曾(ceng)侯(hou)乙尊(zun)通(tong)高33.1厘米(mi)(mi),口徑25厘米(mi)(mi),重(zhong)約(yue)9公(gong)斤(jin)(jin);曾(ceng)侯(hou)乙盤通(tong)高24厘米(mi)(mi),口徑57.6厘米(mi)(mi),重(zhong)約(yue)19.2公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。全套器(qi)物通(tong)高42厘米(mi)(mi),口徑58厘米(mi)(mi),重(zhong)約(yue)30公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。
曾侯(hou)乙尊(zun)盤裝飾紛繁復雜,銅尊(zun)上是用34個(ge)部(bu)件,經過(guo)56處鑄接(jie)、焊(han)接(jie)而連成(cheng)一體,尊(zun)體上裝飾著28條蟠龍和(he)32條蟠螭(chi),頸部(bu)刻(ke)有(you)“曾侯(hou)乙作持(chi)用終(zhong)”7字銘文。
銅盤(pan)盤(pan)體上共裝飾了(le)56條蟠(pan)龍(long)和48條蟠(pan)螭,盤(pan)內底刻有“曾侯乙作持(chi)用終”7字(zi)銘文。
戰國曾侯乙尊盤,1978年于湖北省(sheng)隨(sui)縣(今(jin)隨(sui)州市)擂鼓(gu)墩曾侯乙墓出土。現(xian)藏于:湖北省(sheng)博物館。
該文物為青銅器,所(suo)屬年代為二千四百年前的戰國早期(qi)。
曾侯乙(yi)尊通高(gao)(gao)33.1厘(li)米,口徑(jing)(jing)25厘(li)米,重約9公斤;曾侯乙(yi)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)通高(gao)(gao)24厘(li)米,口徑(jing)(jing)57.6厘(li)米,重約19.2公斤。全套器物通高(gao)(gao)42厘(li)米,口徑(jing)(jing)58厘(li)米,重約30公斤。曾侯乙(yi)尊盤(pan)(pan)(pan)裝飾(shi)紛繁復雜(za),銅(tong)尊上是用(yong)34個部件,經過56處鑄接、焊接而連成(cheng)一體(ti)(ti),尊體(ti)(ti)上裝飾(shi)著28條蟠(pan)龍(long)和32條蟠(pan)螭,頸(jing)部刻(ke)有“曾侯乙(yi)作(zuo)持用(yong)終”7字(zi)銘文。銅(tong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)體(ti)(ti)上共裝飾(shi)了56條蟠(pan)龍(long)和48條蟠(pan)螭,盤(pan)(pan)(pan)內底刻(ke)有“曾侯乙(yi)作(zuo)持用(yong)終”7字(zi)銘文。
尊(zun)盤通體用陶(tao)范(fan)渾鑄(zhu)而成,尊(zun)足等(deng)附件為另(ling)行鑄(zhu)造,然后用鉛錫合金與尊(zun)體焊(han)在(zai)一起。尊(zun)頸附飾是由繁復而有序的鏤空紋樣構成,屬于熔模(mo)鑄(zhu)件。
其(qi)(qi)出土時(shi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)置(zhi)于盤上(shang)拆開來是兩件器(qi)物,極其(qi)(qi)別致(zhi)。尊(zun)(zun)(zun)敞(chang)口,呈喇叭狀,寬厚的外(wai)沿(yan)翻折,下(xia)垂,上(shang)飾(shi)(shi)玲瓏剔(ti)透的蟠虺(hui)透空花紋(wen),形似朵(duo)朵(duo)云彩(cai)上(shang)下(xia)疊置(zhi)。尊(zun)(zun)(zun)頸(jing)(jing)部(bu)飾(shi)(shi)蕉葉(xie)(xie)形蟠虺(hui)紋(wen),蕉葉(xie)(xie)向(xiang)上(shang)舒展(zhan),與(yu)頸(jing)(jing)頂微微外(wai)張的弧線相(xiang)搭配(pei),和諧(xie)又統一。在尊(zun)(zun)(zun)頸(jing)(jing)與(yu)腹(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)加飾(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)條圓雕豹形伏(fu)獸,軀體由透雕的蟠螭(chi)紋(wen)構(gou)成,獸沿(yan)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)頸(jing)(jing)向(xiang)上(shang)攀爬,回(hui)首(shou)吐(tu)舌(she)(she),長舌(she)(she)垂卷如鉤(gou)。尊(zun)(zun)(zun)腹(fu)、高足(zu)皆飾(shi)(shi)細密(mi)的蟠虺(hui)紋(wen),其(qi)(qi)上(shang)加飾(shi)(shi)高浮雕虬龍(long)(long)(long)(long)四(si)(si)條,層次豐富,主次分明。盤直壁(bi)平底(di),四(si)(si)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)形蹄(ti)足(zu)口沿(yan)上(shang)附(fu)有(you)四(si)(si)只方耳,皆飾(shi)(shi)蟠虺(hui)紋(wen),與(yu)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)口風(feng)格相(xiang)同(tong)。