人物生平
早期生涯
漢哀帝時期,公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)以(yi)父公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)仁(ren)保任(ren)(ren)為(wei)郎。后來公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)仁(ren)為(wei)河(he)南都(dou)尉,公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)就補為(wei)清水(在(zai)今甘肅省清水縣(xian)(xian))縣(xian)(xian)長。公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)仁(ren)以(yi)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)年(nian)少,派遣門下掾隨他到任(ren)(ren)。月余,掾辭歸,向公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)仁(ren)說(shuo)(shuo):“公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)等待教導的(de)人(ren)。”后來太(tai)守因(yin)其很(hen)有能力(li),使他兼攝五(wu)縣(xian)(xian),結果五(wu)縣(xian)(xian)政事(shi)維護的(de)很(hen)好,奸盜(dao)不(bu)再發生,郡(jun)中的(de)人(ren)卻說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)有了鬼(gui)神的(de)緣故。王莽天鳳年(nian)間(公(gong)元(yuan)14年(nian)―公(gong)元(yuan)19年(nian)),公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)擔任(ren)(ren)導江(即原蜀(shu)郡(jun))卒正(太(tai)守),治(zhi)所在(zai)臨邛(今四川邛崍)。也享有能力(li)之名。
蜀中起兵
更始(shi)元年(公(gong)(gong)元23年),更始(shi)帝劉(liu)玄即位,建立更始(shi)政(zheng)權,豪(hao)杰們(men)各在(zai)所在(zai)的(de)縣起兵響應(ying),南(nan)陽人(ren)(ren)宗(zong)成(cheng)(cheng)自(zi)(zi)稱“虎(hu)牙將(jiang)軍”,侵入漢(han)中;又有商人(ren)(ren)王岑也起兵于(yu)(yu)(yu)雒縣,自(zi)(zi)稱“定漢(han)將(jiang)軍”,殺(sha)了(le)(le)王莽(mang)的(de)庸部牧以(yi)響應(ying)宗(zong)成(cheng)(cheng),眾合數萬人(ren)(ren)。公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)聽(ting)說(shuo),就(jiu)派(pai)(pai)遣使者迎(ying)接(jie)宗(zong)成(cheng)(cheng)等。宗(zong)成(cheng)(cheng)等到(dao)(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)(dou),虜掠(lve)暴虐。公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)很(hen)厭惡,于(yu)(yu)(yu)是召集縣中豪(hao)杰對他(ta)們(men)說(shuo):“天(tian)下(xia)同苦于(yu)(yu)(yu)王莽(mang)新(xin)室(shi),思(si)念劉(liu)氏很(hen)久了(le)(le),所以(yi)一聽(ting)到(dao)(dao)漢(han)將(jiang)軍到(dao)(dao),我(wo)(wo)就(jiu)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)馳去(qu)迎(ying)接(jie)。現在(zai)百姓無辜而(er)婦女兒童(tong)都(dou)(dou)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)俘虜,百姓的(de)家室(shi)房屋(wu)都(dou)(dou)遭焚燒,這(zhe)是寇賊,不(bu)(bu)是義兵。我(wo)(wo)想保郡自(zi)(zi)守,以(yi)等侍真主。你們(men)愿意(yi)(yi)同我(wo)(wo)一起干(gan)的(de)請留下(xia),不(bu)(bu)愿意(yi)(yi)的(de)可以(yi)走。”豪(hao)杰們(men)都(dou)(dou)叩頭說(shuo)愿意(yi)(yi)效死。公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)是使人(ren)(ren)詐稱漢(han)使者從東方(fang)來了(le)(le),命(ming)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)暫(zan)時代理輔漢(han)將(jiang)軍、蜀郡太守兼益(yi)州牧印(yin)綬(shou)。就(jiu)選精兵千余人(ren)(ren),向西攻擊宗(zong)成(cheng)(cheng)等人(ren)(ren)。等到(dao)(dao)達成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)(dou),發(fa)展到(dao)(dao)數千人(ren)(ren),于(yu)(yu)(yu)是對宗(zong)成(cheng)(cheng)發(fa)起攻擊,大敗宗(zong)成(cheng)(cheng)。宗(zong)成(cheng)(cheng)將(jiang)領垣副殺(sha)了(le)(le)宗(zong)成(cheng)(cheng),率眾向公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)投降。
