簡要介紹
貴州白山羊是貴州省地方優良品種, 具(ju)有性(xing)成熟早、繁(fan)殖力強(qiang)、適應性(xing)廣、肉質優良、遺傳性(xing)能穩定等特點。
貴州(zhou)(zhou)白山(shan)羊原產(chan)于黔東(dong)北烏(wu)江(jiang)中下(xia)游的沿河、思南(nan)、務川等縣(xian),分(fen)(fen)布(bu)在貴州(zhou)(zhou)遵義、銅仁兩地,黔東(dong)南(nan)苗族侗族自治州(zhou)(zhou)、黔南(nan)布(bu)依族苗族自治州(zhou)(zhou)也(ye)有(you)(you)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)。公母羊均有(you)(you)角,頜下(xia)有(you)(you)須,公羊頸部(bu)有(you)(you)卷(juan)毛,少(shao)數母羊頸下(xia)有(you)(you)一對肉垂(chui)。該品(pin)種具有(you)(you)產(chan)肉性(xing)能好,繁(fan)殖(zhi)力強,板皮(pi)質量(liang)好等特性(xing)。貴州(zhou)(zhou)白山(shan)羊肉質細嫩,肌肉間有(you)(you)脂(zhi)肪分(fen)(fen)布(bu),板皮(pi)拉力強而柔(rou)軟,纖維致密(mi)。
體形外貌
貴州(zhou)白山羊(yang)是貴州(zhou)省優良的地方肉用(yong)山羊(yang)良種(zhong)。白色(se)(se)短毛,體(ti)型中等(deng),大部(bu)分有(you)角,角向(xiang)同(tong)側后上外扭曲生長;有(you)須,腿較短,背(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)平,體(ti)軀(qu)(qu)較長大豐滿,后軀(qu)(qu)發育良好(hao)。頭(tou)寬(kuan)(kuan)額(e)平,頸(jing)(jing)部(bu)較圓,部(bu)分母羊(yang)頸(jing)(jing)下有(you)一(yi)對肉垂,胸深,背(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)平,體(ti)軀(qu)(qu)呈圓桶(tong)狀(zhuang),體(ti)長,四(si)肢(zhi)較矮。毛被(bei)(bei)以白色(se)(se)為主,其次為麻、黑、花色(se)(se),毛被(bei)(bei)較短。少數羊(yang)鼻、臉、耳部(bu)皮膚上有(you)灰褐色(se)(se)斑點。
產地環境
產區(qu)地(di)(di)(di)勢復雜,西(xi)高(gao)東(dong)低,海拔為(wei)(wei)(wei)500—1200m,坡度為(wei)(wei)(wei)30度左右,山間(jian)有(you)(you)零星(xing)盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di),鄰(lin)近的(de)川、湘兩省屬云貴高(gao)原東(dong)斜坡向四川盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)及湘西(xi)丘陵(ling)的(de)過渡地(di)(di)(di)帶。氣(qi)候溫(wen)暖(nuan)濕潤,年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)15.5—21度,年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1030一1355mm,80%的(de)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)集中在4一10月份,無(wu)霜期為(wei)(wei)(wei)250一290 d。河流主要屬烏江水(shui)(shui)系(xi),河網(wang)密度大。土壤多為(wei)(wei)(wei)酸(suan)性黃(huang)壤土及紅壤土。農(nong)作物(wu)一年(nian)(nian)二、三熟,主要有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)稻、玉米、甘薯(shu)、小麥、油菜等。農(nong)業(ye)副(fu)產品豐(feng)富,為(wei)(wei)(wei)山羊的(de)發(fa)展提供(gong)了良好的(de)飼料(liao)條件。
生長性能
貴州(zhou)白山羊初生重,公(gong)羔(gao)(gao)平(ping)均為(wei)1.7kg,母(mu)(mu)羔(gao)(gao)平(ping)均為(wei)1.6kg;3月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)公(gong)羔(gao)(gao)平(ping)均為(wei)8.1kg,3月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)母(mu)(mu)羔(gao)(gao)平(ping)均為(wei)7.5kg;周歲公(gong)羊平(ping)均為(wei)19.6kg,相當于成年(nian)(nian)公(gong)羊的(de)60.22%,周歲母(mu)(mu)羊平(ping)均為(wei)18.3kg,相當于成年(nian)(nian)母(mu)(mu)羊的(de)56.18%。成年(nian)(nian)公(gong)羊體重平(ping)均為(wei)32.8kg,成年(nian)(nian)母(mu)(mu)羊平(ping)均為(wei)30.8kg。
生產性能
貴州(zhou)白(bai)山羊肉(rou)(rou)質細(xi)嫩,肌肉(rou)(rou)間有脂肪分(fen)布,膻味輕(qing)。一般在秋、冬(dong)兩季屠(tu)宰(zai)。成年(nian)羯羊體重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)47.53kg,胴(dong)體重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)23.26kg,內臟(zang)(zang)(zang)脂肪重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)4.27kg,凈(jing)肉(rou)(rou)重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)19.02kg,屠(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(包(bao)括(kuo)內臟(zang)(zang)(zang)脂肪)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)57.92形,凈(jing)肉(rou)(rou)率(lv)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)40.02%;一歲揭羊體重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)24.11kg,胴(dong)體重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)11.45kg,內臟(zang)(zang)(zang)脂肪重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)1.40kg,凈(jing)肉(rou)(rou)重(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)8.83kg,屠(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(包(bao)括(kuo)內臟(zang)(zang)(zang)脂肪)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)53.30%,凈(jing)肉(rou)(rou)率(lv)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)36.60%。
