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歷史淵源

朝鮮(xian)族(zu)長(chang)鼓起(qi)源于印度細腰(yao)鼓，又名(ming)“杖鼓”，歷史曾(ceng)流行于中原(yuan)地區。朝鮮(xian)族(zu)民間樂器(qi)。歷史悠久、構造(zao)獨特(te)、音色柔和，常用于歌(ge)、舞伴奏(zou)和器(qi)樂合奏(zou)。

朝(chao)鮮族長鼓起源于印度的細腰鼓。公元4世紀時，細腰鼓通過絲(si)綢之路傳入我國(guo)中原，而(er)后又東(dong)傳朝(chao)鮮。

長鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)古代(dai)細腰鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)變體。隋唐(tang)(tang)時(shi)期(qi)，我中原稱長鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)“都曇鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)”、“毛員(yuan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)”和“腰鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)”，當時(shi)雖未有長鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)名(ming)，但實(shi)際已用(yong)于宮廷九、十部樂的(de)(de)天竺(zhu)、龜茲、西涼、疏勒、高昌和高麗(li)諸(zhu)樂中。宋代(dai)長鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)以“杖(zhang)(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)”之(zhi)名(ming)載入史冊。宋代(dai)《樂書》：“杖(zhang)(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)、腰鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)、漢魏用(yong)之(zhi)。大者(zhe)以瓦，小者(zhe)以木類，皆廣首纖腹。”沈括《夢溪筆談(tan)》：“唐(tang)(tang)之(zhi)杖(zhang)(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)，本謂(wei)之(zhi)‘兩杖(zhang)(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)’，兩頭(tou)皆用(yong)杖(zhang)(zhang)。今(jin)日杖(zhang)(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)，一頭(tou)以手拊之(zhi)”。

隋唐時期，我中原稱長鼓為“都曇鼓”、“毛員鼓”和“腰鼓”，當時雖未有長鼓之名(ming)，但實際已(yi)用于九、十部樂的天竺、龜茲、西涼、疏勒(le)、高(gao)昌和高(gao)麗諸(zhu)樂。宋代長鼓以(yi)“杖鼓”之名(ming)載(zai)入史冊。

到了元代，《元史·宴樂(le)之器》對(dui)杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)記載尤詳。《元史·禮樂(le)志》：“杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)，制以(yi)木為匡，細腰，以(yi)皮冒之，上施(shi)五彩繡帶，右擊以(yi)杖(zhang)，左拍以(yi)手(shou)”。

藝術特色

朝鮮(xian)族長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)(mian)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，其兩(liang)(liang)端音(yin)(yin)高(gao)不同(tong)，女(nv)性(xing)長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)風格(ge)優雅，男性(xing)長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)活潑瀟灑。現代長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)有兩(liang)(liang)種擊打法：一(yi)為舞(wu)(wu)者用鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)（一(yi)尺(chi)許細長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)竹(zhu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)）兼用鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)槌（一(yi)端圓(yuan)粗，長(chang)約(yue)尺(chi)許的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)槌）；一(yi)為只用鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)不用鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)槌。前(qian)者開頭(tou)只用鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)按(an)慢鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)拍子邊(bian)擊邊(bian)舞(wu)(wu)，鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)插在長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上，舞(wu)(wu)至高(gao)潮(chao)時(shi)，方抽出鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)槌進行技巧表(biao)演。后者春持(chi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)隨樂起舞(wu)(wu)。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)演，以(yi)(yi)柔(rou)軟(ruan)的(de)(de)(de)扛手(shou)(shou)、伸肩、鵲(que)雀步等動作(zuo)為主，以(yi)(yi)肩挎(kua)長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，右手(shou)(shou)持(chi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)，邊(bian)跳邊(bian)敲鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)表(biao)演，身、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、神融為一(yi)體，高(gao)度協調統一(yi)。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)(mian)具有不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)高(gao)。舞(wu)(wu)蹈時(shi)，右手(shou)(shou)用鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鞭(bian)(bian)(bian)敲打高(gao)音(yin)(yin)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)(mian)，左手(shou)(shou)拍打低音(yin)(yin)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)(mian)。由(you)于音(yin)(yin)高(gao)不同(tong)，節奏不同(tong)，變化多端的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)點和(he)著(zhu)優美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)姿，令人(ren)賞心悅目、興奮異(yi)常。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)通常由(you)慢板起拍，節奏逐(zhu)漸加快，最后嘎然停(ting)止。

其舞(wu)蹈形式(shi)有獨(du)舞(wu)、雙人舞(wu)、群(qun)舞(wu)等多種(zhong)。建國后(hou)，長鼓(gu)舞(wu)經朝鮮(xian)族舞(wu)蹈家們(men)的精心改編，增添了(le)新(xin)的時代氣息和民(min)族特色，使(shi)這(zhe)一藝術形式(shi)日趨完善。 [4]