更始二年(公元24年)秋天(tian),更始帝派柱功侯李寶(bao)、益(yi)州刺史(shi)張忠(zhong),率領(ling)兵眾(zhong)萬余人侵掠蜀、漢(han)。公孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)依靠蜀地地勢險要(yao),民眾(zhong)歸附(fu),有自(zi)立為王的(de)意(yi)(yi)志,就派他弟弟公孫(sun)恢,在(zai)(zai)(zai)綿竹(zhu)大敗李寶(bao)、張忠(zhong),并將(jiang)他們(men)趕走。由(you)此以后公孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)威(wei)震益(yi)部(bu)。功曹(cao)李熊對公孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)說:“現在(zai)(zai)(zai)四(si)海洶涌不安,平民百姓肆意(yi)(yi)議論。將(jiang)軍割(ge)據千(qian)里,地方十倍于(yu)過去的(de)商湯、周武王,如(ru)能奮威(wei)德以投合天(tian)時,就可(ke)以成就霸王之(zhi)業。應改名號,以鎮(zhen)撫百姓。”公孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)說:“我也(ye)考(kao)慮過,你的(de)話(hua)啟發了(le)我。”于(yu)是自(zi)立為蜀王,定(ding)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)成都。
建元稱帝
蜀(shu)地(di)肥沃富饒(rao),兵力精(jing)強,遠方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)士(shi)民多去(qu)歸附,西南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)邛(qiong)、笮等(deng)部族的(de)(de)(de)酋長(chang)都來貢獻。李(li)熊再向公孫述(shu)說道:“現在(zai)山東饑饉,人(ren)庶(shu)相食;遭到兵災的(de)(de)(de)屠滅(mie),城(cheng)邑都成了丘墟。蜀(shu)地(di)沃野千里,土壤(rang)肥腴,果實(shi)所生,雖不(bu)耕(geng)種(zhong)也可(ke)飽腹(fu)。女(nv)工紡織之(zhi)(zhi)業(ye),衣(yi)服可(ke)以覆蓋天下(xia)。名(ming)貴木材竹(zhu)干,器械之(zhi)(zhi)富饒(rao),取之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)盡用之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)竭。又有(you)(you)魚鹽(yan)銅銀之(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li),浮水(shui)轉漕運輸之(zhi)(zhi)便。北面(mian)據有(you)(you)漢中,阻塞褒(bao)、斜(xie)的(de)(de)(de)險要;東面(mian)扼守(shou)巴郡,拒捍(han)關(今重(zhong)慶市奉節縣)之(zhi)(zhi)口;地(di)方(fang)數千里,戰士(shi)不(bu)下(xia)百(bai)萬。見到有(you)(you)利(li)(li)時機則出(chu)兵而擴大地(di)盤,無利(li)(li)則堅(jian)守(shou)而從(cong)事于農業(ye)。東面(mian)可(ke)下(xia)漢水(shui)以窺秦地(di),南(nan)面(mian)順(shun)著江流(liu)以震荊、揚。所謂(wei)擁(yong)有(you)(you)天時地(di)利(li)(li)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)切成功的(de)(de)(de)條件。現在(zai)你(ni)蜀(shu)王的(de)(de)(de)聲名(ming),已聞于天下(xia),而名(ming)號未(wei)定,有(you)(you)志之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)在(zai)狐(hu)疑觀望(wang),應當即大位,使遠方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)有(you)(you)所依(yi)歸。”公孫述(shu)說:“帝王是天命所歸,我怎么(me)能(neng)承當得(de)起(qi)呢?”李(li)熊說:“天命沒有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de),老百(bai)姓歸附能(neng)者,能(neng)者承當起(qi)使命,你(ni)還(huan)懷疑什么(me)呢!”
