人物生平
早期生涯
漢哀帝時期,公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)以父公(gong)孫(sun)仁(ren)(ren)保任為(wei)(wei)郎。后來公(gong)孫(sun)仁(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)河(he)南都尉,公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)就補(bu)為(wei)(wei)清水(shui)(在(zai)今甘肅省(sheng)清水(shui)縣)縣長。公(gong)孫(sun)仁(ren)(ren)以公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)年(nian)少,派遣門下掾隨他到任。月余,掾辭歸,向(xiang)公(gong)孫(sun)仁(ren)(ren)說:“公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)不是等待教導(dao)的(de)人(ren)。”后來太守因其很有(you)(you)能力,使他兼攝(she)五(wu)縣,結果五(wu)縣政事維護的(de)很好,奸盜(dao)不再發生,郡中的(de)人(ren)卻說是有(you)(you)了鬼(gui)神的(de)緣故。王莽天鳳年(nian)間(jian)(公(gong)元14年(nian)―公(gong)元19年(nian)),公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)擔任導(dao)江(即(ji)原蜀郡)卒正(太守),治所在(zai)臨邛(qiong)(今四(si)川邛(qiong)崍)。也享有(you)(you)能力之名。
蜀中起兵
更(geng)始元(yuan)年(nian)(公元(yuan)23年(nian)),更(geng)始帝劉玄即位,建立更(geng)始政權,豪(hao)杰們各在所(suo)(suo)在的縣起兵(bing)(bing)響應(ying),南陽人(ren)(ren)宗(zong)(zong)成(cheng)自(zi)稱(cheng)“虎(hu)牙將軍(jun)”,侵入漢(han)(han)中(zhong);又有商人(ren)(ren)王岑也起兵(bing)(bing)于雒縣,自(zi)稱(cheng)“定(ding)漢(han)(han)將軍(jun)”,殺了(le)(le)王莽的庸部牧以響應(ying)宗(zong)(zong)成(cheng),眾合(he)數(shu)萬人(ren)(ren)。公孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)聽說,就派(pai)(pai)遣使(shi)者迎(ying)接宗(zong)(zong)成(cheng)等(deng)。宗(zong)(zong)成(cheng)等(deng)到(dao)(dao)成(cheng)都(dou),虜(lu)掠暴虐。公孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)很厭惡,于是召集縣中(zhong)豪(hao)杰對(dui)(dui)他們說:“天下(xia)同苦于王莽新室,思(si)念(nian)劉氏很久了(le)(le),所(suo)(suo)以一聽到(dao)(dao)漢(han)(han)將軍(jun)到(dao)(dao),我就派(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)馳去(qu)迎(ying)接。現在百姓(xing)無辜而婦(fu)女(nv)兒童都(dou)成(cheng)了(le)(le)俘虜(lu),百姓(xing)的家室房屋(wu)都(dou)遭焚(fen)燒,這(zhe)是寇賊,不(bu)是義兵(bing)(bing)。我想保郡(jun)自(zi)守,以等(deng)侍真主。你們愿(yuan)意同我一起干的請留(liu)下(xia),不(bu)愿(yuan)意的可以走。”豪(hao)杰們都(dou)叩頭說愿(yuan)意效死(si)。公孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)于是使(shi)人(ren)(ren)詐(zha)稱(cheng)漢(han)(han)使(shi)者從東(dong)方來了(le)(le),命公孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)暫(zan)時代理輔漢(han)(han)將軍(jun)、蜀郡(jun)太守兼益州(zhou)牧印綬(shou)。就選精兵(bing)(bing)千(qian)余人(ren)(ren),向西攻擊(ji)宗(zong)(zong)成(cheng)等(deng)人(ren)(ren)。等(deng)到(dao)(dao)達成(cheng)都(dou),發(fa)(fa)展到(dao)(dao)數(shu)千(qian)人(ren)(ren),于是對(dui)(dui)宗(zong)(zong)成(cheng)發(fa)(fa)起攻擊(ji),大敗宗(zong)(zong)成(cheng)。宗(zong)(zong)成(cheng)將領(ling)垣副殺了(le)(le)宗(zong)(zong)成(cheng),率眾向公孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)投降。
