朝鮮(xian)族(zu)長(chang)鼓(gu)起源于(yu)印度細腰鼓(gu),又名“杖鼓(gu)”,歷史(shi)曾流(liu)行于(yu)中原地區。朝鮮(xian)族(zu)民間樂器(qi)。歷史(shi)悠久、構造獨(du)特、音色柔和,常(chang)用于(yu)歌、舞(wu)伴奏和器(qi)樂合奏。
朝鮮族長鼓(gu)(gu)起源于印(yin)度(du)的細腰(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)。公元4世紀時,細腰(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)通(tong)過絲綢(chou)之路(lu)傳入(ru)我國(guo)中原,而(er)后(hou)又(you)東傳朝鮮。
長(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)為(wei)古代(dai)細腰(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)的變(bian)體。隋(sui)唐時期,我中(zhong)(zhong)原稱(cheng)長(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)為(wei)“都(dou)曇鼓(gu)(gu)”、“毛員鼓(gu)(gu)”和“腰(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)”,當時雖(sui)未有長(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming),但實際已用于(yu)宮廷九、十部樂的天竺、龜茲(zi)、西涼、疏勒、高(gao)昌和高(gao)麗(li)諸樂中(zhong)(zhong)。宋代(dai)長(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)以(yi)(yi)“杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)”之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)載入史冊。宋代(dai)《樂書》:“杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)、腰(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)、漢魏用之(zhi)(zhi)。大者以(yi)(yi)瓦,小者以(yi)(yi)木類,皆廣(guang)首纖腹。”沈括《夢溪(xi)筆談》:“唐之(zhi)(zhi)杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu),本謂之(zhi)(zhi)‘兩杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)’,兩頭(tou)皆用杖(zhang)。今日杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu),一頭(tou)以(yi)(yi)手拊之(zhi)(zhi)”。
隋唐(tang)時期,我中原(yuan)稱長(chang)(chang)鼓為“都曇鼓”、“毛員鼓”和“腰鼓”,當(dang)時雖未(wei)有長(chang)(chang)鼓之名,但實際已用于九、十(shi)部樂的天(tian)竺、龜茲、西涼、疏(shu)勒、高(gao)昌和高(gao)麗諸(zhu)樂。宋代長(chang)(chang)鼓以(yi)“杖鼓”之名載入史(shi)冊(ce)。
到了元(yuan)(yuan)代,《元(yuan)(yuan)史·宴樂之器》對杖(zhang)(zhang)鼓(gu)記載尤詳。《元(yuan)(yuan)史·禮樂志》:“杖(zhang)(zhang)鼓(gu),制(zhi)以(yi)(yi)木為匡(kuang),細(xi)腰,以(yi)(yi)皮冒之,上施(shi)五(wu)彩繡帶,右擊以(yi)(yi)杖(zhang)(zhang),左拍(pai)以(yi)(yi)手”。
朝鮮族長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為兩面鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),其兩端音(yin)(yin)(yin)高(gao)不(bu)同(tong),女性長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)風格優雅,男性長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)活潑瀟灑(sa)。現(xian)代長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有兩種擊(ji)打(da)法:一(yi)為舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者用(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)(一(yi)尺(chi)許細長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的竹(zhu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian))兼用(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)槌(一(yi)端圓粗,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約尺(chi)許的木槌);一(yi)為只用(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)不(bu)用(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)槌。前者開頭只用(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)按慢鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)拍(pai)子邊擊(ji)邊舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)插(cha)在長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)至高(gao)潮時,方抽出鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)槌進行技巧表(biao)(biao)演。后者春持鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)隨樂(le)起舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的表(biao)(biao)演,以(yi)柔軟(ruan)的扛手(shou)(shou)(shou)、伸肩、鵲雀步等動作(zuo)為主(zhu),以(yi)肩挎長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)持鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian),邊跳邊敲鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的形式表(biao)(biao)演,身、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、神融為一(yi)體,高(gao)度協調統一(yi)。長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)兩面具(ju)有不(bu)同(tong)的音(yin)(yin)(yin)高(gao)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈時,右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)用(yong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)敲打(da)高(gao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面,左手(shou)(shou)(shou)拍(pai)打(da)低音(yin)(yin)(yin)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面。由于音(yin)(yin)(yin)高(gao)不(bu)同(tong),節奏不(bu)同(tong),變化多端的鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)點(dian)和著優美(mei)的舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姿,令人賞心悅目、興奮異(yi)常。長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)通(tong)常由慢板起拍(pai),節奏逐漸加快,最后嘎然停止。