東漢光武帝建武元年(nian)(公(gong)元25年(nian))四月(yue),公(gong)孫述自(zi)立為(wei)帝,國(guo)號成(cheng)家(jia)(一作大成(cheng)或成(cheng)),崇尚白色,建元龍興(xing)。以李熊(xiong)為(wei)大司徒,以其(qi)弟公(gong)孫光為(wei)大司馬,公(gong)孫恢為(wei)大司空。改益州為(wei)司隸校尉(wei),蜀郡(jun)為(wei)成(cheng)都尹(yin)。
當時,越(yue)巂(sui)土著(zhu)任(ren)貴也殺(sha)死(si)王(wang)莽時所任(ren)命(ming)的(de)大尹枚根而占據(ju)其郡,隨后(hou)降公孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)。公孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)就(jiu)使將(jiang)軍侯丹開白水關,北守(shou)南鄭;將(jiang)軍任(ren)滿從閬中下江州,東據(ju)捍關。于(yu)是所有(you)益州之地(di)盡歸公孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)所有(you)。
岑戎歸降
自從更始三年(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)25年),更始帝(di)劉玄失敗(bai)以后,光武帝(di)劉秀正忙于山(shan)東事務,沒有來(lai)得及西伐。關中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豪杰呂鮪(wei)等往(wang)往(wang)擁有兵(bing)(bing)眾達(da)萬(wan),不(bu)知(zhi)歸屬,多往(wang)歸公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu),公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)都拜(bai)他(ta)們為將(jiang)軍(jun)。于是大作營壘,陳車(che)騎(qi),肆習戰射,會聚兵(bing)(bing)甲數(shu)十萬(wan)人,在(zai)漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)積聚糧食,在(zai)南鄭修(xiu)筑宮殿(dian)。又造十層赤樓帛蘭(lan)船。多刻天下(xia)牧守的印章,備置(zhi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卿百官。使將(jiang)軍(jun)李(li)育、程烏(wu)率領數(shu)萬(wan)軍(jun)眾出(chu)陳倉,與(yu)呂鮪(wei)侵犯(fan)三輔。建武三年(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)27年),征西大將(jiang)軍(jun)馮異攻擊呂鮪(wei)、李(li)育于陳倉,大敗(bai)呂鮪(wei)與(yu)李(li)育,呂鮪(wei)與(yu)李(li)育逃(tao)奔漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。建武五年(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)29年),延岑(cen)、田戎被漢(han)兵(bing)(bing)打(da)敗(bai),延岑(cen)、田戎軍(jun)等都逃(tao)亡入蜀。
延(yan)(yan)岑,字叔牙,南(nan)陽人。開始起兵時據(ju)有漢中,又(you)(you)擁兵關西,關西破散,又(you)(you)走到南(nan)陽,占(zhan)有數縣(xian)。田(tian)戎(rong)(rong)(rong),汝(ru)南(nan)人,初起兵于夷(yi)陵,轉而侵掠郡縣(xian),發展(zhan)到數萬人。延(yan)(yan)岑、田(tian)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)都與秦(qin)豐(feng)(feng)會合,秦(qin)豐(feng)(feng)都以(yi)女兒嫁給延(yan)(yan)岑、田(tian)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)為妻。后來(lai)秦(qin)豐(feng)(feng)失敗,延(yan)(yan)岑、田(tian)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)都向公孫述(shu)投降。公孫述(shu)以(yi)延(yan)(yan)岑為大司馬,封汝(ru)寧王(wang),封田(tian)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)為翼江王(wang)。
建武(wu)六年(公(gong)(gong)元30年),公(gong)(gong)孫述派遣(qian)田戎與將軍任滿出江關(今夔門南岸),下臨沮、夷陵間,招其故眾,因而(er)想攻(gong)取(qu)荊州諸(zhu)郡,但沒能攻(gong)克。