更(geng)始(shi)二年(公元(yuan)24年)秋天(tian)(tian),更(geng)始(shi)帝派(pai)柱功(gong)侯李寶(bao)、益州刺史張忠,率領兵眾(zhong)(zhong)萬余人侵掠蜀、漢(han)。公孫(sun)述(shu)依靠(kao)蜀地地勢險要,民眾(zhong)(zhong)歸(gui)附(fu),有自(zi)立(li)為(wei)王(wang)(wang)的意志,就(jiu)派(pai)他弟弟公孫(sun)恢,在綿竹大敗李寶(bao)、張忠,并將他們趕走。由此以(yi)后公孫(sun)述(shu)威(wei)震益部。功(gong)曹李熊(xiong)對公孫(sun)述(shu)說:“現(xian)在四海洶(xiong)涌不安,平民百姓肆意議(yi)論。將軍割據(ju)千里,地方十倍(bei)于過去的商(shang)湯、周(zhou)武王(wang)(wang),如能(neng)奮(fen)威(wei)德以(yi)投合天(tian)(tian)時,就(jiu)可以(yi)成就(jiu)霸王(wang)(wang)之業。應改名號(hao),以(yi)鎮撫百姓。”公孫(sun)述(shu)說:“我(wo)也(ye)考慮過,你的話啟發了我(wo)。”于是自(zi)立(li)為(wei)蜀王(wang)(wang),定(ding)都(dou)在成都(dou)。
建元稱帝
蜀(shu)(shu)地(di)肥(fei)沃富(fu)饒,兵力精(jing)強,遠方的(de)(de)士(shi)民多去歸(gui)附,西南(nan)的(de)(de)邛、笮等(deng)部族(zu)的(de)(de)酋長都(dou)來貢獻。李熊再(zai)向公(gong)孫述(shu)說(shuo)道(dao):“現(xian)在山(shan)東(dong)饑饉,人(ren)庶相食;遭到兵災的(de)(de)屠滅(mie),城邑都(dou)成了丘(qiu)墟(xu)。蜀(shu)(shu)地(di)沃野千(qian)(qian)里,土(tu)壤肥(fei)腴,果實所(suo)(suo)生,雖不(bu)(bu)耕種(zhong)也可飽(bao)腹。女工紡織之業,衣服(fu)可以(yi)覆蓋天下(xia)(xia)。名貴木材竹干,器械(xie)之富(fu)饒,取(qu)之不(bu)(bu)盡(jin)用之不(bu)(bu)竭。又有(you)(you)魚(yu)鹽銅銀之利(li),浮(fu)水轉漕運(yun)輸之便。北(bei)面(mian)據有(you)(you)漢(han)中,阻塞褒(bao)、斜的(de)(de)險要;東(dong)面(mian)扼守巴(ba)郡(jun),拒(ju)捍關(guan)(今重慶市奉節縣)之口;地(di)方數千(qian)(qian)里,戰士(shi)不(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)百萬。見到有(you)(you)利(li)時機(ji)則出兵而(er)擴(kuo)大地(di)盤,無利(li)則堅守而(er)從(cong)事于(yu)農業。東(dong)面(mian)可下(xia)(xia)漢(han)水以(yi)窺秦(qin)地(di),南(nan)面(mian)順著(zhu)江流以(yi)震荊、揚。所(suo)(suo)謂擁(yong)有(you)(you)天時地(di)利(li)等(deng)一(yi)切成功(gong)的(de)(de)條件(jian)。現(xian)在你(ni)蜀(shu)(shu)王的(de)(de)聲名,已聞于(yu)天下(xia)(xia),而(er)名號未定,有(you)(you)志之士(shi)在狐疑觀望(wang),應當(dang)即大位,使遠方之人(ren)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)依歸(gui)。”公(gong)孫述(shu)說(shuo):“帝王是天命(ming)所(suo)(suo)歸(gui),我怎么(me)能承當(dang)得(de)起呢?”李熊說(shuo):“天命(ming)沒(mei)有(you)(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de),老百姓歸(gui)附能者(zhe),能者(zhe)承當(dang)起使命(ming),你(ni)還(huan)懷疑什(shen)么(me)呢!”