其舞蹈形式有獨舞、雙人(ren)舞、群(qun)舞等多(duo)種(zhong)。建國后,長鼓舞經朝鮮族(zu)舞蹈家們的精心改編,增添(tian)了(le)新(xin)的時代氣息(xi)和民族(zu)特色,使這一藝術形式日趨完善。 [4]
長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)為(wei)朝鮮民族音樂的(de)(de)主(zhu)要打擊(ji)樂器。中(zhong)(zhong)國和朝鮮的(de)(de)古代(dai)史(shi)料還將(jiang)長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)以“細腰鼓(gu)(gu)”、“杖鼓(gu)(gu)”等稱謂載入史(shi)冊。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)在朝鮮族音樂和舞(wu)(wu)蹈中(zhong)(zhong)起(qi)重(zhong)要作(zuo)(zuo)用。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)分為(wei)長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)、舞(wu)(wu)蹈長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)等幾(ji)種。形狀是兩頭粗、中(zhong)(zhong)間細,左邊(bian)(bian)鼓(gu)(gu)筒直徑比右邊(bian)(bian)鼓(gu)(gu)筒直徑長(chang)1厘(li)米,右邊(bian)(bian)鼓(gu)(gu)皮(pi)薄,左邊(bian)(bian)鼓(gu)(gu)皮(pi)厚。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)右邊(bian)(bian)用一根飾(shi)彩(cai)穗的(de)(de)竹條敲,左邊(bian)(bian)用手,右邊(bian)(bian)聲高(gao)左邊(bian)(bian)聲低,能敲擊(ji)出豐富多彩(cai)的(de)(de)節奏。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)則脫(tuo)胎于傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)“農(nong)樂舞(wu)(wu)”,長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)民間打擊(ji)樂器,在農(nong)樂舞(wu)(wu)隊里由長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)手擊(ji)打,起(qi)伴奏和渲染氣氛的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用。當情緒高(gao)昂時(shi),長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)手常(chang)常(chang)隨著(zhu)眾人(ren)一同起(qi)舞(wu)(wu),在起(qi)舞(wu)(wu)時(shi)側(ce)重(zhong)于擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)形體動作(zuo)(zuo),逐(zhu)步創作(zuo)(zuo)出挎跳(tiao)“大(da)蹦子”等技(ji)巧,由此被稱為(wei)“長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)演戲”。后經歷(li)代(dai)藝(yi)人(ren)改進,長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)在20世(shi)紀初期(qi)以獨立的(de)(de)表演形式從農(nong)樂舞(wu)(wu)里脫(tuo)穎而出。
近(jin)百余年(nian)來,杖鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)在我(wo)國中(zhong)原逐漸消聲匿跡,而(er)在朝(chao)鮮族人民(min)(min)中(zhong)廣(guang)為(wei)流(liu)傳,遂改名為(wei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)作(zuo)為(wei)民(min)(min)間打(da)擊(ji)(ji)樂器,在農(nong)(nong)樂舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)隊里(li)由(you)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)手擊(ji)(ji)打(da),起(qi)伴(ban)奏和(he)渲染(ran)氣氛的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,當情緒高昂(ang)時,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)手常常隨著(zhu)眾(zhong)人一起(qi)翩(pian)翩(pian)起(qi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),因其身前(qian)挎著(zhu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),故在起(qi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)時側(ce)重(zhong)于(yu)擊(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)形體(ti)動作(zuo),逐步創(chuang)作(zuo)出(chu)挎跳(tiao)“大蹦(beng)子”等技巧,由(you)此而(er)被稱為(wei)“長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)演戲”。后經歷代藝(yi)(yi)人創(chuang)造(zao)豐富,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)便在20世(shi)紀初期,以獨(du)立的(de)(de)表演形式(shi)從農(nong)(nong)樂舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)里(li)脫穎而(er)出(chu)。每逢佳節之日,民(min)(min)間常出(chu)現跳(tiao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者,深受(shou)群眾(zhong)歡(huan)迎。延(yan)邊歌舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)團(tuan)從20世(shi)紀50年(nian)代初開始將長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)搬上舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臺(tai),從而(er)擴大了長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)影響,60年(nian)代又在獨(du)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)基礎上,創(chuang)作(zuo)出(chu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)群舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)表演。長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不僅鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)技驚人,花(hua)樣(yang)翻(fan)新,亦(yi)在于(yu)表達喜悅(yue)、歡(huan)快的(de)(de)情緒,以優美的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姿和(he)嫻熟的(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)技給(gei)人美好的(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術享受(shou)。