謬引讖書
當時,公孫(sun)(sun)述廢除銅錢,置(zhi)鐵官以(yi)鑄錢,百姓手中的(de)貨幣不能流通。蜀中童謠說(shuo)(shuo):“黃牛白腹,五(wu)銖(zhu)(zhu)當復。”好事的(de)人們竊竊私語說(shuo)(shuo)王莽稱“黃”,公孫(sun)(sun)述自號“白”,五(wu)銖(zhu)(zhu)錢,是(shi)漢(han)(han)貨,說(shuo)(shuo)天下(xia)當并還劉氏(shi)。公孫(sun)(sun)述也喜(xi)好為符命(ming)鬼(gui)神瑞應的(de)事,荒(huang)謬(miu)地引用讖書。以(yi)為孔子作《春秋》,為赤制(zhi)而(er)(er)斷十(shi)二公,說(shuo)(shuo)明漢(han)(han)高帝(di)至(zhi)漢(han)(han)平(ping)帝(di)已經過(guo)十(shi)二代(dai),歷數已完,一(yi)姓不得(de)再受命(ming)為帝(di)。又引《錄(lu)運法》說(shuo)(shuo):“廢昌帝(di),立公孫(sun)(sun)。”《括地象》說(shuo)(shuo):“帝(di)軒轅受命(ming),公孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi)握。”《援神契》說(shuo)(shuo):“西(xi)太(tai)守,乙卯金(jin)。”說(shuo)(shuo)西(xi)方太(tai)守而(er)(er)軋絕卯金(jin)劉氏(shi)。五(wu)德之運,黃承赤而(er)(er)白繼黃,金(jin)據西(xi)方為白德,而(er)(er)代(dai)王氏(shi),得(de)到正序(xu)。又說(shuo)(shuo)自己手紋有(you)奇(qi),得(de)以(yi)建(jian)元龍興之瑞。幾次(ci)將這(zhe)些東西(xi)移書中原(yuan),希望以(yi)此惑(huo)動眾心。
光(guang)武帝(di)憂(you)慮,就(jiu)寫信給(gei)公(gong)孫述說:“圖讖上講的(de)‘公(gong)孫’,就(jiu)是漢(han)宣帝(di)。代漢(han)的(de)是當涂(tu)(tu)高,你難道是當涂(tu)(tu)高嗎(ma)?你以掌紋為瑞(rui),王莽(mang)有什么可(ke)以效法的(de)呢(ni)!你不是我的(de)亂臣賊(zei)子(zi),倉(cang)卒(zu)時人人都想當上皇(huang)帝(di),不足責備。你日月(yue)已逝,妻子(zi)兒女(nv)弱小(xiao),應當早為定計(ji),可(ke)以無憂(you)。天子(zi)的(de)帝(di)位,是不可(ke)力爭的(de),應當三思。”署名“公(gong)孫皇(huang)帝(di)”。公(gong)孫述不作答復。
論爭天下
第二年(公(gong)元31年),隗(wei)(wei)囂(xiao)向(xiang)公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)稱臣(chen)。公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)騎(qi)都(dou)(dou)尉平(ping)陵(ling)人(ren)荊邯看到(dao)東方將平(ping),漢兵(bing)(bing)將向(xiang)西征討,就對公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)說:“兵(bing)(bing),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)帝王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)武(wu)器,古今(jin)都(dou)(dou)不能(neng)廢除的(de)(de)(de)。以前秦失其(qi)守,豪(hao)杰并起(qi)。漢高帝起(qi)于(yu)布衣,沒(mei)有(you)(you)前人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)業跡(ji),沒(mei)有(you)(you)立錐(zhui)之(zhi)地(di),起(qi)兵(bing)(bing)于(yu)行伍之(zhi)中,親(qin)自(zi)(zi)奮擊,隊(dui)伍被(bei)打敗(bai)自(zi)(zi)身遭到(dao)圍困多次(ci)。然(ran)而軍敗(bai)后(hou)又復合(he),遭創傷愈合(he)后(hou)又投入戰(zhan)斗(dou)。這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)看來(lai),在(zai)死境中奮斗(dou)倒(dao)能(neng)成功,在(zai)空(kong)隙中爬行倒(dao)靠近滅亡(wang)。隗(wei)(wei)囂(xiao)遇到(dao)絕(jue)(jue)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)機會,割據了(le)(le)雍州(zhou)(zhou),兵(bing)(bing)強士(shi)附,威加山(shan)東。