元代青(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里(li)(li)紅開(kai)光(guang)貼(tie)花(hua)蓋罐(guan)(guan)1964年出(chu)土(tu)于河北保定永華南路元代窖藏,通(tong)高(gao)41cm,口徑15.5cm,足徑18.5cm。該(gai)罐(guan)(guan)采用(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)和(he)(he)釉(you)里(li)(li)紅裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi),通(tong)體施青(qing)(qing)白釉(you),釉(you)層凝厚,釉(you)面青(qing)(qing)亮,極為滋潤。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)豐富,層次(ci)清(qing)晰,主題突出(chu),全器紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)有(you)10余層。該(gai)罐(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)蹲獅鈕罐(guan)(guan)蓋的(de)(de)蓋面采用(yong)(yong)變形(xing)蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)回紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)。罐(guan)(guan)身的(de)(de)頸肩部為纏枝(zhi)牡丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、忍冬紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),并有(you)下垂的(de)(de)如意云頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),云頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內飾(shi)(shi)蓮池(chi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),云頭之間飾(shi)(shi)折枝(zhi)牡丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹(fu)部四(si)面用(yong)(yong)連珠(zhu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)作菱花(hua)形(xing)開(kai)光(guang)4個(ge),開(kai)光(guang)內裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)牡丹、石(shi)榴、菊花(hua)、四(si)季花(hua)卉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。枝(zhi)葉用(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)渲染,花(hua)朵和(he)(he)山石(shi)用(yong)(yong)釉(you)里(li)(li)紅涂繪(hui),紅、藍(lan)色交(jiao)相輝映(ying),具有(you)極強(qiang)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)效果。
類(lei)似的(de)元代青(qing)花(hua)釉里紅(hong)開光貼花(hua)蓋罐器(qi)物在(zai)世界(jie)(jie)僅存(cun)4件(jian)(jian),其中兩件(jian)(jian)流失(shi)到國(guo)外,一件(jian)(jian)存(cun)放在(zai)北京(jing)故宮博(bo)物院。此(ci)4件(jian)(jian)器(qi)物相比,河北省博(bo)物館這(zhe)件(jian)(jian)保存(cun)最為完整,是中國(guo)乃至(zhi)全(quan)世界(jie)(jie)最完整的(de)青(qing)花(hua)釉里紅(hong)極品(pin)。
1964年(nian)5月的一天,保(bao)定市建(jian)筑(zhu)公司的工人在永華(hua)路南小(xiao)學一建(jian)筑(zhu)工地施(shi)工時(shi),發現地下有(you)一個圓形(xing)(xing)窖(jiao)穴,里面(mian)排(pai)列(lie)著一批器形(xing)(xing)高(gao)大,胎體(ti)厚重、花紋繁(fan)密、色彩濃(nong)艷的青(qing)(qing)花瓷和做工精(jing)細的藍釉描金瓷器。其(qi)中(zhong)就有(you)青(qing)(qing)花釉里紅(hong)鏤雕開光蓋(gai)罐兩件,此外還有(you)青(qing)(qing)花海水(shui)龍紋帶蓋(gai)八棱(leng)梅瓶(ping)2件、青(qing)(qing)花八棱(leng)玉(yu)壺(hu)春(chun)小(xiao)瓶(ping)1件、青(qing)(qing)花八棱(leng)執壺(hu)1件,共6件元青(qing)(qing)花,還有(you)其(qi)他(ta)種類的瓷器5件。
元青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)里紅鏤雕(diao)蓋(gai)罐(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),通(tong)高(gao)41cm,口徑(jing)15.5cm,足徑(jing)18.5cm。罐(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)直口,短頸(jing),溜(liu)肩,鼓腹(fu)(fu),圈(quan)足,砂底無釉(you)。胎體上薄下(xia)(xia)厚,胎質(zhi)細膩,青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)色(se)彩濃艷(yan),釉(you)里紅略暗。罐(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)蓋(gai)頂堆塑(su)坐獅(shi)鈕。通(tong)體青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)里紅紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾。罐(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)蓋(gai)繪(hui)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷草(cao)(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、回(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一周。罐(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)身近口沿處繪(hui)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)纏枝花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷草(cao)(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一周。肩部(bu)(bu)繪(hui)下(xia)(xia)垂如意云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)內繪(hui)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)水波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)托(tuo)白(bai)蓮(lian),云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)之間繪(hui)折(zhe)枝牡(mu)丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹(fu)(fu)部(bu)(bu)四面堆塑(su)雙菱形(xing)串(chuan)珠開光(guang)(guang),開光(guang)(guang)內山(shan)石、牡(mu)丹、菊花(hua)(hua)(hua)等四季園景,以釉(you)里紅繪(hui)山(shan)石、花(hua)(hua)(hua)卉,青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)繪(hui)花(hua)(hua)(hua)葉,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾有浮雕(diao)效果。