東漢光武(wu)帝建武(wu)元年(nian)(公(gong)元25年(nian))四月,公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)自立為帝,國號成(cheng)(cheng)家(jia)(一作大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)或成(cheng)(cheng)),崇(chong)尚白色,建元龍興。以(yi)李熊為大(da)司(si)徒,以(yi)其弟公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)光為大(da)司(si)馬(ma),公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)恢為大(da)司(si)空。改益州為司(si)隸校尉,蜀郡為成(cheng)(cheng)都尹(yin)。
當(dang)時(shi),越巂(sui)土(tu)著任(ren)貴也殺死王(wang)莽時(shi)所任(ren)命的大尹枚根(gen)而占據其郡,隨后降公(gong)孫述(shu)。公(gong)孫述(shu)就使將(jiang)軍(jun)侯丹開白水關(guan)(guan),北(bei)守南鄭;將(jiang)軍(jun)任(ren)滿從閬(lang)中(zhong)下江州(zhou)(zhou),東據捍(han)關(guan)(guan)。于(yu)是所有益州(zhou)(zhou)之地盡歸公(gong)孫述(shu)所有。
岑戎歸降
自從更始三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元25年(nian)(nian)(nian)),更始帝(di)劉玄失敗(bai)以后(hou),光武帝(di)劉秀正忙于山東事務,沒有(you)來得及西伐。關中(zhong)豪杰呂(lv)鮪(wei)等(deng)往(wang)往(wang)擁有(you)兵眾達萬,不知歸屬(shu),多往(wang)歸公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述,公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述都拜他們為將軍(jun)。于是(shi)大作營壘,陳車(che)騎,肆(si)習戰(zhan)射,會聚兵甲數十萬人(ren),在漢中(zhong)積聚糧食,在南鄭修(xiu)筑宮(gong)殿。又造十層赤(chi)樓帛蘭船(chuan)。多刻天下(xia)牧守的印(yin)章,備(bei)置公(gong)(gong)卿百(bai)官。使將軍(jun)李育(yu)、程烏率領(ling)數萬軍(jun)眾出陳倉,與呂(lv)鮪(wei)侵犯三輔。建武三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元27年(nian)(nian)(nian)),征西大將軍(jun)馮異攻擊呂(lv)鮪(wei)、李育(yu)于陳倉,大敗(bai)呂(lv)鮪(wei)與李育(yu),呂(lv)鮪(wei)與李育(yu)逃奔漢中(zhong)。建武五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元29年(nian)(nian)(nian)),延(yan)(yan)岑(cen)、田戎被漢兵打敗(bai),延(yan)(yan)岑(cen)、田戎軍(jun)等(deng)都逃亡入蜀。
延(yan)岑,字(zi)叔牙,南(nan)陽(yang)人(ren)。開始起兵(bing)時據(ju)有漢(han)中(zhong),又擁兵(bing)關(guan)西,關(guan)西破散,又走到南(nan)陽(yang),占有數縣(xian)。田戎(rong),汝南(nan)人(ren),初起兵(bing)于夷陵,轉而侵掠郡縣(xian),發展到數萬(wan)人(ren)。延(yan)岑、田戎(rong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)與(yu)秦(qin)豐會合(he),秦(qin)豐都(dou)(dou)(dou)以(yi)女兒嫁給延(yan)岑、田戎(rong)為妻。后(hou)來秦(qin)豐失敗,延(yan)岑、田戎(rong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)向公孫(sun)述(shu)投降。公孫(sun)述(shu)以(yi)延(yan)岑為大司馬,封(feng)汝寧王(wang)(wang),封(feng)田戎(rong)為翼江王(wang)(wang)。
建武(wu)六(liu)年(nian)(公(gong)元30年(nian)),公(gong)孫述(shu)派遣田戎與將(jiang)軍任滿出(chu)江關(今夔門南岸),下(xia)臨沮、夷陵間,招其(qi)故(gu)眾,因而想攻取(qu)荊州諸(zhu)郡,但沒能攻克。
謬引讖書