遇更始政(zheng)亂(luan),失去天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia),百姓引頸而望(wang),四方趨于(yu)瓦解(jie)。隗(wei)(wei)囂(xiao)不在(zai)這(zhe)時(shi)趁(chen)著危(wei)機乘勝奮起(qi),以爭天(tian)(tian)(tian)命(ming),而是(shi)(shi)退(tui)身想為(wei)西伯的(de)(de)(de)事業,尊(zun)鄭興(xing)等為(wei)章句之(zhi)師,與(yu)方望(wang)等處(chu)士(shi)結為(wei)賓友,偃武(wu)事息干戈(ge),以自(zi)(zi)卑之(zhi)辭事漢,喟(kui)然(ran)自(zi)(zi)以為(wei)是(shi)(shi)文王(wang)再世。這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)就使(shi)漢帝消除關(guan)隴之(zhi)憂,得以專(zhuan)門(men)精心(xin)策劃東伐(fa)事宜,四分天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)而有(you)(you)其(qi)三;使(shi)西州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)豪(hao)杰們都(dou)(dou)存心(xin)于(yu)山(shan)東,派來(lai)歙(she),馬援(yuan)等為(wei)使(shi)者(zhe),說服(fu)王(wang)遵、鄭興(xing)、杜林、牛(niu)邯等相次(ci)歸順了(le)(le)光武(wu)帝,那(nei)么天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)五分而漢有(you)(you)其(qi)四;如果在(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)水舉(ju)兵(bing)(bing)反(fan)漢,必遭潰敗(bai),天(tian)(tian)(tian)水既定,則(ze)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)九分而漢有(you)(you)其(qi)八了(le)(le)。陛下(xia)(xia)(xia)以梁州(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)地(di),內(nei)部要(yao)奉萬乘之(zhi)尊(zun),外部要(yao)給三軍以給養,擔子壓在(zai)百姓身上,百姓愁困,不堪承受上面的(de)(de)(de)命(ming)令,將有(you)(you)像王(wang)莽一樣(yang)(yang)從內(nei)部崩潰的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險。我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)愚計,以為(wei)應當趁(chen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)還沒(mei)有(you)(you)完(wan)全絕(jue)(jue)望(wang),豪(hao)杰還可以招誘的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)機,發國(guo)內(nei)精兵(bing)(bing),命(ming)令田戎據江(jiang)(jiang)陵(ling),臨(lin)江(jiang)(jiang)南人(ren)、物(wu)會集之(zhi)地(di),倚仗巫山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)牢固(gu),筑壘堅守,傳檄文到(dao)吳、楚,長沙(sha)以南必隨風而披靡。命(ming)令延岑出漢中,定三輔,天(tian)(tian)(tian)水、隴西拱手自(zi)(zi)服(fu)。這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang),海內(nei)震搖,對我(wo)們大(da)為(wei)有(you)(you)利。”
公孫(sun)述問群臣。博士吳柱說:“以前周(zhou)武(wu)王伐殷,先在孟津(jin)檢(jian)閱部(bu)隊,八(ba)百諸侯異口同(tong)聲擁護,而(er)武(wu)王認為時機還不成熟,還是還師以等(deng)待天(tian)命。沒有聽到過無(wu)左右之(zhi)(zhi)助,而(er)要出(chu)師千里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)外,以擴大地盤的(de)。”荊邯說“:現在的(de)漢帝(di)原來并無(wu)尺土的(de)權柄(bing),驅(qu)烏合之(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong),跨馬殺敵,所向(xiang)披靡。不趕快趁現時與他爭奪(duo)天(tian)下,而(er)坐談什么武(wu)王的(de)說教,這是仿效隗(wei)囂想為西伯罷了。”
