錯(cuo)金銀虎(hu)噬鹿屏風座,戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時期的(de)(de)家具構件。1977年平(ping)山縣(xian)三汲(ji)村(cun)戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時期中山國(guo)(guo)王“錯(cuo)”墓出土,長51厘米。猛虎(hu)身軀渾圓、色(se)彩斑(ban)斕,弓身右曲,三足(zu)著地,一(yi)爪(zhua)騰起,正(zheng)將捕捉的(de)(de)小鹿送(song)入張(zhang)開的(de)(de)巨口之中。老虎(hu)的(de)(de)兇(xiong)猛與小鹿的(de)(de)弱(ruo)小形成鮮(xian)明對(dui)比。典型的(de)(de)戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時代風格(ge)。動物腹下刻(ke)有銘文(wen),說(shuo)明制(zhi)作(zuo)時間及(ji)官匠姓名。
1974年河北省文(wen)物部門接到報(bao)告,平(ping)山(shan)縣三(san)汲鄉(xiang)農(nong)民(min)大(da)規模平(ping)整農(nong)田,不斷到附(fu)近兩(liang)(liang)座大(da)土(tu)丘上(shang)取(qu)土(tu),一些(xie)古代(dai)文(wen)物已被挖出(chu)并造成(cheng)了破(po)壞(huai),考古人(ren)員迅速趕到現(xian)(xian)場(chang),對(dui)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)進(jin)行清理勘察。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)字形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室格(ge)局(ju)證(zheng)明這是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)(ge)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu),考古工(gong)(gong)作者(zhe)發現(xian)(xian)這個(ge)(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室已經遭到了嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)盜(dao)掘(jue)。正當失(shi)落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情緒在發掘(jue)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)滋生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou),一件非常意(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)事情發生(sheng)了。民(min)工(gong)(gong)在取(qu)土(tu)時(shi),一腳踩(cai)出(chu)了個(ge)(ge)大(da)窟窿。對(dui)窟窿進(jin)行清理后,發現(xian)(xian)原來是(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)庫。庫與主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室毫不相連(lian),這種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬形(xing)式,以后被證(zheng)明為(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)戰國(guo)時(shi)期中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)國(guo)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)所獨有的(de)(de)(de)(de),也(ye)正是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在,才使(shi)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴文(wen)物躲過盜(dao)劫,得以為(wei)(wei)世(shi)人(ren)所見。隨著1號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)打開,人(ren)們如愿(yuan)以償的(de)(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)了數(shu)量眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴文(wen)物,最先出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)量奇巧瑰麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活用(yong)品。錯(cuo)金(jin)銀虎(hu)噬鹿銅(tong)(tong)屏風座、錯(cuo)金(jin)銀雙翼神獸、戰國(guo)錯(cuo)金(jin)銀四龍四鳳(feng)銅(tong)(tong)方案、十五(wu)連(lian)盞銅(tong)(tong)燈(deng)等相繼出(chu)土(tu)。出(chu)土(tu)器物的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)美顯(xian)然大(da)大(da)超出(chu)了人(ren)們印象中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),考古學家清理到西(xi)庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou),一件高(gao)63厘米、重28公斤的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)青銅(tong)(tong)方壺上(shang),四面刻滿(man)了450個(ge)(ge)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文(wen)。