當時,公(gong)(gong)孫述廢除銅錢(qian),置鐵(tie)官(guan)以(yi)(yi)鑄錢(qian),百姓手中的貨幣(bi)不能流通。蜀(shu)中童(tong)謠說:“黃牛(niu)白腹,五(wu)(wu)(wu)銖當復。”好事的人們竊竊私語(yu)說王莽稱“黃”,公(gong)(gong)孫述自號“白”,五(wu)(wu)(wu)銖錢(qian),是(shi)漢貨,說天(tian)下當并還劉(liu)氏(shi)。公(gong)(gong)孫述也喜好為(wei)符命鬼神瑞應的事,荒(huang)謬(miu)地引(yin)用(yong)讖書(shu)。以(yi)(yi)為(wei)孔子作《春秋》,為(wei)赤制而(er)斷十二公(gong)(gong),說明(ming)漢高帝至漢平帝已(yi)經過十二代,歷數已(yi)完,一姓不得再受(shou)命為(wei)帝。又(you)引(yin)《錄運法》說:“廢昌帝,立公(gong)(gong)孫。”《括地象(xiang)》說:“帝軒轅受(shou)命,公(gong)(gong)孫氏(shi)握。”《援神契》說:“西(xi)(xi)太守,乙卯(mao)金。”說西(xi)(xi)方太守而(er)軋絕卯(mao)金劉(liu)氏(shi)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)德之運,黃承赤而(er)白繼黃,金據西(xi)(xi)方為(wei)白德,而(er)代王氏(shi),得到正序。又(you)說自己手紋有奇,得以(yi)(yi)建元龍興之瑞。幾次將這些東西(xi)(xi)移書(shu)中原,希望(wang)以(yi)(yi)此惑(huo)動(dong)眾心。
光武帝憂慮(lv),就(jiu)寫(xie)信給公孫述說(shuo):“圖讖上(shang)講的‘公孫’,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)漢宣(xuan)帝。代漢的是(shi)(shi)當(dang)涂高,你(ni)難道是(shi)(shi)當(dang)涂高嗎?你(ni)以(yi)掌紋為瑞,王莽(mang)有什么可(ke)以(yi)效法的呢!你(ni)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)我的亂(luan)臣(chen)賊子(zi),倉卒時人(ren)人(ren)都想當(dang)上(shang)皇(huang)帝,不(bu)足責(ze)備。你(ni)日月(yue)已逝,妻子(zi)兒女弱小,應當(dang)早(zao)為定(ding)計,可(ke)以(yi)無憂。天子(zi)的帝位,是(shi)(shi)不(bu)可(ke)力(li)爭的,應當(dang)三思。”署名“公孫皇(huang)帝”。公孫述不(bu)作答復。
論爭天下
第二年(公(gong)元31年),隗(wei)囂(xiao)(xiao)向公(gong)孫述稱臣(chen)。公(gong)孫述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)騎都尉(wei)平(ping)陵人(ren)(ren)荊邯(han)(han)看到(dao)東(dong)方將平(ping),漢(han)兵(bing)將向西征討,就對公(gong)孫述說(shuo):“兵(bing),這是(shi)帝王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)武器,古今都不(bu)(bu)(bu)能廢除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。以(yi)(yi)前秦失其(qi)守,豪杰并(bing)起(qi)。漢(han)高(gao)帝起(qi)于(yu)布衣(yi),沒有(you)(you)前人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業(ye)跡(ji),沒有(you)(you)立(li)錐之(zhi)(zhi)地,起(qi)兵(bing)于(yu)行伍之(zhi)(zhi)中,親自(zi)(zi)奮(fen)擊,隊伍被打敗自(zi)(zi)身(shen)遭(zao)到(dao)圍(wei)困多次。然而(er)軍敗后又(you)(you)復合,遭(zao)創傷愈合后又(you)(you)投入(ru)戰斗(dou)。這樣(yang)(yang)(yang)看來(lai),在死境中奮(fen)斗(dou)倒(dao)(dao)能成功,在空隙中爬(pa)行倒(dao)(dao)靠近(jin)滅(mie)亡。隗(wei)囂(xiao)(xiao)遇(yu)到(dao)絕好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會(hui),割據(ju)了雍州(zhou),兵(bing)強士附,威加山東(dong)。遇(yu)更始(shi)政亂,失去天(tian)(tian)下(xia),百(bai)姓引頸而(er)望,四方趨于(yu)瓦(wa)解。隗(wei)囂(xiao)(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)在這時趁著危機乘勝(sheng)奮(fen)起(qi),以(yi)(yi)爭天(tian)(tian)命(ming),而(er)是(shi)退身(shen)想(xiang)為(wei)西伯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)業(ye),尊鄭興(xing)等為(wei)章句之(zhi)(zhi)師,與方望等處士結為(wei)賓友(you),偃(yan)武事(shi)息(xi)干戈(ge),以(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)卑之(zhi)(zhi)辭事(shi)漢(han),喟然自(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)是(shi)文王(wang)再世。