崇明(ming)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis)為石蒜科(ke)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)屬。 水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)花(hua),歷來(lai)是深受(shou)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)們喜(xi)愛的(de)(de)花(hua)中珍品,在我國(guo)(guo)以福建漳(zhang)州和(he)(he)上(shang)海崇明(ming)的(de)(de)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)最為有名。崇明(ming)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)漳(zhang)州水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)齊名,它們同出一源,組成中國(guo)(guo)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)兩大品系。崇明(ming)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)特點(dian)是球根自然分株較少,且芳香濃(nong)郁,經(jing)月不(bu)(bu)散,為他地(di)水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)及。花(hua)瓣潤(run)白似(si)玉(yu),狀(zhuang)如(ru)圓盤,心(xin)呈金(jin)黃(huang),宛(wan)如(ru)酒盞(zhan)(zhan),故有“金(jin)盞(zhan)(zhan)銀(yin)臺”之美稱。水(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在吐蕊綻放(fang)之際(ji),那(nei)青翠欲(yu)滴的(de)(de)葉(xie)片,亭亭玉(yu)立的(de)(de)花(hua)梗,襯(chen)托著(zhu)春雪般(ban)晶瑩的(de)(de)花(hua)朵,陣(zhen)(zhen)陣(zhen)(zhen)芳馨沁人(ren)(ren)心(xin)脾,更給人(ren)(ren)以樸素、淡(dan)雅(ya)而(er)又高潔、脫俗的(de)(de)美感。
崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)、福建漳州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)與浙(zhe)江普陀(tuo)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)均為中國水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要栽培類型。 崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)作為上(shang)(shang)海地(di)(di)方特色(se)花卉(hui),是(shi)上(shang)(shang)海“唯一(yi)”具有(you)地(di)(di)理標志性的(de)(de)花卉(hui)品(pin)種(zhong)資源,在(zai)上(shang)(shang)海崇明(ming)縣已有(you) 400 多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)栽培史。上(shang)(shang)世紀 30~50 年(nian)代,曾(ceng)風靡(mi)一(yi)時,因其馥郁的(de)(de)芳香(xiang)、清雅的(de)(de)外形而著稱(cheng)于(yu)國內外的(de)(de)花卉(hui)市場。但由(you)于(yu)歷(li)史、種(zhong)源、效益等多(duo)種(zhong)因素的(de)(de)影響,使得(de)崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)在(zai)花卉(hui)市場上(shang)(shang)消靡(mi)近20年(nian)。
崇明(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)知(zhi)道的(de)(de)人并不多,因為(wei)崇明(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)稀少,比較(jiao)珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)。和漳州水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)旱種(zhong)方式不同,崇明(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)都是(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)田栽種(zhong)。一般來(lai)說,100個水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)頭(tou)中只(zhi)有20個可以作為(wei)商品來(lai)出售,如此(ci)(ci)低的(de)(de)商品率(lv)大(da)大(da)增加(jia)了農戶的(de)(de)種(zhong)植成本。此(ci)(ci)外,由于崇明(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)無性繁殖,沒(mei)有開(kai)花授(shou)粉(fen),由此(ci)(ci)更是(shi)(shi)造就了其的(de)(de)珍貴(gui)程度。
此外(wai)(wai)崇(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)最大(da)的特點(dian)就在(zai)于花(hua)(hua)形好,花(hua)(hua)期長(chang)。由于比(bi)漳州(zhou)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫高7°C,崇(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)花(hua)(hua)期長(chang)達40天(tian)左右,而漳州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)花(hua)(hua)期為25天(tian)至30天(tian)。把崇(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)和漳州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)放一起種,崇(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)結(jie)的花(hua)(hua)會比(bi)其少,但(dan)其個頭往往會遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高于漳州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)。另外(wai)(wai),崇(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)的香味總是濃于漳州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)的。
地(di)栽崇明(ming)水仙一般在9月底,翌年(nian)3月上旬開花(hua),花(hua)期長達40天左(zuo)右(you)。
對洋(yang)水(shui)仙(xian)的(de)(de)研究集中在起(qi)源與分類。崇明(ming)(ming)水(shui)仙(xian)花(hua)以花(hua)型而論,品種(zhong)主要有(you)(you)(you)“金盞銀臺”和“玉(yu)玲(ling)瓏(long)”。前者單瓣,花(hua)呈喇叭型,上部六瓣,或平展,或反卷,副花(hua)冠成杯(bei)狀,形似(si)金色盅置于銀臺只上;后者為(wei)復瓣,其花(hua)冠折皺,也呈六瓣。上海(hai)的(de)(de)崇明(ming)(ming)水(shui)仙(xian)具有(you)(you)(you)花(hua)香幽雅、花(hua)期長等特(te)點,是(shi)中國的(de)(de)十(shi)大(da)名花(hua)之(zhi)一,在崇明(ming)(ming)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)400多年的(de)(de)栽培(pei)史,早在二十(shi)世紀三十(shi)年代已(yi)銷往(wang)上海(hai)、江蘇等地(di)是(shi)上海(hai)的(de)(de)傳統品牌,近年對生(sheng)產(chan)技術的(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)、改造,使球莖的(de)(de)質量和產(chan)量有(you)(you)(you)了(le)大(da)幅提(ti)高(gao)(gao),在每年的(de)(de)元旦至(zhi)春(chun)節,水(shui)仙(xian)現(xian)蕾后投入市場,既提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)觀賞價值,又減輕了(le)水(shui)仙(xian)花(hua)愛好者的(de)(de)麻煩。