四(si)(si)耳下(xia)各(ge)有(you)兩條扁形鏤空夔龍(long)(long)(long)(long),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)首(shou)下(xia)垂。四(si)(si)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)各(ge)有(you)一圓雕式(shi)蟠龍(long)(long)(long)(long),首(shou)伏(fu)于口沿(yan),與(yu)盤腹(fu)蟠虺(hui)紋(wen)相(xiang)互呼(hu)應,從而突破了滿飾(shi)(shi)蟠螭(chi)紋(wen)常有(you)的滯塞、僵硬(ying)感。尊(zun)(zun)(zun)和盤上(shang)均有(you)銘文顯(xian)示,其(qi)(qi)為(wei)曾(ceng)侯乙(yi)生前用(yong)器(qi),故專(zhuan)家們將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)命名(ming)為(wei)曾(ceng)侯乙(yi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)和曾(ceng)侯乙(yi)盤,合稱曾(ceng)侯乙(yi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)盤。是春秋戰國時(shi)期最復雜、最精美的青銅器(qi)件。
這件尊盤的驚人之處在于其(qi)鬼斧(fu)神工的透空裝飾。裝飾表(biao)層(ceng)彼此(ci)獨(du)立,互不相連,由內層(ceng)銅(tong)梗(geng)支撐,內層(ceng)銅(tong)梗(geng)又(you)分層(ceng)聯結(jie),參(can)差錯(cuo)落(luo),玲(ling)瓏剔透,令觀(guan)者凝神屏息,嘆為觀(guan)止。經專家鑒定(ding),此(ci)系(xi)采用失蠟(la)(la)法(fa)鑄(zhu)造,因為紋(wen)飾細(xi)密復雜(za),且(qie)附飾無鍛打和鑄(zhu)接(jie)的痕跡(ji)。失蠟(la)(la)法(fa)又(you)稱(cheng)出蠟(la)(la)法(fa)、拔蠟(la)(la)法(fa),基本方法(fa)是將蠟(la)(la)作成(cheng)(cheng)模(mo),成(cheng)(cheng)型后用細(xi)泥槳(jiang)反復澆(jiao)淋,泥漿包(bao)住蠟(la)(la)模(mo)后再涂以(yi)耐火材料用火烘(hong)烤,做(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)鑄(zhu)型。蠟(la)(la)熔(rong)流出,形成(cheng)(cheng)型腔(qiang),即(ji)可澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)汁(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)器。
戰國(guo)早期(qi)。尊(zun)(zun)高(gao)(gao)(gao)33.1厘(li)米,口(kou)寬(kuan)62厘(li)米,盤(pan)(pan)(pan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)24厘(li)米,寬(kuan)57.6厘(li)米,深(shen)12厘(li)米。尊(zun)(zun)敞口(kou),呈喇(la)叭(ba)狀(zhuang),寬(kuan)厚的(de)外(wai)沿(yan)(yan)翻折,下垂(chui)(chui),上(shang)(shang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)玲瓏剔(ti)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)的(de)蟠(pan)(pan)(pan)虺(hui)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)空(kong)花紋(wen),形(xing)似朵朵云彩上(shang)(shang)下疊置(zhi)。尊(zun)(zun)頸(jing)(jing)部飾(shi)(shi)(shi)蕉葉形(xing)蟠(pan)(pan)(pan)虺(hui)紋(wen),蕉葉向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)舒展,與頸(jing)(jing)頂微微外(wai)張的(de)弧線相(xiang)(xiang)搭配(pei),和(he)諧又統一(yi)(yi)(yi)。在(zai)(zai)尊(zun)(zun)頸(jing)(jing)與腹之間加(jia)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)條(tiao)圓雕(diao)豹形(xing)伏(fu)獸,軀(qu)體由透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)雕(diao)的(de)蟠(pan)(pan)(pan)螭紋(wen)構成,獸沿(yan)(yan)尊(zun)(zun)頸(jing)(jing)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)攀爬,回(hui)首吐(tu)舌,長(chang)舌垂(chui)(chui)卷如鉤(gou)。