崇(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis)為(wei)石蒜科水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)屬。 水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)花(hua)(hua),歷來是深受人人們喜愛的(de)花(hua)(hua)中珍(zhen)品,在我(wo)國(guo)以福建漳州(zhou)和上海崇(chong)明的(de)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)最為(wei)有名(ming)。崇(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)和漳州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)齊名(ming),它們同(tong)出一源,組成中國(guo)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)兩大品系。崇(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)的(de)特(te)點是球根自然分(fen)株較少,且芳香濃郁,經(jing)月不(bu)(bu)散,為(wei)他地水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)所不(bu)(bu)及。花(hua)(hua)瓣潤白(bai)似玉,狀(zhuang)如圓盤,心呈金黃,宛如酒盞,故有“金盞銀(yin)臺”之美(mei)稱。水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)在吐蕊綻(zhan)放之際,那青翠欲滴的(de)葉(xie)片,亭亭玉立(li)的(de)花(hua)(hua)梗,襯托著春雪般晶瑩的(de)花(hua)(hua)朵,陣(zhen)陣(zhen)芳馨沁人心脾,更給(gei)人以樸素、淡雅而又(you)高(gao)潔、脫俗的(de)美(mei)感。
崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)水仙(xian)(xian)、福建漳州水仙(xian)(xian)與浙江普陀水仙(xian)(xian)均為中國水仙(xian)(xian)的(de)主要栽(zai)(zai)培類型。 崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)水仙(xian)(xian)作為上(shang)海(hai)(hai)地方特(te)色花(hua)(hua)卉(hui)(hui),是上(shang)海(hai)(hai)“唯一”具有地理標志性(xing)的(de)花(hua)(hua)卉(hui)(hui)品(pin)種資源(yuan),在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)縣已(yi)有 400 多(duo)年(nian)的(de)栽(zai)(zai)培史。上(shang)世紀 30~50 年(nian)代,曾風靡(mi)一時,因其馥郁(yu)的(de)芳香、清雅的(de)外形而(er)著稱于國內(nei)外的(de)花(hua)(hua)卉(hui)(hui)市場(chang)。但由于歷史、種源(yuan)、效益等多(duo)種因素的(de)影響,使(shi)得崇(chong)(chong)明(ming)水仙(xian)(xian)在(zai)花(hua)(hua)卉(hui)(hui)市場(chang)上(shang)消靡(mi)近(jin)20年(nian)。
崇明(ming)水(shui)仙知(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)人并不多,因為崇明(ming)水(shui)仙是(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)較稀少(shao),比(bi)較珍(zhen)貴的(de)(de)(de)。和漳州水(shui)仙的(de)(de)(de)旱種方式不同,崇明(ming)水(shui)仙都是(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)田(tian)栽(zai)種。一般來(lai)說,100個水(shui)仙頭中只有20個可以(yi)作為商品來(lai)出售,如此低的(de)(de)(de)商品率大大增加了(le)農戶的(de)(de)(de)種植(zhi)成本。此外,由于(yu)崇明(ming)水(shui)仙是(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)性繁殖(zhi),沒有開花授粉,由此更是(shi)(shi)(shi)造就了(le)其的(de)(de)(de)珍(zhen)貴程度。
此(ci)外崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)最(zui)大的(de)(de)特(te)點就在(zai)于花形好(hao),花期(qi)長(chang)。由(you)于比漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)平均(jun)氣溫(wen)高(gao)7°C,崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)花期(qi)長(chang)達40天左(zuo)右,而(er)漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)花期(qi)為25天至30天。把崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)和漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)放一起(qi)種(zhong),崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)結的(de)(de)花會比其少,但其個(ge)頭往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)會遠遠高(gao)于漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)。另外,崇(chong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)香味總是(shi)濃于漳(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)。
地栽崇明水仙一般在(zai)9月底(di),翌年(nian)3月上旬開(kai)花(hua),花(hua)期長達(da)40天左右。
對洋水仙(xian)的研究(jiu)集中(zhong)在起源與分類。崇明(ming)(ming)水仙(xian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)以花(hua)(hua)(hua)型而論,品種(zhong)主要有(you)“金盞銀臺(tai)”和(he)“玉玲瓏”。前者(zhe)單瓣(ban),花(hua)(hua)(hua)呈(cheng)喇叭型,上(shang)(shang)部六(liu)瓣(ban),或(huo)平展,或(huo)反卷(juan),副(fu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠成杯狀,形(xing)似金色(se)盅置于(yu)銀臺(tai)只上(shang)(shang);后者(zhe)為復瓣(ban),其花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠折皺,也呈(cheng)六(liu)瓣(ban)。上(shang)(shang)海的崇明(ming)(ming)水仙(xian)具有(you)花(hua)(hua)(hua)香幽雅、花(hua)(hua)(hua)期長等(deng)特點,是中(zhong)國的十(shi)大(da)名(ming)花(hua)(hua)(hua)之一(yi),在崇明(ming)(ming)已(yi)有(you)400多年(nian)的栽培史,早(zao)在二十(shi)世紀三十(shi)年(nian)代(dai)已(yi)銷往(wang)上(shang)(shang)海、江蘇等(deng)地是上(shang)(shang)海的傳統品牌,近(jin)年(nian)對生產(chan)技術的提(ti)高、改造,使球莖的質(zhi)量和(he)產(chan)量有(you)了大(da)幅提(ti)高,在每年(nian)的元旦至春節,水仙(xian)現蕾后投入市場,既提(ti)高了觀賞價值(zhi),又減輕了水仙(xian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)愛(ai)好者(zhe)的麻煩。