地理位置
天(tian)馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)位于(yu)上(shang)海市(shi)松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)區境(jing)內,距佘山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西南10公(gong)里(li),松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)區11公(gong)里(li)。原(yuan)名干山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),相傳春(chun)秋(qiu)吳干將(jiang)鑄劍于(yu)此而得名。據元代楊維(wei)楨《干山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)志》中記(ji)(ji):“世傳夫差(cha)冢(zhong)干將(jiang)其山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”。又據舊《圖(tu)經》記(ji)(ji),有干姓者居(ju)此;《圓智寺記(ji)(ji)》中也謂山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)后皆干姓所(suo)有,故名干山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。天(tian)馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)勢陡峭(qiao),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)體脊(ji)線(xian)近東(dong)(dong)西方向,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)有兩峰(feng)(feng),狀如行空天(tian)馬(ma)(ma),首昂(ang)脊(ji)弓,故名。 天(tian)馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)是佘山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)九峰(feng)(feng)十(shi)二山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林面積(ji)最大、海拔最高的一座(zuo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(上(shang)海陸上(shang)海拔最高點),周(zhou)圍2.5公(gong)里(li),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地面積(ji)1800畝。 天(tian)馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)歷史悠久,人文薈萃,舊時為道教勝地,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)上(shang)多琳宮梵宇。每逢(feng)陽春(chun)三月,松(song)郡鄉民,詣(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)禮于(yu)中峰(feng)(feng)東(dong)(dong)岳祠,香火(huo)特盛,故俗稱“燒香山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”。
天(tian)(tian)馬(ma)山現如(ru)今也是上(shang)海(hai)越野(ye)跑(pao)步(bu)(bu)者(zhe)的鐘愛之地(di),在海(hai)拔(ba)普遍偏低的上(shang)海(hai)地(di)區,天(tian)(tian)馬(ma)山給越野(ye)訓練提供了(le)良好的場地(di)。2014年(nian)12月6號,松江的跑(pao)步(bu)(bu)愛好者(zhe)和玩么野(ye)俱樂部一(yi)起(qi)組織了(le)第一(yi)屆(jie) 天(tian)(tian)馬(ma)山爬(pa)坡大賽,非常成功。
歷史文化
在山(shan)(shan)(shan)東麓有三高士墓,山(shan)(shan)(shan)南麓有二陸(lu)(lu)草堂、上(shang)峰寺、圓(yuan)(yuan)智教寺、八仙坡、萬松園、南園,山(shan)(shan)(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)峰有上(shang)清泉(quan)、朝真道院、東岳(yue)行宮、護珠(zhu)塔、中(zhong)(zhong)峰寺、玉皇殿、餐霞館、來(lai)鶴軒、留(liu)云壁,山(shan)(shan)(shan)西麓有半珠(zhu)庵、濂池(chi)、竹溪精(jing)舍、小孤山(shan)(shan)(shan)園等(deng)。天(tian)馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)(shan)歷(li)代(dai)(dai)名人輩出(chu),這里既是宋代(dai)(dai)望族周氏(shi)祖地,周氏(shi)兄(xiong)弟(di)周鏞、周鎬藏書之(zhi)所,元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)宣撫使周顯故居(ju),也(ye)是晉代(dai)(dai)文學巨子陸(lu)(lu)機(ji)、陸(lu)(lu)云兄(xiong)弟(di)讀書處,元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)著名文人楊(yang)維楨、錢惟善、陸(lu)(lu)居(ju)仁(ren)隱居(ju)之(zhi)地。在古(gu)時,天(tian)馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)還是聞(wen)名江南的(de)(de)名山(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)一,僅(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)上(shang)百年以(yi)上(shang)古(gu)樹名木(mu)就多(duo)(duo)達數百棵(ke),四周分布著眾多(duo)(duo)道觀寺廟,如朝真道院、東岳(yue)行宮、圓(yuan)(yuan)智教寺等(deng),是宗教活動盛行的(de)(de)地區。明(ming)清之(zhi)際,天(tian)馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)(shan)林木(mu)翳然。