公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)同意(yi)荊(jing)邯意(yi)見,準備將北(bei)軍屯(tun)士及山東客兵都發動起(qi)來(lai),使延(yan)岑(cen)、田戎分兵兩道,與(yu)漢中(zhong)各(ge)將領(ling)把兵馬(ma)勢力合并起(qi)來(lai)。蜀人和他弟(di)弟(di)公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)況以為不應當空國千里之外,決成敗于(yu)一(yi)舉,堅決爭持,公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)于(yu)是停(ting)止。延(yan)岑(cen)、田戎也多次(ci)請兵出戰立功,公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)終于(yu)疑惑不聽。
身死族滅
建武(wu)八年(公元32年),光武(wu)帝(di)(di)使諸將進攻隗囂,公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)派遣李育率(lv)領萬余人援救隗囂。隗囂失敗(bai),李育也全軍覆沒。蜀地聽到消息(xi)驚恐震動。公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)害怕,想安定眾心。成都郭外有秦時(shi)舊倉(cang),公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)改名為(wei)白(bai)(bai)帝(di)(di)倉(cang),自王莽(mang)以(yi)來常常空著。公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)便使人詐稱白(bai)(bai)帝(di)(di)倉(cang)出(chu)谷如山陵一般,百姓(xing)傾城空市前(qian)往觀看。公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)于是(shi)大會(hui)群臣(chen),問道:“白(bai)(bai)帝(di)(di)倉(cang)竟然出(chu)了谷嗎?”群臣(chen)都說(shuo)沒有。公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)道:“訛言(yan)不可(ke)信(xin),傳(chuan)言(yan)隗囂已破滅也是(shi)一樣。”不久隗囂將王元降蜀,公孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)以(yi)王元為(wei)將軍。
建(jian)武九年(nian)(公元(yuan)33年(nian)),使(shi)王元(yuan)與領軍(jun)環(huan)安拒(ju)守河池,又(you)遣田戎及大司徒任滿、南(nan)郡太守程汛率軍(jun)下江(jiang)關(guan),攻破漢威虜將軍(jun)馮(feng)駿等,攻占巫、夷陵、夷道(dao),因而據守荊門、虎牙。
建(jian)武十一年(公(gong)元35年)春,漢(han)征南大將軍(jun)岑(cen)(cen)(cen)彭(peng)發起進攻,任滿等大敗,王政斬任滿首級,向岑(cen)(cen)(cen)彭(peng)投(tou)(tou)降(jiang)。田戎走保江州(zhou)。漢(han)軍(jun)追(zhui)至江州(zhou),得知江州(zhou)“城(cheng)固糧多”,遂(sui)留一部(bu)繼續(xu)(xu)圍城(cheng),主力(li)繼續(xu)(xu)進攻成都。各城(cheng)邑(yi)都開門向岑(cen)(cen)(cen)彭(peng)投(tou)(tou)降(jiang),岑(cen)(cen)(cen)彭(peng)就長驅到達武陽。光武帝就寫信(xin)給公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu),陳述(shu)(shu)禍福,以表明君無戲言。公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)看(kan)信(xin)省悟嘆息,給親信(xin)太(tai)常常少、光祿勛張隆(long)看(kan)。張隆(long)、常少都勸(quan)公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)投(tou)(tou)降(jiang)。公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)說(shuo):“興與(yu)廢都是命(ming)運。哪(na)里有投(tou)(tou)降(jiang)的天子呢!”左右(you)的人(ren)就不(bu)敢再講話。漢(han)中郎將來歙急攻王元、環(huan)(huan)安,環(huan)(huan)安派刺(ci)客殺了來歙;公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)又命(ming)令刺(ci)殺岑(cen)(cen)(cen)彭(peng)。