這樣(yang)(yang)(yang)就使(shi)漢(han)帝消除(chu)關隴(long)之(zhi)(zhi)憂,得以(yi)(yi)專門精心(xin)(xin)策劃東(dong)伐(fa)事(shi)宜(yi),四分(fen)(fen)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)而(er)有(you)(you)其(qi)三;使(shi)西州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豪杰們(men)都存(cun)心(xin)(xin)于(yu)山東(dong),派來(lai)歙(she),馬援等為(wei)使(shi)者,說(shuo)服(fu)王(wang)遵、鄭興(xing)、杜林、牛邯(han)(han)等相次歸順了光(guang)武帝,那么(me)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)五(wu)分(fen)(fen)而(er)漢(han)有(you)(you)其(qi)四;如果在天(tian)(tian)水舉兵(bing)反漢(han),必(bi)遭(zao)潰(kui)敗,天(tian)(tian)水既定,則天(tian)(tian)下(xia)九分(fen)(fen)而(er)漢(han)有(you)(you)其(qi)八(ba)了。陛下(xia)以(yi)(yi)梁州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)地,內部(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)奉(feng)萬乘之(zhi)(zhi)尊,外部(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)給三軍以(yi)(yi)給養,擔子壓在百(bai)姓身(shen)上(shang),百(bai)姓愁困,不(bu)(bu)(bu)堪承受上(shang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命(ming)令(ling)(ling),將有(you)(you)像王(wang)莽一樣(yang)(yang)(yang)從內部(bu)(bu)崩潰(kui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危險。我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愚(yu)計,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)應當(dang)趁天(tian)(tian)下(xia)還(huan)沒有(you)(you)完(wan)全(quan)絕望,豪杰還(huan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)招誘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時機,發國內精兵(bing),命(ming)令(ling)(ling)田(tian)戎據(ju)江(jiang)陵,臨江(jiang)南(nan)人(ren)(ren)、物(wu)會(hui)集之(zhi)(zhi)地,倚仗巫(wu)山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牢固,筑壘(lei)堅守,傳(chuan)檄文到(dao)吳、楚,長沙(sha)以(yi)(yi)南(nan)必(bi)隨風(feng)而(er)披靡(mi)。命(ming)令(ling)(ling)延岑出漢(han)中,定三輔,天(tian)(tian)水、隴(long)西拱手自(zi)(zi)服(fu)。這樣(yang)(yang)(yang),海內震搖,對我們(men)大為(wei)有(you)(you)利。”
公孫述問群臣。博士吳柱說(shuo)(shuo):“以(yi)前周武王(wang)伐殷,先(xian)在孟津(jin)檢閱部隊(dui),八百(bai)諸侯異口(kou)同聲擁(yong)護,而(er)(er)武王(wang)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)時機還(huan)(huan)不成熟,還(huan)(huan)是還(huan)(huan)師(shi)以(yi)等待天命(ming)。沒(mei)有聽到(dao)過(guo)無左右(you)之助,而(er)(er)要出(chu)師(shi)千里之外(wai),以(yi)擴(kuo)大地盤的(de)。”荊邯(han)說(shuo)(shuo)“:現在的(de)漢帝原來并無尺土的(de)權柄,驅烏合之眾(zhong),跨(kua)馬(ma)殺敵,所向披(pi)靡。不趕快趁現時與他爭奪(duo)天下,而(er)(er)坐(zuo)談什么(me)武王(wang)的(de)說(shuo)(shuo)教,這是仿效隗囂想為(wei)(wei)西(xi)伯罷了。”
公(gong)孫(sun)述同意(yi)荊(jing)邯意(yi)見,準(zhun)備(bei)將(jiang)北(bei)軍(jun)屯士及山(shan)東客(ke)兵都(dou)發動起(qi)來(lai),使延(yan)岑、田戎(rong)分兵兩道,與漢中(zhong)各(ge)將(jiang)領(ling)把兵馬(ma)勢力合并起(qi)來(lai)。蜀人和他弟弟公(gong)孫(sun)況(kuang)以為(wei)不應當空(kong)國千里之外,決(jue)(jue)成(cheng)敗于(yu)一舉,堅決(jue)(jue)爭(zheng)持(chi),公(gong)孫(sun)述于(yu)是停(ting)止。延(yan)岑、田戎(rong)也多次請兵出(chu)戰立功,公(gong)孫(sun)述終于(yu)疑惑不聽。