它(ta)告訴后人(ren),這里埋葬著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)國(guo)歷史(shi)上(shang)最偉大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一位(wei)君(jun)王(wang)(wang),他的(de)(de)(de)(de)名字叫“錯(cuo)”。文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提到“皇祖文(wen)武、桓(huan)祖成(cheng)考”,說明在“錯(cuo)”之前,還有文(wen)公、武公、桓(huan)公、成(cheng)公四位(wei)先王(wang)(wang)。據(ju)推斷,1號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“錯(cuo)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第五(wu)代(dai)君(jun)王(wang)(wang)。方壺的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)土(tu),彌補了史(shi)書中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)王(wang)(wang)世(shi)系缺失(shi)記(ji)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺憾,具(ju)有極(ji)其重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)研究價值。
錯金(jin)銀虎(hu)(hu)噬鹿(lu)(lu)銅屏(ping)風座長51厘米、高21.9厘米、重26.6公(gong)斤。器(qi)座以虎(hu)(hu)為主體,虎(hu)(hu)雙目圓睜,兩耳直豎,正(zheng)在(zai)吞(tun)食一只柔弱的小(xiao)鹿(lu)(lu)。小(xiao)鹿(lu)(lu)在(zai)虎(hu)(hu)口中拼命掙扎,短尾用(yong)力上翹,始終無(wu)法脫身。虎(hu)(hu)后肢用(yong)力蹬地(di),前軀下踞,整個身軀呈弧(hu)形,虎(hu)(hu)的右前爪因抓鹿(lu)(lu)而(er)(er)懸空,座身平衡借(jie)用(yong)鹿(lu)(lu)腿支(zhi)撐。整個器(qi)形構思巧妙而(er)(er)自然。虎(hu)(hu)、鹿(lu)(lu)皮毛斑紋(wen)均用(yong)金(jin)銀鑲錯而(er)(er)成,生(sheng)動(dong)逼真。
虎的項部(bu)和(he)臀部(bu)各立(li)一(yi)個長方形銎(qiong)。銎(qiong)兩(liang)側同飾山(shan)羊(yang)頭面,羊(yang)口(kou)即為銎(qiong)口(kou)。沿兩(liang)銎(qiong)口(kou)直(zhi)線(xian)相交,可成84度交角,接近(jin)直(zhi)角,安(an)上屏(ping)扇恰成曲尺形。整件(jian)器(qi)(qi)物表現出虎、鹿的動態和(he)身軀結(jie)構,增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)器(qi)(qi)物的藝術(shu)效果。此物器(qi)(qi)物構思巧妙,鑄工精湛,在(zai)國(guo)內十分罕見(jian)。
古(gu)時(shi)(shi)候,由于(yu)許(xu)多宮殿前(qian)部敞開(kai),房屋建筑也(ye)不(bu)太(tai)嚴密,需在房內(nei)張設屏(ping)(ping)(ping)風(feng)擋(dang)風(feng),同時(shi)(shi)一所建筑往往具有多種功能,需要隨時(shi)(shi)用(yong)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)風(feng)分割室內(nei)空(kong)間,因(yin)此,屏(ping)(ping)(ping)風(feng)的使(shi)用(yong)非常(chang)廣(guang)泛。這一風(feng)俗不(bu)難考證,許(xu)多古(gu)代(dai)墓葬中都有使(shi)用(yong)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)風(feng)的壁畫、畫像磚(zhuan),也(ye)有出土小型(xing)模型(xing)和實用(yong)的屏(ping)(ping)(ping)風(feng)。
中山王“錯”墓的屏風(feng)(feng)(feng)座據考證是(shi)發現(xian)年代最早的一件(jian)實物(wu),由屏風(feng)(feng)(feng)扇(shan)(shan)和(he)屏風(feng)(feng)(feng)座兩部(bu)分組(zu)成。漆(qi)木制的扇(shan)(shan)面已經腐朽,但仍可以看出原物(wu)的形狀、顏(yan)色(se)和(he)尺(chi)寸。屏風(feng)(feng)(feng)原為(wei)兩扇(shan)(shan)圍屏,呈矩尺(chi)形。扇(shan)(shan)面涂(tu)紅漆(qi),邊(bian)框涂(tu)黑漆(qi),漆(qi)上用紅色(se)和(he)橙色(se)繪畫(hua)出活潑的小鳥和(he)翻騰的云氣。每扇(shan)(shan)屏風(feng)(feng)(feng)的立框中間,都鑲(xiang)有一個銅質獸(shou)面鋪(pu)首銜環作(zuo)為(wei)裝飾。屏風(feng)(feng)(feng)底座是(shi)三件(jian)銅質錯金銀動(dong)物(wu)。
虎腹下鑄有豎(shu)讀銘(ming)文(wen):“十四(si)祀,牀麀(you),嗇夫徐戠(shi),制省器”12字,記述了(le)器物鑄造者、墓(mu)主人墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的級別和浩大的墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)場面。