長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)朝鮮民(min)族音樂(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)打擊(ji)(ji)(ji)樂(le)(le)器(qi)。中(zhong)(zhong)國和朝鮮的(de)(de)(de)古代史料還將(jiang)長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)“細腰鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”、“杖鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”等(deng)(deng)稱(cheng)謂載入史冊。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)在朝鮮族音樂(le)(le)和舞(wu)(wu)蹈中(zhong)(zhong)起(qi)重(zhong)要(yao)作用(yong)。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)分為(wei)長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、舞(wu)(wu)蹈長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)等(deng)(deng)幾種。形(xing)狀是(shi)兩頭粗、中(zhong)(zhong)間細，左(zuo)邊(bian)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)筒(tong)直徑比(bi)右邊(bian)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)筒(tong)直徑長(chang)1厘(li)米，右邊(bian)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)皮(pi)薄，左(zuo)邊(bian)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)皮(pi)厚。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)右邊(bian)用(yong)一根飾彩穗(sui)的(de)(de)(de)竹(zhu)條敲(qiao)，左(zuo)邊(bian)用(yong)手(shou)，右邊(bian)聲(sheng)高(gao)左(zuo)邊(bian)聲(sheng)低，能敲(qiao)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)出(chu)豐富(fu)多彩的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)奏(zou)。長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)則脫胎于(yu)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)“農樂(le)(le)舞(wu)(wu)”，長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)作為(wei)民(min)間打擊(ji)(ji)(ji)樂(le)(le)器(qi)，在農樂(le)(le)舞(wu)(wu)隊(dui)里由長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)手(shou)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)打，起(qi)伴奏(zou)和渲染氣氛的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。當情(qing)緒高(gao)昂時(shi)，長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)手(shou)常(chang)常(chang)隨(sui)著(zhu)眾人一同起(qi)舞(wu)(wu)，在起(qi)舞(wu)(wu)時(shi)側重(zhong)于(yu)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)體動作，逐步創(chuang)作出(chu)挎跳“大蹦子”等(deng)(deng)技巧(qiao)，由此(ci)被稱(cheng)為(wei)“長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)演戲”。后經歷代藝人改進，長(chang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)在20世紀初期(qi)以(yi)獨(du)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)表演形(xing)式從(cong)農樂(le)(le)舞(wu)(wu)里脫穎而出(chu)。

傳承保護

近百余年來，杖鼓(gu)在我國中原逐漸消聲匿跡，而在朝鮮族人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)中廣(guang)為(wei)(wei)流傳，遂改(gai)名為(wei)(wei)長(chang)鼓(gu)。長(chang)鼓(gu)作為(wei)(wei)民(min)間打擊樂器(qi)，在農樂舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)隊里由長(chang)鼓(gu)手(shou)擊打，起(qi)伴奏和渲染氣(qi)氛的(de)作用，當(dang)情緒高昂時(shi)，長(chang)鼓(gu)手(shou)常(chang)常(chang)隨著(zhu)眾人(ren)(ren)(ren)一起(qi)翩翩起(qi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，因(yin)其身前挎著(zhu)長(chang)鼓(gu)，故在起(qi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)時(shi)側重于(yu)擊鼓(gu)的(de)形(xing)體動作，逐步創(chuang)作出(chu)挎跳“大(da)蹦子”等技(ji)巧(qiao)，由此而被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“長(chang)鼓(gu)演戲”。后經歷代藝人(ren)(ren)(ren)創(chuang)造豐富，長(chang)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)便在20世(shi)紀(ji)初期，以獨立的(de)表演形(xing)式(shi)從(cong)農樂舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)里脫穎而出(chu)。每(mei)逢(feng)佳節之日，民(min)間常(chang)出(chu)現跳長(chang)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者，深受群眾歡迎。延邊歌(ge)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)團從(cong)20世(shi)紀(ji)50年代初開始將(jiang)長(chang)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)搬上舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臺，從(cong)而擴大(da)了長(chang)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)影響(xiang)，60年代又在獨舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)基礎(chu)上，創(chuang)作出(chu)長(chang)鼓(gu)的(de)群舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)表演。長(chang)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不僅鼓(gu)技(ji)驚人(ren)(ren)(ren)，花樣翻新，亦在于(yu)表達喜悅(yue)、歡快的(de)情緒，以優(you)美的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姿和嫻熟的(de)鼓(gu)技(ji)給人(ren)(ren)(ren)美好(hao)的(de)藝術享(xiang)受。