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元(yuan)代(dai)青(qing)花(hua)釉里紅(hong)開光貼(tie)花(hua)蓋(gai)(gai)罐1964年出土于河北保定永華南路(lu)元(yuan)代(dai)窖藏，通高41cm，口徑(jing)15.5cm，足徑(jing)18.5cm。該罐采用(yong)青(qing)花(hua)和釉里紅(hong)裝飾(shi)，通體施(shi)青(qing)白釉，釉層凝厚，釉面青(qing)亮，極(ji)為滋潤。紋(wen)飾(shi)豐富(fu)，層次清晰，主題突出，全器紋(wen)飾(shi)有(you)(you)10余層。該罐的(de)蹲獅鈕(niu)罐蓋(gai)(gai)的(de)蓋(gai)(gai)面采用(yong)變形蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)和回紋(wen)裝飾(shi)。罐身的(de)頸肩(jian)部(bu)為纏枝牡丹紋(wen)、忍(ren)冬紋(wen)，并有(you)(you)下垂的(de)如意云頭(tou)(tou)紋(wen)，云頭(tou)(tou)紋(wen)內(nei)飾(shi)蓮(lian)池紋(wen)，云頭(tou)(tou)之間飾(shi)折枝牡丹紋(wen)。腹部(bu)四面用(yong)連珠紋(wen)作(zuo)菱花(hua)形開光4個，開光內(nei)裝飾(shi)牡丹、石榴、菊花(hua)、四季花(hua)卉(hui)紋(wen)。枝葉用(yong)青(qing)花(hua)渲染，花(hua)朵(duo)和山(shan)石用(yong)釉里紅(hong)涂繪，紅(hong)、藍色交(jiao)相輝(hui)映，具有(you)(you)極(ji)強的(de)裝飾(shi)效(xiao)果。

類似的元代青花釉里紅(hong)開光貼花蓋(gai)罐器物在世界僅存(cun)4件，其中(zhong)兩件流失到國外，一件存(cun)放(fang)在北京(jing)故宮博物院(yuan)。此4件器物相比(bi)，河北省博物館這件保存(cun)最為完整，是中(zhong)國乃至全世界最完整的青花釉里紅(hong)極品。

文物流傳

1964年5月的(de)一(yi)天，保定市建筑公司(si)的(de)工人在永華路南小(xiao)學一(yi)建筑工地(di)施工時，發現地(di)下有一(yi)個圓(yuan)形(xing)窖穴，里(li)面排列著一(yi)批器形(xing)高大(da)，胎體厚重、花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)繁密、色彩濃艷的(de)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)瓷和做工精細的(de)藍(lan)釉(you)描(miao)金瓷器。其(qi)中(zhong)就有青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅鏤雕開(kai)光蓋罐兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)，此外還有青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)海水龍紋(wen)帶(dai)蓋八(ba)棱(leng)梅瓶2件(jian)(jian)、青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)八(ba)棱(leng)玉壺(hu)春小(xiao)瓶1件(jian)(jian)、青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)八(ba)棱(leng)執壺(hu)1件(jian)(jian)，共(gong)6件(jian)(jian)元青(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)，還有其(qi)他種類(lei)的(de)瓷器5件(jian)(jian)。

文物特征

元青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)(you)里紅鏤(lou)雕(diao)蓋(gai)罐，通(tong)高41cm，口徑(jing)15.5cm，足徑(jing)18.5cm。罐直口，短頸，溜(liu)肩，鼓腹，圈足，砂底(di)無釉(you)(you)。胎(tai)(tai)體(ti)上(shang)薄(bo)下厚(hou)，胎(tai)(tai)質細膩，青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)色彩濃艷，釉(you)(you)里紅略暗(an)。罐蓋(gai)頂堆(dui)塑(su)(su)坐(zuo)獅鈕(niu)。通(tong)體(ti)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)(you)里紅紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。罐蓋(gai)繪(hui)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蓮(lian)瓣(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、回紋(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一周。罐身(shen)近(jin)口沿處繪(hui)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)纏(chan)枝(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一周。肩部繪(hui)下垂如意云(yun)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，云(yun)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪(hui)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)托(tuo)白蓮(lian)，云(yun)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)間繪(hui)折枝(zhi)(zhi)牡(mu)丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹部四面堆(dui)塑(su)(su)雙菱形(xing)串(chuan)珠(zhu)開(kai)光，開(kai)光內(nei)山(shan)石、牡(mu)丹、菊花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等四季園景，以釉(you)(you)里紅繪(hui)山(shan)石、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)卉，青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)繪(hui)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葉，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)有(you)浮(fu)雕(diao)效果。腹下部飾(shi)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)折枝(zhi)(zhi)蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，與肩部云(yun)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)相(xiang)對應。近(jin)底(di)處繪(hui)卷草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)及(ji)變(bian)形(xing)蓮(lian)瓣(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，蓮(lian)瓣(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪(hui)倒(dao)垂寶相(xiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。罐型豐(feng)滿渾(hun)厚(hou)，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)層次(ci)鮮明(ming)，綜(zong)合繪(hui)、鏤(lou)、塑(su)(su)、貼等多(duo)種技(ji)法。青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、釉(you)(you)里紅互(hu)(hu)為襯(chen)托(tuo)，紅、藍交相(xiang)輝(hui)映。造型豐(feng)滿渾(hun)厚(hou)，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)層次(ci)鮮明(ming)，綜(zong)合了繪(hui)、鏤(lou)、塑(su)(su)、模(mo)印、貼等多(duo)種技(ji)法。青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、釉(you)(you)里紅在作品中(zhong)互(hu)(hu)為襯(chen)托(tuo)，紅、藍交相(xiang)輝(hui)映，整(zheng)體(ti)形(xing)成一種氣度雍容(rong)而又(you)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)團(tuan)錦簇的藝(yi)術效果。

