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元代青(qing)花(hua)(hua)釉(you)里紅開光貼花(hua)(hua)蓋(gai)罐1964年出土(tu)于(yu)河(he)北保(bao)定(ding)永華南路元代窖藏(zang)，通高41cm，口徑(jing)15.5cm，足徑(jing)18.5cm。該罐采用青(qing)花(hua)(hua)和釉(you)里紅裝飾(shi)(shi)，通體(ti)施(shi)青(qing)白(bai)釉(you)，釉(you)層(ceng)凝厚，釉(you)面(mian)青(qing)亮，極為滋潤。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)豐富，層(ceng)次清晰，主(zhu)題突出，全器紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)有(you)10余層(ceng)。該罐的蹲獅鈕罐蓋(gai)的蓋(gai)面(mian)采用變形蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)和回紋(wen)(wen)(wen)裝飾(shi)(shi)。罐身的頸(jing)肩(jian)部為纏枝牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、忍冬紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，并有(you)下垂的如意云(yun)(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，云(yun)(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)內飾(shi)(shi)蓮池紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，云(yun)(yun)頭之間(jian)飾(shi)(shi)折枝牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹部四面(mian)用連珠紋(wen)(wen)(wen)作(zuo)菱花(hua)(hua)形開光4個，開光內裝飾(shi)(shi)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)、石榴、菊花(hua)(hua)、四季花(hua)(hua)卉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。枝葉(xie)用青(qing)花(hua)(hua)渲染，花(hua)(hua)朵(duo)和山石用釉(you)里紅涂(tu)繪，紅、藍(lan)色交(jiao)相輝映(ying)，具有(you)極強(qiang)的裝飾(shi)(shi)效果。

類似的元代青花(hua)釉里紅(hong)(hong)開光貼花(hua)蓋(gai)罐(guan)器物(wu)在世(shi)界僅存4件(jian)，其中(zhong)兩件(jian)流失到國外，一件(jian)存放(fang)在北京故宮(gong)博物(wu)院。此4件(jian)器物(wu)相(xiang)比(bi)，河北省博物(wu)館這(zhe)件(jian)保(bao)存最為(wei)完整，是(shi)中(zhong)國乃至全世(shi)界最完整的青花(hua)釉里紅(hong)(hong)極品。

文物流傳

1964年(nian)5月的(de)(de)(de)一天，保(bao)定(ding)市建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)公司的(de)(de)(de)工人在永(yong)華路南小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)一建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工地(di)施工時，發現(xian)地(di)下有(you)(you)一個(ge)圓形窖(jiao)穴，里(li)(li)面排列著一批器(qi)形高大，胎體厚重、花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋繁密、色彩濃(nong)艷的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓷(ci)(ci)和(he)做工精細的(de)(de)(de)藍釉(you)描金(jin)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)。其(qi)中就有(you)(you)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)里(li)(li)紅鏤(lou)雕開光蓋(gai)罐兩件(jian)(jian)，此(ci)外還有(you)(you)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)海水龍紋帶蓋(gai)八(ba)棱(leng)梅瓶(ping)2件(jian)(jian)、青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)八(ba)棱(leng)玉(yu)壺(hu)春小(xiao)(xiao)瓶(ping)1件(jian)(jian)、青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)八(ba)棱(leng)執(zhi)壺(hu)1件(jian)(jian)，共6件(jian)(jian)元青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)，還有(you)(you)其(qi)他種(zhong)類的(de)(de)(de)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)5件(jian)(jian)。

文物特征

元青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)鏤(lou)(lou)雕蓋(gai)罐，通(tong)高41cm，口(kou)(kou)(kou)徑15.5cm，足(zu)徑18.5cm。罐直口(kou)(kou)(kou)，短頸(jing)，溜肩(jian)(jian)(jian)，鼓腹，圈足(zu)，砂底無釉(you)(you)。胎(tai)(tai)體上薄下厚，胎(tai)(tai)質細膩，青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)色彩(cai)濃(nong)艷，釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)略(lve)暗。罐蓋(gai)頂堆塑(su)(su)坐獅鈕。通(tong)體青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾。罐蓋(gai)繪(hui)(hui)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蓮(lian)(lian)瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷(juan)草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、回(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一(yi)周。罐身(shen)近口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿處繪(hui)(hui)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)纏枝花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷(juan)草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一(yi)周。肩(jian)(jian)(jian)部(bu)繪(hui)(hui)下垂(chui)如意(yi)云頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，云頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪(hui)(hui)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)托白蓮(lian)(lian)，云頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)間(jian)繪(hui)(hui)折(zhe)枝牡丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹部(bu)四(si)(si)面堆塑(su)(su)雙菱形(xing)串珠開光，開光內(nei)山(shan)石(shi)、牡丹、菊花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等四(si)(si)季園景，以(yi)釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)繪(hui)(hui)山(shan)石(shi)、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)卉，青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)繪(hui)(hui)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葉，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾有浮雕效果。腹下部(bu)飾青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)折(zhe)枝蓮(lian)(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，與肩(jian)(jian)(jian)部(bu)云頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相(xiang)對應。近底處繪(hui)(hui)卷(juan)草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及(ji)變(bian)形(xing)蓮(lian)(lian)瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，蓮(lian)(lian)瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪(hui)(hui)倒垂(chui)寶相(xiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。罐型豐滿渾厚，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾層次(ci)鮮明，綜(zong)合繪(hui)(hui)、鏤(lou)(lou)、塑(su)(su)、貼等多種(zhong)(zhong)技法(fa)。青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)互(hu)為襯(chen)托，紅(hong)、藍交(jiao)相(xiang)輝(hui)映。造型豐滿渾厚，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾層次(ci)鮮明，綜(zong)合了繪(hui)(hui)、鏤(lou)(lou)、塑(su)(su)、模印、貼等多種(zhong)(zhong)技法(fa)。青花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)在作(zuo)品中(zhong)互(hu)為襯(chen)托，紅(hong)、藍交(jiao)相(xiang)輝(hui)映，整體形(xing)成一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)氣度雍(yong)容而(er)又花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)團錦簇的藝術效果。