皮板品質
貴州白山羊(yang)的皮板厚薄均勻(yun),柔韌(ren)、纖維致密,毛孔細(xi)小(xiao),拉力(li)強,張幅面積在3000~6000平方(fang)厘米(mi)之間,干(gan)皮重為500~700g。
繁殖性能
貴州(zhou)白(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)性成熟早,母(mu)羊(yang)初(chu)情(qing)(qing)期在3~4月齡(ling),發情(qing)(qing)周期為(wei)(wei)(wei)17~20d,發情(qing)(qing)持續期為(wei)(wei)(wei)2d。5個月齡(ling)就開始配(pei)(pei)種。公羊(yang)一歲后閹(yan)割肥育(yu),故產(chan)區(qu)很少見到飼養大公羊(yang)。貴州(zhou)白(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)常(chang)年產(chan)羔,1~3月份產(chan)羔占全(quan)年的一半。母(mu)羊(yang)產(chan)后45d即可發情(qing)(qing)配(pei)(pei)種,能年產(chan)兩(liang)胎。從1~7胎(4歲左右)產(chan)羔率逐漸上升,為(wei)(wei)(wei)124.27~180.0%,7胎后下降。貴州(zhou)白(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)平均產(chan)羔率為(wei)(wei)(wei)273.60%,年繁殖(zhi)存活(huo)率平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)243.19%。
觀測結果顯示,選育群和自繁群羊(yang)均具有明顯的(de)早熟(shu)性能, 其各項指標(biao)(biao)符合貴州白山(shan)羊(yang)品種(zhong)(zhong)繁殖生理特征, 說(shuo)明貴州白山(shan)羊(yang)品種(zhong)(zhong)繁殖生理指標(biao)(biao)具有穩定的(de)遺傳性。
養殖技術
要(yao)(yao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)好貴州(zhou)白山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),就(jiu)得從(cong)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)抓起(qi),羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)長(chang)至幾周(zhou)齡后,母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)奶(nai)已不能滿足(zu)其(qi)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)需要(yao)(yao),因(yin)此需早(zao)期訓練羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃(chi)(chi)草(cao)吃(chi)(chi)料(liao),進行補飼(si)。一般從(cong)7-10日齡開(kai)(kai)始(shi)誘食,15-30日齡日喂(wei)50-70克,30-60日齡達(da)到100克,60-90日齡達(da)到200克,保證羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)全活全壯,快速(su)生(sheng)長(chang),為(wei)早(zao)期斷奶(nai)和后期育(yu)(yu)肥打好基(ji)礎。早(zao)期斷奶(nai)在(zai)100日齡進行,最遲不要(yao)(yao)超(chao)過(guo)4月齡,這樣可(ke)縮短產(chan)(chan)(chan)羔(gao)間(jian)隔,增加(jia)(jia)母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)利(li)用(yong)年限內所產(chan)(chan)(chan)胎數,養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)戶在(zai)加(jia)(jia)強喂(wei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的同(tong)時,對于(yu)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的管理方(fang)面,利(li)用(yong)肉(rou)(rou)用(yong)優(you)良品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)與本地母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)開(kai)(kai)展二元(yuan)或三元(yuan)雜(za)交,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)優(you)良雜(za)種(zhong)(zhong)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),育(yu)(yu)肥生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)商品(pin)肉(rou)(rou)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。雜(za)種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)不僅生(sheng)長(chang)快,飼(si)料(liao)報(bao)酬高(gao),而且(qie)肉(rou)(rou)質(zhi)好、鮮嫩、售價高(gao),經(jing)濟(ji)效益好。要(yao)(yao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)好羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),還有就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)有充足(zu)的飼(si)料(liao),因(yin)此必須廣(guang)(guang)開(kai)(kai)飼(si)料(liao)來源(yuan),保證白山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)料(liao)常(chang)年不斷。在(zai)解(jie)決山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)料(liao)來源(yuan)問題上(shang),廣(guang)(guang)大(da)農(nong)民在(zai)實踐(jian)中(zhong)積累了豐富的經(jing)驗。他們的措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi):廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)收集(ji),種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)放(fang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)和加(jia)(jia)工貯存(cun)(cun)。