文物價值

元(yuan)(yuan)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉里(li)紅(hong)鏤雕(diao)蓋罐采(cai)用(yong)模印貼花(hua)(hua)(hua)的復雜工藝(yi)，造型(xing)厚(hou)重典雅，氣(qi)勢(shi)宏大；裝(zhuang)飾(shi)技(ji)(ji)法(fa)多(duo)樣，紋(wen)樣繁(fan)縟精美，色(se)彩藍艷含蓄，彩裝(zhuang)飾(shi)和胎(tai)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)技(ji)(ji)法(fa)得到完(wan)美的結合，青花(hua)(hua)(hua)和釉里(li)紅(hong)集于一(yi)器(qi)，白地藍花(hua)(hua)(hua)與藍地白花(hua)(hua)(hua)相(xiang)映成趣；罐腹(fu)部開(kai)光紋(wen)飾(shi)采(cai)用(yong)貼花(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)法(fa)，使器(qi)物的平(ping)面裝(zhuang)飾(shi)又增(zeng)添(tian)了幾(ji)分(fen)鏤雕(diao)藝(yi)術(shu)的立體(ti)效果(guo)，這種集多(duo)種裝(zhuang)飾(shi)手(shou)法(fa)于一(yi)器(qi)的工藝(yi)特征，在珍貴的元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓷(ci)中(zhong)也極為少見，當為國(guo)之瑰寶。

青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)的(de)呈色(se)劑是(shi)(shi)氧化鈷，呈色(se)穩定(ding)；釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)(hong)的(de)呈色(se)劑是(shi)(shi)氧化銅，極易揮(hui)發，因此(ci)對窯室(shi)的(de)燒成氣溫要求十分嚴格。由于青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)和(he)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)(hong)是(shi)(shi)性(xing)質不(bu)同、燒成條件不(bu)同的(de)兩種釉(you)下彩(cai)，要使青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)和(he)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)(hong)都呈色(se)鮮艷，燒制工(gong)藝難度很大(da)。元(yuan)代瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國陶瓷(ci)(ci)發展當中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重大(da)轉折(zhe)點，在陶瓷(ci)(ci)裝飾(shi)歷史上有著(zhu)劃時代的(de)意(yi)義(yi)。但因元(yuan)代青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)燒制時間短等原因使其(qi)存(cun)世量較少(shao)，元(yuan)代青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)(hong)作品(pin)更是(shi)(shi)少(shao)，存(cun)世也就(jiu)更為罕見。

文物研究

青(qing)花(hua)瓷(ci)出現于唐代，釉(you)里紅則是(shi)元(yuan)代的新品種。以(yi)氧化鈷和氧化銅在(zai)白(bai)色(se)瓷(ci)坯上繪彩，施高溫釉(you)后在(zai)窯(yao)爐中以(yi)約1200℃的還原(yuan)焰燒造而成，表面呈現藍、白(bai)、紅相間的花(hua)紋的瓷(ci)器，就是(shi)青(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里紅瓷(ci)器。這一新的釉(you)下彩品種的出現，是(shi)元(yuan)代瓷(ci)器生產技(ji)術進步的重要(yao)標志(zhi)。

開光內花(hua)卉形似(si)鏤(lou)空(kong)，其實嚴格意義上應(ying)是貼(tie)(tie)塑。已發現的(de)(de)此類器物很(hen)少，元代青(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里紅開光鏤(lou)雕大罐(guan)的(de)(de)有(you)幾個部分是模壓成(cheng)型，然后組合粘(zhan)貼(tie)(tie)完成(cheng)，整個過程不存在鏤(lou)雕過程。