崇明(ming)水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis)為石蒜科水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)屬(shu)。 水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)花,歷來(lai)是(shi)深受人人們喜愛(ai)的(de)花中珍品,在我國(guo)以福建漳州和上海崇明(ming)的(de)水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)最為有名(ming)。崇明(ming)水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)和漳州水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)齊(qi)名(ming),它們同出一源,組成中國(guo)水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)兩(liang)大(da)品系。崇明(ming)水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)特點是(shi)球根(gen)自然(ran)分株較少,且芳(fang)(fang)香濃(nong)郁,經月不(bu)散(san),為他地(di)水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)所不(bu)及(ji)。花瓣潤白似(si)玉,狀如圓盤,心呈(cheng)金黃,宛如酒盞(zhan),故(gu)有“金盞(zhan)銀臺”之(zhi)美稱。水仙(xian)(xian)(xian)在吐蕊綻放(fang)之(zhi)際,那青翠(cui)欲滴的(de)葉片(pian),亭亭玉立(li)的(de)花梗,襯托著春雪般(ban)晶瑩的(de)花朵,陣陣芳(fang)(fang)馨沁人心脾(pi),更給人以樸(pu)素、淡雅而又高潔、脫俗的(de)美感(gan)。
崇明水仙(xian)(xian)、福建漳(zhang)州水仙(xian)(xian)與浙(zhe)江普陀水仙(xian)(xian)均為中國水仙(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)主要栽培類型。 崇明水仙(xian)(xian)作為上(shang)海地方特色花卉,是上(shang)海“唯一(yi)”具有(you)地理標(biao)志(zhi)性的(de)(de)(de)花卉品種(zhong)資源,在上(shang)海崇明縣已有(you) 400 多年的(de)(de)(de)栽培史(shi)。上(shang)世(shi)紀 30~50 年代,曾風靡(mi)一(yi)時,因其馥郁(yu)的(de)(de)(de)芳香(xiang)、清雅的(de)(de)(de)外形而著稱于國內外的(de)(de)(de)花卉市場。但由于歷史(shi)、種(zhong)源、效(xiao)益等(deng)多種(zhong)因素的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響,使得(de)崇明水仙(xian)(xian)在花卉市場上(shang)消靡(mi)近(jin)20年。
崇明水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)知道(dao)的人并不(bu)多,因為崇明水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)是(shi)比較稀少,比較珍貴的。和(he)漳州(zhou)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)的旱種方式不(bu)同,崇明水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)都是(shi)水(shui)田栽種。一(yi)般來說,100個(ge)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)頭中(zhong)只有(you)20個(ge)可以作為商品來出售(shou),如(ru)此低的商品率(lv)大大增加(jia)了(le)農戶的種植成本。此外(wai),由于崇明水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)是(shi)無性(xing)繁(fan)殖(zhi),沒(mei)有(you)開花(hua)授粉,由此更是(shi)造就了(le)其(qi)的珍貴程(cheng)度(du)。
此(ci)外(wai)(wai)崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)最大的特(te)點就在于花(hua)(hua)形(xing)好,花(hua)(hua)期(qi)長(chang)。由于比漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)平(ping)均氣溫高7°C,崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)長(chang)達40天(tian)左右,而(er)漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)為25天(tian)至30天(tian)。把崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)放一(yi)起種,崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)結的花(hua)(hua)會比其少,但其個頭往往會遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高于漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。另外(wai)(wai),崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的香味總是濃于漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的。
地栽崇明(ming)水(shui)仙(xian)一般在9月(yue)底(di),翌年3月(yue)上旬開花,花期(qi)長達40天(tian)左右(you)。
對洋水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)研究集中(zhong)在起(qi)源與分(fen)類。崇(chong)明(ming)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)花(hua)以花(hua)型(xing)而論,品(pin)種主要(yao)有“金(jin)盞銀(yin)臺(tai)”和(he)“玉玲瓏”。前者單瓣(ban)(ban)(ban),花(hua)呈喇叭(ba)型(xing),上(shang)部六(liu)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban),或平展,或反卷(juan),副花(hua)冠(guan)成(cheng)杯狀,形(xing)似金(jin)色盅置于銀(yin)臺(tai)只上(shang);后者為復(fu)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban),其花(hua)冠(guan)折皺(zhou),也呈六(liu)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)。上(shang)海的(de)(de)(de)崇(chong)明(ming)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)具有花(hua)香幽雅、花(hua)期長等特點,是中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)十大(da)名花(hua)之一,在崇(chong)明(ming)已(yi)有400多年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培史,早(zao)在二十世紀三十年(nian)(nian)代(dai)已(yi)銷往上(shang)海、江蘇(su)等地是上(shang)海的(de)(de)(de)傳統品(pin)牌,近年(nian)(nian)對生(sheng)產技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)、改造,使球莖的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)產量(liang)有了(le)(le)大(da)幅(fu)提高(gao),在每年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)元旦至(zhi)春節,水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)現蕾后投入市場(chang),既提高(gao)了(le)(le)觀賞價值(zhi),又減輕(qing)了(le)(le)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)花(hua)愛好者的(de)(de)(de)麻煩。