《美(mei)育書(shu)簡》是(shi)1795年(nian)出版的的圖書(shu),作者是(shi)弗里(li)德里(li)希·席勒,是(shi)德國啟蒙文學的代表人(ren)物之一(yi)。
【《美育(yu)書簡》】又譯《審美教育(yu)書簡》,德(de)國古典(dian)美學家席勒的(de)代表作。是1793—1794年(nian)作者(zhe)寫(xie)給丹麥王子(zi)克(ke)里(li)斯謙公爵的(de)27封信,1795年(nian)經整理出版。追求人類本性的(de)完善,提(ti)倡(chang)理性的(de)自(zi)由是席勒美育(yu)思想的(de)核(he)心(xin)。
書中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)資(zi)本主義現(xian)代文明(ming)是(shi)(shi)造(zao)成人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根源,它割斷了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi),由于“享(xiang)受(shou)與(yu)勞動(dong)(dong)(dong),手段與(yu)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),努力與(yu)報酬都彼此脫節,人(ren)(ren)永遠被(bei)束縛在(zai)整體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個孤零零的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碎片上”,必(bi)然造(zao)成人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)裂。席勒認為(wei)(wei)(wei),人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)既受(shou)來(lai)(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)”,即來(lai)(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然必(bi)然性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方面(mian)強加給(gei)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制,也受(shou)來(lai)(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(形(xing)式沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong))”,即來(lai)(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)精神必(bi)然性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方面(mian)強加給(gei)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制。從而造(zao)成了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)裂。要(yao)使分(fen)裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得以復歸,“在(zai)經驗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)解決政(zheng)治問(wen)題,就(jiu)必(bi)須(xu)通過(guo)審美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑,因為(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)美(mei)(mei),人(ren)(ren)們(men)才可(ke)能(neng)(neng)達到自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由”。暴力革命和(he)(he)(he)國家政(zheng)權(quan)解決不了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)裂問(wen)題。完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)(he)形(xing)式沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)二(er)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)諧統一(yi)(yi),只(zhi)有(you)通過(guo)“第三沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)”(即游戲(xi)(xi)沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong))為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)介(jie),才能(neng)(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)之。原(yuan)因之一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi),人(ren)(ren)只(zhi)有(you)在(zai)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)與(yu)形(xing)式沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)(he)諧統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)游戲(xi)(xi)沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong),即在(zai)審美(mei)(mei)境界(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),才能(neng)(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),物(wu)質(zhi)與(yu)精神,客觀與(yu)主觀,受(shou)動(dong)(dong)(dong)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)(yi),成為(wei)(wei)(wei)具(ju)有(you)完善人(ren)(ren)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren);其二(er),感(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)只(zhi)有(you)通過(guo)審美(mei)(mei)狀態(tai)才能(neng)(neng)進入道德狀態(tai),成為(wei)(wei)(wei)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),美(mei)(mei)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二(er)創造(zao)者;其三,自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)片面(mian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)全面(mian)立法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制,人(ren)(ren)被(bei)剝奪了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由,只(zhi)有(you)在(zai)審美(mei)(mei)狀態(tai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)才能(neng)(neng)擺(bai)脫任何限(xian)制,使失落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得以復歸。書中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還討論了(le)(le)不同(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei),即存在(zai)著(zhu)溶煉性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)(he)振奮(fen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei),前者使人(ren)(ren)松弛,后(hou)者使人(ren)(ren)緊張。
書中(zhong)(zhong)最后(hou)討(tao)論了(le)游(you)戲的意義和最高社會(hui)理想(xiang)。認為審(shen)美游(you)戲到(dao)(dao)了(le)高級(ji)階段,美本(ben)身就(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)為人(ren)(ren)追求的對象,這(zhe)時就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)建(jian)立起審(shen)美外觀的王國,但它(ta)“只(zhi)能在少數出眾的人(ren)(ren)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)找到(dao)(dao)。”
該書中關于(yu)人性的(de)自我分裂,關于(yu)游(you)戲(xi)沖動和審美(mei)游(you)戲(xi)的(de)觀點對后來的(de)藝術理(li)論和美(mei)學影響深遠。
弗里德里希·席勒(le),德國18世紀著名詩(shi)人、作家(jia)、哲學(xue)家(jia)、歷(li)史學(xue)家(jia)和劇作家(jia),德國啟(qi)蒙文學(xue)的代(dai)表人物之一。