道教文化
道教醫藥
天馬(ma)山(即松郡(jun)九(jiu)峰(feng))的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)醫藥學的(de)(de)理論核心是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)“精(jing)”為(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben),保(bao)(bao)“精(jing)”為(wei)(wei)先(xian)。天馬(ma)山道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)醫藥(松郡(jun)九(jiu)峰(feng)實(shi)為(wei)(wei)一體,九(jiu)山相連(lian))受(shou)吳越文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)影響,吸(xi)收了(le)吳越文(wen)化(hua)中“養(yang)(yang)精(jing)”、海納(na)百川理論,在醫藥理論上是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)精(jing)惟本(ben)(ben),保(bao)(bao)精(jing)為(wei)(wei)先(xian)。《景岳全書·脾胃》中說(shuo):“人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)始生,本(ben)(ben)乎(hu)(hu)精(jing)血(xue)之(zhi)原(yuan);人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)既生,由乎(hu)(hu)水(shui)谷之(zhi)養(yang)(yang)。非(fei)精(jing)血(xue),無以(yi)(yi)(yi)充(chong)形體之(zhi)基(ji);非(fei)水(shui)谷,無以(yi)(yi)(yi)成形體之(zhi)壯(zhuang)。”黃(huang)帝《素問·金匱真(zhen)(zhen)言論》中說(shuo)“夫精(jing)者,身之(zhi)本(ben)(ben)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”,清周(zhou)學海《讀醫隨(sui)筆·氣(qi)血(xue)精(jing)神(shen)論》中說(shuo):“精(jing)有四:曰精(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye),曰血(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye),曰津(jin)也(ye)(ye)(ye),曰液也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。從(cong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上這些文(wen)獻上可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)看出(chu),”精(jing)“是(shi)人(ren)(ren)生命之(zhi)來源(yuan),人(ren)(ren)有邪氣(qi)盛則實(shi),精(jing)氣(qi)奪則虛。因此(ci),天馬(ma)山道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)醫藥中特別(bie)注重(zhong)“精(jing)”的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)養(yang)(yang)。自從(cong)天馬(ma)山(松郡(jun)九(jiu)峰(feng))道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)創建以(yi)(yi)(yi)來,松郡(jun)九(jiu)峰(feng)的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)醫們(如(ru)薛道(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)、彭真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)(ren))就(jiu)源(yuan)源(yuan)不斷地從(cong)民間(jian)吸(xi)取營養(yang)(yang),引進技術,將流行在民間(jian)的(de)(de)各種健身養(yang)(yang)氣(qi)法收入道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao),加以(yi)(yi)(yi)宗教(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)地改造,納(na)入道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)醫藥體系(xi)(xi)中,成為(wei)(wei)松郡(jun)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)醫藥體系(xi)(xi)中“養(yang)(yang)精(jing)”方(fang)(fang)法的(de)(de)準則。在用藥治(zhi)(zhi)病療傷方(fang)(fang)面,道(dao)(dao)醫們也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)養(yang)(yang)精(jing)、潤(run)精(jing)、藏精(jing)、補(bu)精(jing)為(wei)(wei)主要治(zhi)(zhi)療方(fang)(fang)法。
道教繪畫
改琦松江府城隍廟神像圖軸清代道教繪(hui)畫。所(suo)繪(hui)天尊、太上老(lao)君、雷天君、東陽觀主等神像,都不(bu)雷同,姿態各異,極為傳(chuan)神。
九峰三泖圖
九(jiu)峰三泖指(zhi)松郡九(jiu)及松江(jiang)、青浦(pu)、金山至浙江(jiang)相連的小湖蕩。“九(jiu)峰三泖”是(shi)一處山水勝(sheng)地,也是(shi)道教勝(sheng)地。此幅畫(hua)(hua)也是(shi)中國南(nan)宗(zong)山水畫(hua)(hua)與(yu)海派書畫(hua)(hua)的主要源頭。
地理環境
位置
天(tian)馬(ma)山位于上海(hai)松江(jiang)西北(bei)境內,是海(hai)上名山“松郡九峰”之一,方圓萬頃(qing)。天(tian)馬(ma)山東接辰山,西靠小昆山和青浦練(lian)塘古(gu)(gu)鎮(zhen),南依歷史(shi)名城浙江(jiang)省嘉興市,北(bei)臨(lin)崧(song)澤古(gu)(gu)文化遺址。
地質地貌