文物價值

元(yuan)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)釉(you)里紅鏤雕(diao)(diao)蓋罐(guan)采用(yong)模(mo)印貼花(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)復(fu)雜工(gong)(gong)藝，造型厚重典(dian)雅，氣勢宏大；裝(zhuang)飾(shi)技法多(duo)樣，紋樣繁縟精美，色(se)彩(cai)藍艷含蓄，彩(cai)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)和胎裝(zhuang)飾(shi)技法得到完美的(de)(de)結合，青(qing)花(hua)(hua)和釉(you)里紅集于(yu)一器，白(bai)地(di)藍花(hua)(hua)與藍地(di)白(bai)花(hua)(hua)相映(ying)成趣(qu)；罐(guan)腹部開光紋飾(shi)采用(yong)貼花(hua)(hua)技法，使(shi)器物的(de)(de)平面裝(zhuang)飾(shi)又增添了幾分(fen)鏤雕(diao)(diao)藝術的(de)(de)立體效果，這種集多(duo)種裝(zhuang)飾(shi)手法于(yu)一器的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝特征，在珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)元(yuan)代青(qing)花(hua)(hua)瓷中也極為少見，當(dang)為國之瑰寶。

青花(hua)(hua)的(de)呈色劑是(shi)(shi)氧(yang)化鈷(gu)，呈色穩定；釉(you)(you)里(li)紅的(de)呈色劑是(shi)(shi)氧(yang)化銅，極(ji)易揮發(fa)，因此對(dui)窯室的(de)燒成(cheng)氣溫要求十分嚴格(ge)。由于青花(hua)(hua)和釉(you)(you)里(li)紅是(shi)(shi)性質不同、燒成(cheng)條件不同的(de)兩種釉(you)(you)下彩，要使青花(hua)(hua)和釉(you)(you)里(li)紅都呈色鮮艷，燒制工藝難度很大(da)。元代(dai)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)發(fa)展當中的(de)重大(da)轉(zhuan)折點(dian)，在陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)裝飾(shi)歷史(shi)上(shang)有著劃時(shi)代(dai)的(de)意義。但(dan)因元代(dai)青花(hua)(hua)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)燒制時(shi)間短等(deng)原因使其存世(shi)量較少，元代(dai)青花(hua)(hua)釉(you)(you)里(li)紅作品更(geng)(geng)是(shi)(shi)少，存世(shi)也就更(geng)(geng)為罕見(jian)。

文物研究

青(qing)花(hua)瓷(ci)出(chu)現于唐代(dai)，釉(you)里紅(hong)則(ze)是元代(dai)的(de)(de)新(xin)品(pin)種。以(yi)氧(yang)化鈷和(he)氧(yang)化銅在白(bai)色瓷(ci)坯上(shang)繪彩(cai)，施高溫(wen)釉(you)后(hou)在窯爐中(zhong)以(yi)約1200℃的(de)(de)還原(yuan)焰燒造而成(cheng)，表面呈現藍(lan)、白(bai)、紅(hong)相間的(de)(de)花(hua)紋的(de)(de)瓷(ci)器，就是青(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里紅(hong)瓷(ci)器。這一新(xin)的(de)(de)釉(you)下彩(cai)品(pin)種的(de)(de)出(chu)現，是元代(dai)瓷(ci)器生產技術進步的(de)(de)重要標志。

開光(guang)內花(hua)卉形似鏤(lou)空，其實嚴格意義上應是貼塑。已(yi)發現的(de)此類器物很少(shao)，元(yuan)代青花(hua)釉里紅開光(guang)鏤(lou)雕大罐的(de)有幾個(ge)部(bu)分是模壓成(cheng)型(xing)，然后組合粘貼完(wan)成(cheng)，整個(ge)過程(cheng)不存在鏤(lou)雕過程(cheng)。