腹(fu)(fu)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)飾青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)折(zhe)枝蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua),與(yu)肩部(bu)(bu)云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)相(xiang)對應。近底處繪(hui)卷草(cao)(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)及變形(xing)蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen),蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)內繪(hui)倒(dao)垂寶相(xiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。罐(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)型(xing)豐滿渾厚,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾層次(ci)鮮明,綜合繪(hui)、鏤、塑(su)、貼等多種技(ji)(ji)法。青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、釉(you)里紅互(hu)為襯(chen)托(tuo),紅、藍交相(xiang)輝映。造型(xing)豐滿渾厚,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾層次(ci)鮮明,綜合了繪(hui)、鏤、塑(su)、模印、貼等多種技(ji)(ji)法。青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、釉(you)里紅在作品中(zhong)互(hu)為襯(chen)托(tuo),紅、藍交相(xiang)輝映,整體形(xing)成一種氣度(du)雍容而又(you)花(hua)(hua)(hua)團(tuan)錦簇的藝術(shu)效果。
元青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉里紅(hong)(hong)鏤(lou)雕(diao)蓋罐采(cai)用模印貼花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)復雜工藝(yi)(yi),造(zao)型厚重典雅,氣勢宏(hong)大;裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)技法多樣(yang),紋樣(yang)繁縟精(jing)美,色彩藍艷(yan)含蓄(xu),彩裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)和胎裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)技法得到完美的(de)(de)結合,青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)和釉里紅(hong)(hong)集于一器(qi),白(bai)地藍花(hua)(hua)(hua)與(yu)藍地白(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)相映成趣;罐腹(fu)部開光紋飾(shi)(shi)采(cai)用貼花(hua)(hua)(hua)技法,使器(qi)物的(de)(de)平面裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)又增(zeng)添了(le)幾分鏤(lou)雕(diao)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)立體效果,這種集多種裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)手法于一器(qi)的(de)(de)工藝(yi)(yi)特征,在珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)元代青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓷中也極為少(shao)見,當為國之瑰寶。
青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)的呈(cheng)(cheng)色(se)劑(ji)是(shi)氧(yang)化鈷(gu),呈(cheng)(cheng)色(se)穩定;釉(you)里紅(hong)的呈(cheng)(cheng)色(se)劑(ji)是(shi)氧(yang)化銅,極易揮發(fa),因(yin)此對窯室的燒(shao)(shao)(shao)成氣溫要求十分嚴格。由(you)于青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)和釉(you)里紅(hong)是(shi)性質不同、燒(shao)(shao)(shao)成條件不同的兩種釉(you)下彩,要使(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)和釉(you)里紅(hong)都(dou)呈(cheng)(cheng)色(se)鮮艷,燒(shao)(shao)(shao)制工(gong)藝難(nan)度很大。元代瓷器(qi)是(shi)中國(guo)陶(tao)瓷發(fa)展當中的重(zhong)大轉折(zhe)點(dian),在陶(tao)瓷裝飾歷史上有著劃時代的意義。但(dan)因(yin)元代青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)瓷器(qi)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)制時間短等原(yuan)因(yin)使(shi)(shi)其存(cun)世量較少,元代青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里紅(hong)作品(pin)更(geng)(geng)是(shi)少,存(cun)世也就更(geng)(geng)為罕見。
青花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓷(ci)(ci)出現于唐代,釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)(hong)則是(shi)元代的(de)(de)新(xin)品(pin)種。以氧化(hua)鈷和氧化(hua)銅在白色瓷(ci)(ci)坯(pi)上繪(hui)彩,施高溫釉(you)后(hou)在窯爐中以約1200℃的(de)(de)還(huan)原焰燒造(zao)而成,表面呈現藍、白、紅(hong)(hong)相(xiang)間的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋的(de)(de)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi),就是(shi)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)(hong)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)。這一新(xin)的(de)(de)釉(you)下彩品(pin)種的(de)(de)出現,是(shi)元代瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)生產技術進(jin)步的(de)(de)重要標志。
開光內花(hua)卉形似鏤空(kong),其實嚴格意義上應(ying)是(shi)貼塑。已發(fa)現的(de)此類器物(wu)很少(shao),元代青花(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅開光鏤雕(diao)大(da)罐的(de)有幾個(ge)部分是(shi)模壓成型,然后組合粘貼完成,整個(ge)過程不存在鏤雕(diao)過程。