建武十二年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元36年(nian)),公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫述的(de)弟(di)弟(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫恢(hui)和女婿(xu)史(shi)興(xing)都被大司馬吳漢、輔(fu)威將軍臧(zang)宮所(suo)攻破,戰死。從此(ci)將帥恐懼,日夜離叛,公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫述雖(sui)然殺其全家(jia),還是不(bu)能(neng)禁止(zhi)。光武帝(di)必欲(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫述投降,就下詔書曉(xiao)喻公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫述道:“往(wang)年(nian)詔書頻下,開導并示以恩(en)信,不(bu)要以來歙、岑彭受害而自疑。現在只(zhi)要如期(qi)歸(gui)降,就可(ke)保證家(jia)族完全;假使迷惑不(bu)悟,那等于把肉送(song)進虎(hu)口(kou),可(ke)痛又有什么辦法呢!你的(de)將帥疲倦,吏士們都想回家(jia),不(bu)愿意繼續屯守下去(qu),詔書手(shou)記,不(bu)可(ke)數得,我是不(bu)食(shi)言(yan)的(de)。”公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫述終無降意。
九月,吳漢(han)(han)又破(po)斬其大(da)司徒謝豐(feng)、執金吾袁(yuan)吉,漢(han)(han)兵進駐成都。公孫(sun)述對延(yan)岑(cen)說(shuo):“現在怎么辦呢?”延(yan)岑(cen)說(shuo):“男(nan)兒應當在死(si)中求生,怎能坐著等(deng)死(si)呢!財物(wu)是容(rong)易聚(ju)斂的(de),不應當吝惜。”公孫(sun)述就將金帛全數拿出來,募得敢死(si)隊五千多人(ren),在市橋以配合延(yan)岑(cen),假裝建立(li)旗幟,鳴鼓挑戰,暗地里卻派遣(qian)奇兵繞到(dao)吳漢(han)(han)軍后面,襲擊(ji)攻破(po)吳漢(han)(han)軍。吳漢(han)(han)墜落水中,抓著馬尾巴得以出水。
十(shi)一月(yue),臧(zang)宮軍(jun)到咸(xian)門(men)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)看到占卦上說(shuo)“虜(lu)死城下(xia)”。大(da)(da)喜,認為(wei)吳(wu)漢等當死城下(xia)。于是親自(zi)率領數萬人(ren)攻吳(wu)漢,使延(yan)岑(cen)拒臧(zang)宮。大(da)(da)戰,延(yan)岑(cen)三合三勝。從清晨(chen)(chen)到日中,軍(jun)士吃(chi)不到糧食,都很疲乏(fa),吳(wu)漢命令壯士突擊,公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)兵(bing)(bing)士大(da)(da)亂,公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)胸部中槍墜落馬(ma)下(xia)。左右(you)以車將公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)救入城內(nei)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)把兵(bing)(bing)交延(yan)岑(cen),晚上就死了(le)。次日晨(chen)(chen),延(yan)岑(cen)向(xiang)吳(wu)漢投降。吳(wu)漢就殺了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)的(de)妻子(zi),把公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏全(quan)都殺盡,并(bing)把延(yan)岑(cen)全(quan)族都殺了(le)。又縱兵(bing)(bing)大(da)(da)掠,焚燒公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)述(shu)宮室。光武(wu)帝聽到大(da)(da)怒,譴責吳(wu)漢。
歷史評價
馬援:①“子陽井底蛙耳(er),而妄自尊大”;②“天下雌(ci)雄未定,公孫不吐哺走迎國(guo)士,與圖成(cheng)敗,反修飾邊幅,如(ru)偶人形。此子何足久稽天下士乎!”
張纮:“天(tian)子(zi)之貴,四海之富,誰不欲焉?義(yi)不可,勢(shi)不得耳。陳勝、項籍(ji)、王莽、公孫述之徒,皆南面稱孤,莫之能濟(ji)。”
常(chang)璩(qu)《華(hua)陽(yang)國志》:“公孫述藉導江之資,值王莽(mang)之虐,民莫援(yuan)者,得跨(kua)巴(ba)、蜀;而(er)欺天罔物,自取滅亡者也。然(ran)妖夢告終,期數有極,奉身歸順,猶可以(yi)免;而(er)矜愚遂非,何其頑哉!”