可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)采(cai)集(ji)野草(cao),同(tong)時還需因(yin)地制宜(yi),種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)一些高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)青(qing)飼(si)料(liao)草(cao),如優(you)優(you)玉(yu)米草(cao)、優(you)優(you)苜蓿等高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)牧(mu)草(cao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。加(jia)(jia)工貯存(cun)(cun)方(fang)式,大(da)體(ti)有三種(zhong)(zhong):一是(shi)(shi)(shi)曬干貯存(cun)(cun):在(zai)夏秋(qiu)季節,將(jiang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃(chi)(chi)不完的青(qing)綠飼(si)料(liao),曬成青(qing)干草(cao),供山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)枯草(cao)季節利(li)用(yong)。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)制成青(qing)貯料(liao):將(jiang)優(you)質(zhi)青(qing)草(cao)等進行青(qing)貯,在(zai)冬(dong)季代替青(qing)料(liao)喂(wei)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)窖(jiao)藏部分(fen)新鮮的青(qing)飼(si)料(liao)和多(duo)汁飼(si)料(liao),以(yi)(yi)(yi)備補料(liao)之用(yong)。貴州(zhou)規模化飼(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)白山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的飼(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)場開(kai)(kai)始(shi)利(li)用(yong)設(she)施(shi)(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)往(wang)農(nong)戶養(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)采(cai)用(yong)樁拴系,露天飼(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang),羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群(qun)往(wang)往(wang)出現夏壯、秋(qiu)肥、冬(dong)瘦、春乏的狀(zhuang)況。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)若想增加(jia)(jia)養(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)效益,就(jiu)應推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)設(she)施(shi)(shi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi),建造布(bu)局結(jie)構合理的羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍(she)(she)或暖棚(peng)。這樣無(wu)論在(zai)炎(yan)夏還是(shi)(shi)(shi)寒冬(dong),羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群(qun)都有一個(ge)舒適的生(sheng)活環境,促其(qi)快速(su)生(sheng)長(chang)與增重。飼(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)設(she)施(shi)(shi)的合理建造與布(bu)局,可(ke)大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低疾病的發(fa)生(sheng)。把錢花在(zai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍(she)(she)建設(she)上(shang)比(bi)花錢買藥(yao)吃(chi)(chi)更經(jing)濟(ji),何況用(yong)藥(yao)過(guo)多(duo)會產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)藥(yao)物殘留。
養(yang)殖戶在做好(hao)了(le)羊的(de)(de)喂養(yang)管(guan)理后,防病的(de)(de)管(guan)理可不能少,因為疾病是養(yang)羊生(sheng)產的(de)(de)一大威脅,應重(zhong)點(dian)搞好(hao)傳染病的(de)(de)預防接種工作,堅持預防為主的(de)(de)原(yuan)則。定期驅除羊體內外寄生(sheng)蟲,注意(yi)圈舍的(de)(de)衛生(sheng)消毒,在日常(chang)管(guan)理中經常(chang)觀察羊只精神、飲(yin)食、糞便(bian)等是否正常(chang),做到沒病早(zao)防,有病早(zao)發現、早(zao)治療。
地理分布
貴(gui)州白山羊是(shi)貴(gui)州省(sheng)優(you)良的地方山羊品種之一,原產于黔東(dong)北(bei)烏江中下游(you)的沿河、思南(nan)和務(wu)川等縣,分(fen)布(bu)在貴(gui)州省(sheng)的遵義(yi)、銅仁兩地,黔東(dong)南(nan)苗族(zu)(zu)侗族(zu)(zu)自治州、黔南(nan)布(bu)依族(zu)(zu)苗族(zu)(zu)自治州也有(you)分(fen)布(bu)。
養殖歷史
貴州白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)是一個古(gu)老(lao)的山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)品種(zhong),據明嘉靖(公元1522—1567)年(nian)間《思(si)(si)南府志》記(ji)載:“羊(yang)(yang),皆山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang),罕綿羊(yang)(yang)”。又(you)據《史記(ji)》、《后漢書》等記(ji)敘,在現今的思(si)(si)南、印江、沿河一帶,漢代以前飼養(yang)牲畜已具規(gui)模,黃牛、山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)已為當(dang)地主(zhu)要家畜。由(you)此可見(jian),貴州飼養(yang)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)已有悠久(jiu)的歷(li)史。
價值
貴(gui)州(zhou)白山羊(yang)肉質細嫩,肌肉間有脂肪分布。具有極高(gao)的(de)營(ying)養價值(zhi)。
該(gai)品種具(ju)有(you)產肉性能好,繁殖力強(qiang)(qiang),板(ban)皮質(zhi)量(liang)好等特性。貴州白(bai)山羊肉質(zhi)細(xi)嫩(nen),肌(ji)肉間有(you)脂肪分布,板(ban)皮拉力強(qiang)(qiang)而柔軟,纖維致密。