尊(zun)(zun)腹、高(gao)(gao)(gao)足皆飾(shi)(shi)(shi)細密的(de)蟠(pan)(pan)(pan)虺(hui)紋(wen),其(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)加(jia)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)浮雕(diao)虬龍(long)(long)四(si)條(tiao),層次豐富,主(zhu)次分明(ming)。盤(pan)(pan)(pan)直壁平底,四(si)龍(long)(long)形(xing)蹄足口(kou)沿(yan)(yan)上(shang)(shang)附有(you)四(si)只方耳(er),皆飾(shi)(shi)(shi)蟠(pan)(pan)(pan)虺(hui)紋(wen),與尊(zun)(zun)口(kou)風(feng)格(ge)相(xiang)(xiang)同。四(si)耳(er)下各有(you)兩(liang)條(tiao)扁形(xing)鏤(lou)空(kong)夔龍(long)(long),龍(long)(long)首下垂(chui)(chui)。四(si)龍(long)(long)之間各有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)圓雕(diao)式蟠(pan)(pan)(pan)龍(long)(long),首伏(fu)于口(kou)沿(yan)(yan),與盤(pan)(pan)(pan)腹蟠(pan)(pan)(pan)虺(hui)紋(wen)相(xiang)(xiang)互呼應,從而突(tu)破了(le)滿(man)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)蟠(pan)(pan)(pan)螭紋(wen)常有(you)的(de)滯塞、僵硬(ying)感。出(chu)土時(shi)尊(zun)(zun)置(zhi)于盤(pan)(pan)(pan)內(nei),兩(liang)件(jian)器(qi)(qi)物放(fang)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起渾然一(yi)(yi)(yi)體。尊(zun)(zun)是盛酒器(qi)(qi),盤(pan)(pan)(pan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般作(zuo)水器(qi)(qi)用,二者合為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)(qi),尊(zun)(zun)內(nei)盛摻有(you)香草汁的(de)酒,祭祀時(shi)酌以獻尸(shi),賓(bin)禮時(shi)酌以飲客。整套器(qi)(qi)物紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)繁縟(ru),窮極富麗,其(qi)(qi)(qi)精巧達到先秦青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)的(de)極點。尤(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)是器(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)鏤(lou)空(kong)裝飾(shi)(shi)(shi),透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)視有(you)若干層次,系用失(shi)蠟法鑄(zhu)造(zao),即先用蠟做(zuo)模,模外(wai)做(zuo)范,加(jia)熱烘烤使蠟模融化流失(shi),使整個鑄(zhu)件(jian)模型變(bian)成一(yi)(yi)(yi)個空(kong)殼,再將青(qing)銅溶(rong)液澆灌至空(kong)殼內(nei),就可鑄(zhu)成所需的(de)器(qi)(qi)物。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)發現,證(zheng)實了(le)在(zai)(zai)二千四(si)百年前的(de)戰國(guo)早期(qi),中國(guo)的(de)失(shi)蠟法鑄(zhu)造(zao)技術(shu)已經達到極高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)水準。尊(zun)(zun)和(he)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)均鑄(zhu)有(you)“曾候乙作(zuo)持用終”銘文(wen)。1978年于湖(hu)北(bei)省隨縣(xian)(今隨州(zhou)市)擂鼓墩(dun)曾侯乙墓(mu)出(chu)土。現藏于:湖(hu)北(bei)省博物館。
尊是(shi)古(gu)代的(de)一種盛酒器,盤則是(shi)水器,曾侯乙尊盤融尊盤于(yu)一體(ti)。這件尊盤的(de)驚人之處在于(yu)其鬼斧(fu)神(shen)工的(de)透(tou)空裝飾。裝飾表層(ceng)(ceng)彼(bi)此獨立,互不相連,由內層(ceng)(ceng)銅梗(geng)支撐(cheng),內層(ceng)(ceng)銅梗(geng)又分層(ceng)(ceng)聯(lian)結,參(can)差錯落(luo),玲(ling)瓏(long)剔透(tou),令觀者凝神(shen)屏息,嘆為觀止。
尊與盤(pan)精(jing)美細(xi)膩的(de)鏤孔(kong)附(fu)飾,玲(ling)瓏剔透,精(jing)巧華麗。其鑄造上的(de)高度技巧,有(you)著鬼斧神(shen)工之妙。這一發現,證(zheng)實了在二千四百(bai)年前的(de)戰國(guo)早期(qi),中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)失(shi)蠟法鑄造技術已經達到極高的(de)水準。