuo)內(nei)臟(zang)(zang)脂(zhi)肪)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)57.92形(xing),凈(jing)肉(rou)率平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)40.02%;一歲揭羊體重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)24.11kg,胴體重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)11.45kg,內(nei)臟(zang)(zang)脂(zhi)肪重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.40kg,凈(jing)肉(rou)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)8.83kg,屠(tu)宰(zai)率(包括(kuo)內(nei)臟(zang)(zang)脂(zhi)肪)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)53.30%,凈(jing)肉(rou)率平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)36.60%。
皮板品質
貴州白山羊的皮(pi)板厚薄均(jun)勻,柔(rou)韌(ren)、纖(xian)維(wei)致密(mi),毛孔(kong)細小,拉力強,張幅面積在3000~6000平方厘(li)米之(zhi)間(jian),干皮(pi)重(zhong)為500~700g。
繁殖性能
貴(gui)州白(bai)(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)性成(cheng)熟(shu)早,母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)初情(qing)(qing)期(qi)在3~4月齡,發(fa)情(qing)(qing)周期(qi)為(wei)17~20d,發(fa)情(qing)(qing)持續期(qi)為(wei)2d。5個(ge)月齡就開始配種。公羊(yang)(yang)一歲(sui)后閹割肥(fei)育,故產(chan)(chan)區很(hen)少見到飼養大公羊(yang)(yang)。貴(gui)州白(bai)(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)常年產(chan)(chan)羔(gao),1~3月份產(chan)(chan)羔(gao)占全(quan)年的一半。母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)產(chan)(chan)后45d即可(ke)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)配種,能(neng)年產(chan)(chan)兩胎。從1~7胎(4歲(sui)左右)產(chan)(chan)羔(gao)率(lv)逐漸上升,為(wei)124.27~180.0%,7胎后下降。貴(gui)州白(bai)(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)平(ping)均產(chan)(chan)羔(gao)率(lv)為(wei)273.60%,年繁殖(zhi)存活(huo)率(lv)平(ping)均為(wei)243.19%。
觀測結果顯示,選育群和自(zi)繁群羊均具(ju)有(you)明(ming)顯的早熟性能, 其各項(xiang)指標符合貴州(zhou)白山羊品種繁殖生理(li)特征, 說明(ming)貴州(zhou)白山羊品種繁殖生理(li)指標具(ju)有(you)穩定(ding)的遺傳(chuan)性。
養殖技術
要(yao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)好貴州白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),就(jiu)(jiu)得(de)從(cong)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)抓起,羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)長至(zhi)幾周齡(ling)(ling)后,母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)奶(nai)已不(bu)能滿(man)足其(qi)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)需(xu)要(yao),因此需(xu)早期(qi)訓練(lian)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃(chi)(chi)草(cao)(cao)吃(chi)(chi)料,進行(xing)補飼(si)(si)。一(yi)般從(cong)7-10日(ri)齡(ling)(ling)開(kai)始(shi)誘(you)食,15-30日(ri)齡(ling)(ling)日(ri)喂(wei)50-70克(ke),30-60日(ri)齡(ling)(ling)達到100克(ke),60-90日(ri)齡(ling)(ling)達到200克(ke),保證羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)全活(huo)全壯,快速生(sheng)長,為(wei)早期(qi)斷(duan)奶(nai)和后期(qi)育肥(fei)打(da)好基礎。早期(qi)斷(duan)奶(nai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)100日(ri)齡(ling)(ling)進行(xing),最遲不(bu)要(yao)超過(guo)4月齡(ling)(ling),這樣可縮短(duan)產(chan)羔間隔(ge),增加(jia)(jia)母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)利(li)用(yong)年限(xian)內所(suo)產(chan)胎(tai)數,養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)戶在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)加(jia)(jia)強喂(wei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,對(dui)于育種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理方面,利(li)用(yong)肉用(yong)優(you)良(liang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)與本地母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)開(kai)展二元或三(san)元雜交,生(sheng)產(chan)優(you)良(liang)雜種(zhong)(zhong)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),育肥(fei)生(sheng)產(chan)商品(pin)肉羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。雜種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)僅生(sheng)長快,飼(si)(si)料報酬高,而(er)且肉質好、鮮嫩、售價(jia)高,經濟(ji)效益(yi)好。要(yao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)好羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),還有(you)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)有(you)充足的(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)料,因此必須廣(guang)(guang)開(kai)飼(si)(si)料來源,保證白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)料常年不(bu)斷(duan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)解決(jue)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)料來源問題上,廣(guang)(guang)大農(nong)民在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實踐(jian)中(zhong)積累了豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗。