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基本介紹

永通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)橋(qiao)(qiao)是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)惠(hui)河(he)上(shang)的(de)(de)重要(yao)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)，史稱(cheng)(cheng)它(ta)是(shi)“陸運(yun)京(jing)儲(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)道”。永通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)橋(qiao)(qiao)是(shi)北京(jing)四大名(ming)橋(qiao)(qiao)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。坐落在(zai)(zai)古(gu)老的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)惠(hui)河(he)上(shang)，因距通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)縣(xian)(xian)城西八(ba)里(li)，故俗稱(cheng)(cheng)“八(ba)里(li)橋(qiao)(qiao)”或“八(ba)里(li)莊(zhuang)橋(qiao)(qiao)”，而其(qi)原名(ming)卻鮮為人知了(le)。河(he)北趙縣(xian)(xian)也有橋(qiao)(qiao)名(ming)永通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)橋(qiao)(qiao)。永通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)橋(qiao)(qiao)正是(shi)在(zai)(zai)這樣一(yi)條十(shi)分重要(yao)和著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)漕河(he)上(shang)建造的(de)(de)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)大型(xing)石(shi)拱(gong)橋(qiao)(qiao)。史稱(cheng)(cheng)它(ta)是(shi)“陸運(yun)京(jing)儲(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)道”。石(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)前身是(shi)座(zuo)(zuo)木(mu)橋(qiao)(qiao)，因通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)惠(hui)河(he)坡(po)度較(jiao)大、河(he)水(shui)湍急(ji)。常將這里(li)原建的(de)(de)木(mu)橋(qiao)(qiao)沖毀，影(ying)響交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，因此有內(nei)宮太(tai)監李德奏(zou)于明英宗(zong)(zong)，建議于此地建石(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)，英宗(zong)(zong)準奏(zou)，正統十(shi)一(yi)年十(shi)二月石(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)竣工，英宗(zong)(zong)賜名(ming)“永通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。石(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)建成，不僅解(jie)決了(le)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，控制了(le)洪水(shui)，還(huan)為古(gu)老的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)惠(hui)河(he)增加了(le)一(yi)個美麗壯觀的(de)(de)景(jing)點。所謂“長橋(qiao)(qiao)映月”正是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)州八(ba)景(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。

景點景觀

八里橋

八(ba)(ba)里橋(qiao)(qiao)的造(zao)型極為(wei)(wei)特殊(shu)。中孔特高，高達八(ba)(ba)點五米，寬六點七米，兩次孔僅高三點五米，相差懸殊(shu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)構(gou)造(zao)是專(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)漕運(yun)的需要設計的。通惠河運(yun)糧船多為(wei)(wei)帆船，如(ru)建造(zao)普通形式拱橋(qiao)(qiao)，勢(shi)必阻礙漕船的航行(xing)，為(wei)(wei)此(ci)古代工(gong)匠將橋(qiao)(qiao)的中孔建造(zao)得(de)相當高聳，漕船可直出直入，圓滿地解決了(le)這(zhe)一難(nan)題。所謂“八(ba)(ba)里橋(qiao)(qiao)不落桅(wei)”正(zheng)是指此(ci)。

八(ba)里(li)橋地處交通(tong)要(yao)沖，戰略(lve)上是兵家必爭之地。歷(li)史(shi)上這里(li)曾進行過(guo)兩(liang)次大規模的中外戰爭。第一次為咸豐(feng)十年(1860)，中國(guo)(guo)官(guan)軍(jun)與英法侵略(lve)軍(jun)交戰。第二(er)次為光緒二(er)十六年(1900)，義和(he)(he)團與八(ba)國(guo)(guo)聯軍(jun)在(zai)此展開了激(ji)烈戰斗。永(yong)通(tong)橋不僅(jin)具有十分珍貴的歷(li)史(shi)、科(ke)學和(he)(he)藝術價值(zhi)，而且(qie)還是近代史(shi)上的重要(yao)紀念建筑。

歷史沿革

通(tong)(tong)惠(hui)河(he)(he)(he)是元至(zhi)元二十(shi)七(1290)春(chun)由都(dou)(dou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)監郭守敬主持開鑿的一條(tiao)重要人工河(he)(he)(he)道。此(ci)河(he)(he)(he)“上(shang)自(zi)昌(chang)平白浮村引神山泉(quan)，西折南轉，過(guo)(guo)雙塔(ta)榆河(he)(he)(he)、一畝、玉泉(quan)清水(shui)(shui)(shui)，至(zhi)西水(shui)(shui)(shui)門入(ru)都(dou)(dou)城，南匯(hui)為(wei)積水(shui)(shui)(shui)潭，東南出文明門，東至(zhi)通(tong)(tong)州高(gao)麗莊入(ru)白河(he)(he)(he)。總長一百(bai)(bai)六十(shi)四(si)(si)里(li)一百(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)步”。北(bei)京(jing)地處北(bei)方，物(wu)資較為(wei)貧乏，眾(zhong)多(duo)物(wu)資多(duo)從南方運(yun)來，特別(bie)是元定都(dou)(dou)北(bei)京(jing)后(hou)(hou)，這(zhe)種情況更為(wei)突出。雖開辟了海運(yun)、但損耗過(guo)(guo)大，如至(zhi)元二十(shi)年(nian)(1283)歲(sui)運(yun)四(si)(si)萬六千(qian)多(duo)石糧(liang)(liang)(liang)，漂溺損耗者至(zhi)四(si)(si)萬二千(qian)多(duo)石，而且糧(liang)(liang)(liang)食運(yun)到(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)州后(hou)(hou)，再通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)陸(lu)路運(yun)送到(dao)(dao)北(bei)京(jing)城，糧(liang)(liang)(liang)多(duo)路遠(yuan)，運(yun)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)兵民(min)苦不堪言(yan)，至(zhi)元三十(shi)年(nian)(1293)通(tong)(tong)惠(hui)河(he)(he)(he)工竣，“自(zi)是免都(dou)(dou)民(min)陸(lu)挽之(zhi)勞，公私便之(zhi)，帝自(zi)上(shang)都(dou)(dou)還(huan)，過(guo)(guo)積水(shui)(shui)(shui)潭，見(jian)舳(zhu)艫(lu)蔽(bi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，大悅，賜(si)名通(tong)(tong)惠(hui)。”及至(zhi)明朝，通(tong)(tong)惠(hui)漕運(yun)干(gan)道，東南之(zhi)粟，年(nian)漕已到(dao)(dao)數百(bai)(bai)萬石。東南貢賦(fu)，歲(sui)億萬計，市民(min)所需，則不可悉數，概(gai)由此(ci)河(he)(he)(he)運(yun)京(jing)。