范曄(ye)《后(hou)漢(han)書》:①“昔趙佗自(zi)王(wang)(wang)番禺(yu),公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)亦竊帝蜀(shu)漢(han),推其無他功(gong)能,而至于后(hou)亡者,將(jiang)以(yi)地邊(bian)處遠,非王(wang)(wang)化之所(suo)先乎?述(shu)雖為漢(han)吏,無所(suo)馮資,徒以(yi)文俗自(zi)憙,逐能集其志計.道未足而意有(you)余(yu),不能因(yin)隙立功(gong),以(yi)會時變,方(fang)(fang)乃坐(zuo)飾邊(bian)幅,以(yi)高(gao)深自(zi)安,昔吳起所(suo)以(yi)慚魏侯也.及其謝臣屬,審廢(fei)興之命,與夫泥首(shou)銜(xian)玉者異日談也。”;②“公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)習(xi)吏,隗王(wang)(wang)得士(shi)。漢(han)命已(yi)還,二隅方(fang)(fang)跱(zhi)。天(tian)數有(you)違(wei),江山難(nan)恃(shi)。”
杜甫:“臥(wo)龍躍(yue)馬終黃土(tu),人事(shi)音書漫寂(ji)寥。”
周曇:“劍蜀金湯孰敢爭,子(zi)陽才業匪雄英(ying)。方(fang)知在德不(bu)在險(xian),危棧(zhan)何曾阻漢兵。”
王(wang)(wang)(wang)夫之(zhi)《讀通鑒論》:①“公孫(sun)述(shu)之(zhi)廷不(bu)可(ke)仕也;雖然,述(shu)非(fei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)莽比(bi)矣(yi),不(bu)得已而(er)姑與(yu)(yu)周旋以待時,不(bu)亦可(ke)乎?李業、王(wang)(wang)(wang)皓、王(wang)(wang)(wang)嘉遽以死(si)殉之(zhi),過矣(yi)。述(shu)之(zhi)初據蜀也,猶未(wei)稱帝,威亦未(wei)淫也;察其(qi)(qi)割據之(zhi)雄(xiong)心(xin),慮相(xiang)污陷,夫豈無(wu)自(zi)全之(zhi)術哉?乃因循于(yu)田里家室之(zhi)中,事(shi)至(zhi)而(er)無(wu)余地,居危亂(luan)之(zhi)邦(bang),無(wu)道(dao)以遠害,畏溺(ni)而(er)先(xian)自(zi)投于(yu)淵,介于(yu)石而(er)見幾(ji)者(zhe)若(ruo)此乎?譙,薦賄以免,則(ze)尤(you)可(ke)丑矣(yi)。處亂(luan)世(shi)而(er)多財,辱(ru)人(ren)賤(jian)行以祈生(sheng),殆所謂‘負且乘致寇至(zhi)’者(zhe)與(yu)(yu)!哀、平之(zhi)季(ji),廉(lian)恥道(dao)喪(sang),一變而(er)激為吊詭,蜀人(ren)尤(you)甚焉。匹夫匹婦(fu)之(zhi)諒(liang),惡足與(yu)(yu)龔勝絜其(qi)(qi)孤芳哉!”;②“王(wang)(wang)(wang)莽之(zhi)亂(luan),法物凋喪(sang),公孫(sun)述(shu)賓賓然亟(ji)修之(zhi)。其(qi)(qi)平也,益州傳送其(qi)(qi)瞽師、樂器(qi)、葆車、輿輦,漢(han)廷始復西京之(zhi)盛。于(yu)此言之(zhi),述(shu)未(wei)可(ke)盡貶(bian)也。述(shu)之(zhi)起(qi)也非(fei)亂(luan)賊,其(qi)(qi)于(yu)漢(han)也,抑非(fei)若(ruo)隗囂之(zhi)已北面(mian)而(er)又叛也。于(yu)一隅之(zhi)地,存禮樂于(yu)殘缺,備法物以昭等威,李業、費貽、王(wang)(wang)(wang)皓、王(wang)(wang)(wang)嘉,何為視若(ruo)戎狄亂(luan)賊而(er)拒以死(si)邪(xie)?自(zi)述(shu)而(er)言,無(wu)定天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)略,無(wu)安天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)功(gong)(gong),飾(shi)其(qi)(qi)器(qi),惘其(qi)(qi)道(dao),徇其(qi)(qi)末,忘其(qi)(qi)本,坐以待亡,則(ze)誠愚矣(yi)。自(zi)天(tian)下(xia)而(er)言,群競(jing)于(yu)智名勇功(gong)(gong),幾(ji)與(yu)(yu)負爪戴角者(zhe)同(tong)其(qi)(qi)競(jing)奰,則(ze)述(shu)存什一于(yu)千百,俾后王(wang)(wang)(wang)有(you)所考而(er)資以成一代之(zhi)治(zhi)理,不(bu)可(ke)謂無(wu)功(gong)(gong)焉。馬援,倜儻之(zhi)士也,斥述(shu)為井蛙,后世(shi)因援之(zhi)鄙述(shu),而(er)幾(ji)令與(yu)(yu)孟知(zhi)祥、王(wang)(wang)(wang)建齒(chi),不(bu)亦誣乎?”