他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)是(shi)(shi):廣(guang)(guang)泛收(shou)集(ji),種(zhong)(zhong)植放養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)和加(jia)(jia)工貯存(cun)(cun)。可以采集(ji)野草(cao)(cao),同時還需(xu)因地制宜,種(zhong)(zhong)植一(yi)些高產(chan)青(qing)飼(si)(si)料草(cao)(cao),如優(you)優(you)玉米草(cao)(cao)、優(you)優(you)苜蓿等(deng)高產(chan)牧草(cao)(cao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。加(jia)(jia)工貯存(cun)(cun)方式,大體有(you)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong):一(yi)是(shi)(shi)曬干貯存(cun)(cun):在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)夏(xia)秋季節(jie),將(jiang)(jiang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃(chi)(chi)不(bu)完的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)綠飼(si)(si)料,曬成(cheng)青(qing)干草(cao)(cao),供山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)枯草(cao)(cao)季節(jie)利(li)用(yong)。二是(shi)(shi)制成(cheng)青(qing)貯料:將(jiang)(jiang)優(you)質青(qing)草(cao)(cao)等(deng)進行(xing)青(qing)貯,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)冬(dong)季代替青(qing)料喂(wei)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。三(san)是(shi)(shi)窖藏部(bu)分新鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)飼(si)(si)料和多(duo)汁飼(si)(si)料,以備補料之用(yong)。貴州規模化飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)場開(kai)始(shi)利(li)用(yong)設(she)施(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi),以往(wang)農(nong)戶養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)采用(yong)樁拴系,露天飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群(qun)往(wang)往(wang)出現夏(xia)壯、秋肥(fei)、冬(dong)瘦、春(chun)乏的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況。所(suo)以若想增加(jia)(jia)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)效益(yi),就(jiu)(jiu)應推廣(guang)(guang)設(she)施(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi),建(jian)(jian)造布(bu)局結構合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍或暖棚。這樣無論在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)炎夏(xia)還是(shi)(shi)寒冬(dong),羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群(qun)都有(you)一(yi)個(ge)舒適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)環(huan)境,促其(qi)快速生(sheng)長與增重。飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理建(jian)(jian)造與布(bu)局,可大大降(jiang)低疾病的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。把錢(qian)(qian)花(hua)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍建(jian)(jian)設(she)上比花(hua)錢(qian)(qian)買藥吃(chi)(chi)更經濟(ji),何況用(yong)藥過(guo)多(duo)會產(chan)生(sheng)藥物(wu)殘留(liu)。
養(yang)殖(zhi)戶在做好(hao)了羊(yang)的喂養(yang)管(guan)理(li)后,防(fang)病的管(guan)理(li)可不(bu)能(neng)少(shao),因為(wei)疾病是養(yang)羊(yang)生產的一(yi)大威脅,應(ying)重點搞好(hao)傳染病的預(yu)防(fang)接種工作,堅持預(yu)防(fang)為(wei)主的原則。定期驅(qu)除羊(yang)體內外寄生蟲(chong),注(zhu)意圈舍的衛(wei)生消毒(du),在日(ri)常管(guan)理(li)中經(jing)常觀察羊(yang)只精神(shen)、飲食、糞便等是否正常,做到沒病早防(fang),有(you)病早發現、早治療(liao)。
地理分布
貴州(zhou)白山羊是貴州(zhou)省優良的地(di)方山羊品種之一(yi),原產于(yu)黔東(dong)北烏江(jiang)中下游的沿(yan)河、思南(nan)和務川等縣,分布(bu)在貴州(zhou)省的遵義(yi)、銅仁兩地(di),黔東(dong)南(nan)苗(miao)族(zu)侗族(zu)自(zi)治州(zhou)、黔南(nan)布(bu)依族(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)自(zi)治州(zhou)也有(you)分布(bu)。
養殖歷史
貴州白(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)是一個古老(lao)的山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)品(pin)種,據(ju)明嘉(jia)靖(公(gong)元1522—1567)年間《思南府志》記載:“羊(yang)(yang),皆山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang),罕綿羊(yang)(yang)”。又據(ju)《史(shi)記》、《后漢(han)書》等(deng)記敘,在現今的思南、印江、沿河一帶,漢(han)代以前飼養(yang)牲畜已具(ju)規模,黃牛、山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)已為當地主要家(jia)畜。由此可(ke)見,貴州飼養(yang)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)已有(you)悠久的歷史(shi)。
價值
貴州白山羊肉(rou)質細嫩,肌肉(rou)間有(you)脂肪(fang)分布。具有(you)極高的營養價值。
該(gai)品(pin)種具(ju)有產(chan)肉性(xing)能(neng)好,繁(fan)殖力強(qiang),板皮質量好等特性(xing)。貴州白山羊肉質細嫩(nen),肌(ji)肉間有脂肪分布,板皮拉力強(qiang)而柔軟(ruan),纖維致密(mi)。