天(tian)(tian)馬山(shan)(shan)地(di)處(chu)長江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲前緣(yuan)河(he)口濱(bin)海平(ping)原,周邊高峰(feng)林(lin)立。天(tian)(tian)馬山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)勢陡(dou)峻,山(shan)(shan)體脊線近東西方向,長約0.8公(gong)里(li),南北(bei)山(shan)(shan)體寬約1公(gong)里(li)。南坡陡(dou),常出現(xian)峭(qiao)壁;北(bei)坡緩而長,山(shan)(shan)形不對稱。由中生代(dai)熔(rong)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)與火山(shan)(shan)碎屑(xie)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)構成,局部有粗面流(liu)(liu)紋巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、英安流(liu)(liu)紋巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、粗面流(liu)(liu)紋質(zhi)(zhi)熔(rong)結凝(ning)灰(hui)(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、流(liu)(liu)紋質(zhi)(zhi)(巖(yan)(yan)(yan)屑(xie))晶屑(xie)凝(ning)灰(hui)(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、流(liu)(liu)紋質(zhi)(zhi)玻屑(xie)凝(ning)灰(hui)(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)。明清(qing)之(zhi)際(ji),天(tian)(tian)馬山(shan)(shan)林(lin)木翳然(ran),黑松、油桐、毛竹(zhu)、廣(guang)竹(zhu)、等蔚然(ran)成林(lin),長勢旺盛。
氣候
天(tian)馬山屬北(bei)亞(ya)熱帶季(ji)風(feng)區域,受冷(leng)暖空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)影響(xiang),四季(ji)分明,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候溫(wen)和,雨(yu)水(shui)充沛,日照充足,無(wu)霜期長,冬(dong)季(ji)盛行西北(bei)風(feng),受大(da)陸風(feng)侵襲,以少雨(yu)寒冷(leng)天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)為主;夏季(ji)盛行東南風(feng),受來自海洋風(feng)控制,天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)炎熱多雨(yu);春秋(qiu)季(ji)為冬(dong)夏季(ji)風(feng)交替時(shi)期,常形(xing)成(cheng)冷(leng)暖干濕多變等不(bu)穩(wen)定天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),又由(you)于冬(dong)夏季(ji)風(feng)強弱和進(jin)退(tui)遲早(zao)不(bu)一(yi),造成(cheng)年際變化上的差異。
植被
天馬山原生(sheng)植(zhi)被屬北亞熱帶(dai)常綠闊葉(xie)、落葉(xie)闊葉(xie)混(hun)合(he)林(lin),次生(sheng)林(lin)為針闊混(hun)交林(lin)和針葉(xie)林(lin),主要有水(shui)杉(shan)、柳(liu)杉(shan)、黑松(song)、香樟、白(bai)榆(yu)、櫸、槭(qi)、懸(xuan)鈴木、青楓、梧桐、女(nv)貞、毛竹(zhu)、蔑(mie)竹(zhu)、棕櫚等。
宋代銀杏樹
緊(jin)挨護珠寶光(guang)塔20米處,有(you)一(yi)古(gu)銀(yin)杏(xing)樹(shu)(shu),相傳為宋銀(yin)甲(jia)將軍周文達親手種植,樹(shu)(shu)齡距今(jin)已有(you)700多年。古(gu)樹(shu)(shu)分枝呈爪狀,互為呼應。當地人傳說(shuo)古(gu)銀(yin)杏(xing)乃神之手,支撐著(zhu)護珠塔斜而不倒;又(you)傳說(shuo)在(zai)樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)(gan)上(shang)(shang)釘(ding)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)只鐵釘(ding),就(jiu)會(hui)得(de)子,故后(hou)人在(zai)樹(shu)(shu)身上(shang)(shang)釘(ding)有(you)大量鐵釘(ding),致使樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)(gan)大部(bu)分枯(ku)萎。值(zhi)得(de)慶幸(xing)的是,還(huan)有(you)一(yi)主枝長得(de)生意盎然。
自然資源
天(tian)馬山(shan)(shan)(shan)的藥(yao)用植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)豐富(fu),在(zai)《本草(cao)綱目》記載的1800多種中(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)中(zhong)(zhong),天(tian)馬山(shan)(shan)(shan)就(jiu)有167多種。據1990年藥(yao)用植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)普查結果,已知(zhi)全山(shan)(shan)(shan)有藥(yao)材(cai)217種。因此,天(tian)馬山(shan)(shan)(shan)(松郡九(jiu)峰(feng))有“天(tian)然藥(yao)庫”之稱。藥(yao)用植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有曼陀羅、靈芝、玉(yu)簪(zan)、龍葵(kui)、何首(shou)烏、龍須草(cao)、丹參等名貴藥(yao)材(cai)。舊時在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)還能常見(jian)梅花(hua)鹿、虎、獐、豺、金錢(qian)豹、麂子、野豬等。