身死族滅
建武八年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元32年(nian)(nian)),光武帝(di)使(shi)(shi)諸將(jiang)進攻(gong)隗(wei)(wei)囂(xiao)(xiao),公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)派遣(qian)李育(yu)率領萬(wan)余人援救隗(wei)(wei)囂(xiao)(xiao)。隗(wei)(wei)囂(xiao)(xiao)失敗,李育(yu)也全軍(jun)覆(fu)沒。蜀地聽到(dao)消息驚恐震動。公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)害怕,想安定眾心。成(cheng)都郭外有秦時舊倉(cang),公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)改名(ming)為(wei)白(bai)(bai)帝(di)倉(cang),自王(wang)莽以來常常空著(zhu)。公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)便(bian)使(shi)(shi)人詐稱(cheng)白(bai)(bai)帝(di)倉(cang)出(chu)谷如山陵一般,百姓傾城空市(shi)前往觀(guan)看(kan)。公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)大會群臣,問道:“白(bai)(bai)帝(di)倉(cang)竟(jing)然出(chu)了谷嗎(ma)?”群臣都說沒有。公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)道:“訛言不(bu)可信(xin),傳言隗(wei)(wei)囂(xiao)(xiao)已(yi)破滅也是(shi)(shi)一樣。”不(bu)久隗(wei)(wei)囂(xiao)(xiao)將(jiang)王(wang)元降(jiang)蜀,公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)以王(wang)元為(wei)將(jiang)軍(jun)。
建(jian)武九年(nian)(公元33年(nian)),使王元與領軍環安拒守(shou)(shou)河(he)池,又遣田戎(rong)及大司(si)徒(tu)任(ren)滿、南郡太(tai)守(shou)(shou)程汛(xun)率軍下(xia)江關,攻破漢威虜(lu)將軍馮駿等(deng),攻占巫、夷陵、夷道,因而(er)據守(shou)(shou)荊門(men)、虎牙(ya)。
建武十一年(公元(yuan)35年)春(chun),漢征(zheng)南大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)岑(cen)彭(peng)發(fa)起進攻(gong),任滿等大敗(bai),王(wang)(wang)政斬任滿首級,向(xiang)岑(cen)彭(peng)投(tou)降(jiang)。田戎走保江州(zhou)。漢軍(jun)追至江州(zhou),得知(zhi)江州(zhou)“城(cheng)固糧多(duo)”,遂留一部(bu)繼(ji)續(xu)圍城(cheng),主力繼(ji)續(xu)進攻(gong)成都。各(ge)城(cheng)邑都開門向(xiang)岑(cen)彭(peng)投(tou)降(jiang),岑(cen)彭(peng)就長驅(qu)到達武陽。光武帝就寫信給公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述,陳述禍福,以表明君無戲言。公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述看信省(sheng)悟嘆(tan)息,給親(qin)信太常常少、光祿勛張(zhang)隆看。張(zhang)隆、常少都勸公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述投(tou)降(jiang)。公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述說:“興與廢都是命運。哪里有(you)投(tou)降(jiang)的天子(zi)呢!”左右的人就不敢再講(jiang)話。漢中郎(lang)將(jiang)(jiang)來(lai)歙急攻(gong)王(wang)(wang)元(yuan)、環安,環安派刺客殺了(le)來(lai)歙;公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述又命令(ling)刺殺岑(cen)彭(peng)。
建武十二年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元36年(nian)),公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述的弟弟公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)恢和(he)女婿(xu)史興都被(bei)大(da)司(si)馬吳(wu)漢、輔威將軍臧(zang)宮所攻破,戰死。從此將帥恐懼(ju),日夜(ye)離(li)叛,公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述雖(sui)然殺(sha)其全家,還(huan)是不(bu)能禁止。光武帝必(bi)欲公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述投降(jiang),就(jiu)下(xia)詔(zhao)書曉(xiao)喻公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述道:“往年(nian)詔(zhao)書頻(pin)下(xia),開導(dao)并示以(yi)恩(en)信(xin),不(bu)要(yao)以(yi)來歙、岑彭受害而自疑。現在只要(yao)如期歸降(jiang),就(jiu)可(ke)保(bao)證家族完全;假使迷惑不(bu)悟,那等于把(ba)肉送進虎口,可(ke)痛又有什么辦(ban)法(fa)呢!你的將帥疲(pi)倦,吏士(shi)們都想回家,不(bu)愿意繼續屯(tun)守下(xia)去,詔(zhao)書手記,不(bu)可(ke)數得,我是不(bu)食言的。”公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述終無降(jiang)意。
九(jiu)月,吳漢(han)(han)又破斬(zhan)其(qi)大司徒謝豐、執金(jin)(jin)吾袁吉,漢(han)(han)兵進駐成都。公孫述對延(yan)岑(cen)說:“現在怎(zen)么(me)辦呢(ni)?”延(yan)岑(cen)說:“男兒應(ying)當在死(si)中求生(sheng),怎(zen)能坐著(zhu)等(deng)死(si)呢(ni)!財物(wu)是容易聚斂的,不(bu)應(ying)當吝惜。”公孫述就將金(jin)(jin)帛全數(shu)拿出來,募得敢死(si)隊(dui)五千多人,在市橋以(yi)配合延(yan)岑(cen),假裝建立旗幟,鳴鼓(gu)挑(tiao)戰,暗地里卻派遣(qian)奇(qi)兵繞到吳漢(han)(han)軍(jun)后面,襲(xi)擊攻破吳漢(han)(han)軍(jun)。吳漢(han)(han)墜落(luo)水中,抓(zhua)著(zhu)馬尾巴(ba)得以(yi)出水。
十一月,臧(zang)宮(gong)軍到咸門。公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)看到占卦上說“虜死(si)城下”。大(da)(da)(da)喜,認(ren)為吳漢等當死(si)城下。于是親(qin)自(zi)率領數(shu)萬人(ren)攻吳漢,使(shi)延(yan)(yan)岑(cen)(cen)拒臧(zang)宮(gong)。大(da)(da)(da)戰(zhan),延(yan)(yan)岑(cen)(cen)三合三勝。從清(qing)晨到日中,軍士吃(chi)不到糧(liang)食,都(dou)很疲乏,吳漢命令(ling)壯士突擊(ji),公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)兵(bing)士大(da)(da)(da)亂,公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)胸部(bu)中槍墜落(luo)馬下。左(zuo)右(you)以車將公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)救入城內。公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)把兵(bing)交延(yan)(yan)岑(cen)(cen),晚上就(jiu)死(si)了(le)。次日晨,延(yan)(yan)岑(cen)(cen)向吳漢投(tou)降。吳漢就(jiu)殺(sha)了(le)公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)的妻子,把公(gong)孫氏全都(dou)殺(sha)盡,并(bing)把延(yan)(yan)岑(cen)(cen)全族都(dou)殺(sha)了(le)。又縱兵(bing)大(da)(da)(da)掠(lve),焚燒公(gong)孫述(shu)(shu)宮(gong)室(shi)。光武帝聽到大(da)(da)(da)怒(nu),譴(qian)責吳漢。
歷史評價
馬(ma)援(yuan):①“子(zi)陽(yang)井底蛙耳,而妄自(zi)尊大”;②“天(tian)下雌雄未定(ding),公孫不吐哺走(zou)迎國士(shi),與圖(tu)成敗,反修(xiu)飾(shi)邊幅(fu),如偶人形。此子(zi)何足久稽天(tian)下士(shi)乎!”
張纮:“天(tian)子之貴,四海之富(fu),誰不欲焉?義不可,勢不得耳。陳勝、項籍、王莽、公(gong)孫(sun)述之徒,皆南面稱(cheng)孤,莫(mo)之能濟。”
常璩《華陽(yang)國志(zhi)》:“公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)藉導江之資,值王莽之虐,民莫援者,得跨巴、蜀;而(er)(er)欺天罔物,自取(qu)滅亡(wang)者也。然妖夢告(gao)終(zhong),期數有極,奉(feng)身(shen)歸順,猶可(ke)以免(mian);而(er)(er)矜愚遂非,何(he)其(qi)頑哉!”
范(fan)曄《后(hou)漢(han)書》:①“昔(xi)趙佗(tuo)自(zi)王番(fan)禺,公孫亦竊帝蜀漢(han),推其無(wu)他功能(neng)(neng),而至于(yu)后(hou)亡(wang)者,將以(yi)地邊處遠,非王化之所先乎(hu)?述雖為漢(han)吏,無(wu)所馮資(zi),徒(tu)以(yi)文(wen)俗自(zi)憙,逐能(neng)(neng)集(ji)其志計.道未(wei)足而意有余(yu),不能(neng)(neng)因隙(xi)立功,以(yi)會時(shi)變,方乃坐飾邊幅(fu),以(yi)高深自(zi)安,昔(xi)吳(wu)起所以(yi)慚魏侯也.及其謝臣屬,審(shen)廢興之命(ming),與夫泥(ni)首銜玉者異(yi)日談也。”;②“公孫習(xi)吏,隗王得士。漢(han)命(ming)已(yi)還,二隅(yu)方跱(zhi)。天數有違,江山難恃。”
杜甫:“臥龍躍馬終黃土,人事音書漫(man)寂寥(liao)。”
周曇(tan):“劍蜀金湯孰敢(gan)爭(zheng),子(zi)陽才業(ye)匪雄英。方知在(zai)德不(bu)在(zai)險,危棧何曾(ceng)阻(zu)漢兵(bing)。”
王(wang)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)《讀通(tong)鑒論(lun)》:①“公孫述(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)廷(ting)不可(ke)仕也(ye)(ye)(ye);雖然,述(shu)非王(wang)莽(mang)比矣,不得(de)已而(er)(er)姑(gu)與(yu)周旋以(yi)(yi)(yi)待時(shi),不亦(yi)可(ke)乎?李業(ye)、王(wang)皓、王(wang)嘉(jia)遽以(yi)(yi)(yi)死殉之(zhi)(zhi),過矣。述(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)初據(ju)蜀也(ye)(ye)(ye),猶未稱帝,威亦(yi)未淫(yin)也(ye)(ye)(ye);察其(qi)(qi)割據(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)雄(xiong)心,慮(lv)相污陷,夫(fu)豈無(wu)(wu)自(zi)(zi)全之(zhi)(zhi)術哉?乃因循于(yu)(yu)田(tian)里(li)家(jia)室之(zhi)(zhi)中,事至(zhi)而(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)余地,居(ju)危亂(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)邦(bang),無(wu)(wu)道以(yi)(yi)(yi)遠害,畏(wei)溺而(er)(er)先自(zi)(zi)投于(yu)(yu)淵,介于(yu)(yu)石而(er)(er)見幾者(zhe)若(ruo)(ruo)此乎?譙,薦賄以(yi)(yi)(yi)免,則尤可(ke)丑矣。處亂(luan)(luan)世而(er)(er)多財,辱人(ren)賤(jian)行以(yi)(yi)(yi)祈生,殆所(suo)謂‘負且乘致寇(kou)至(zhi)’者(zhe)與(yu)!哀、平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)季,廉恥道喪,一變(bian)而(er)(er)激為(wei)吊(diao)詭(gui),蜀人(ren)尤甚(shen)焉。匹(pi)夫(fu)匹(pi)婦之(zhi)(zhi)諒,惡足與(yu)龔(gong)勝絜其(qi)(qi)孤芳哉!”;②“王(wang)莽(mang)之(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)(luan),法物凋喪,公孫述(shu)賓賓然亟修(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)(qi)平(ping)也(ye)(ye)(ye),益(yi)州傳送其(qi)(qi)瞽(gu)師(shi)、樂器(qi)、葆車、輿輦,漢廷(ting)始復西京(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)盛。于(yu)(yu)此言之(zhi)(zhi),述(shu)未可(ke)盡貶也(ye)(ye)(ye)。述(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)起也(ye)(ye)(ye)非亂(luan)(luan)賊,其(qi)(qi)于(yu)(yu)漢也(ye)(ye)(ye),抑非若(ruo)(ruo)隗囂(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)已北面(mian)而(er)(er)又(you)叛也(ye)(ye)(ye)。于(yu)(yu)一隅之(zhi)(zhi)地,存禮樂于(yu)(yu)殘缺(que),備法物以(yi)(yi)(yi)昭(zhao)等威,李業(ye)、費貽、王(wang)皓、王(wang)嘉(jia),何(he)為(wei)視若(ruo)(ruo)戎狄(di)亂(luan)(luan)賊而(er)(er)拒以(yi)(yi)(yi)死邪?自(zi)(zi)述(shu)而(er)(er)言,無(wu)(wu)定天下之(zhi)(zhi)略,無(wu)(wu)安天下之(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),飾(shi)其(qi)(qi)器(qi),惘其(qi)(qi)道,徇其(qi)(qi)末,忘其(qi)(qi)本,坐(zuo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)待亡(wang),則誠愚矣。自(zi)(zi)天下而(er)(er)言,群競于(yu)(yu)智名勇功(gong),幾與(yu)負爪(zhua)戴角者(zhe)同其(qi)(qi)競奰,則述(shu)存什一于(yu)(yu)千(qian)百,俾后(hou)王(wang)有所(suo)考而(er)(er)資以(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)一代之(zhi)(zhi)治理,不可(ke)謂無(wu)(wu)功(gong)焉。馬援,倜儻(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),斥(chi)述(shu)為(wei)井(jing)蛙,后(hou)世因援之(zhi)(zhi)鄙述(shu),而(er)(er)幾令(ling)與(yu)孟(meng)知(zhi)祥、王(wang)建(jian)齒,不亦(yi)誣乎?”