產地環境
涼(liang)(liang)山州(zhou)具(ju)有發(fa)(fa)展馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)的(de)獨特(te)自然(ran)資源,獨特(te)的(de)立體氣候條(tiao)件(jian),一(yi)年四季(ji)都可(ke)以種植(zhi)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)。高(gao)二半山區(qu)、河谷流域(yu)、平(ping)壩(ba)地區(qu)具(ju)有與馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)原產(chan)(chan)(chan)地極(ji)其相(xiang)似的(de)生(sheng)態條(tiao)件(jian)和(he)良(liang)好的(de)無污(wu)染(ran)(ran)環境,被譽(yu)為中(zhong)國最佳馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)種植(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)之一(yi)。涼(liang)(liang)山州(zhou)一(yi)年可(ke)種植(zhi)春(chun)、秋(qiu)(qiu)、冬(dong)(dong)三(san)季(ji)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu),而(er)且能規模(mo)發(fa)(fa)展。秋(qiu)(qiu)、冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)主要生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)菜用(yong)型(xing)(xing)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu),春(chun)季(ji)主要生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)淀粉加工(gong)型(xing)(xing)、菜用(yong)型(xing)(xing)和(he)糧用(yong)型(xing)(xing)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)。涼(liang)(liang)山州(zhou)馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)主產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)遠離城區(qu),無工(gong)業污(wu)染(ran)(ran),海拔較高(gao),晝夜(ye)溫(wen)(wen)差大(da),光照充足,空氣清新,水質純凈,雨水充沛,氣候溫(wen)(wen)涼(liang)(liang),有利于馬(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯(shu)的(de)生(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育、薯(shu)塊的(de)膨大(da)、干物質的(de)積(ji)累和(he)保持良(liang)好的(de)品種特(te)性。相(xiang)同品種在該(gai)州(zhou)種植(zhi),淀粉含量比其它地區(qu)提高(gao)1~2個百分點,有利于加工(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)相(xiang)關產(chan)(chan)(chan)品。
品種品質
涼(liang)(liang)(liang)山馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)品種(zhong)主要有米拉、涼(liang)(liang)(liang)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)97、涼(liang)(liang)(liang)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)3、涼(liang)(liang)(liang)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)30、涼(liang)(liang)(liang)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)14號(hao)、克疫等(deng)。隨著(zhu)市場(chang)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)需求,加大(da)(da)了(le)新品種(zhong)選(xuan)育、引進(jin)(jin)和推廣(guang)力度,先后選(xuan)育引進(jin)(jin)試驗示(shi)范推廣(guang)了(le)涼(liang)(liang)(liang)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)17、涼(liang)(liang)(liang)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)8號(hao)、合作88、會-2、HP2、抗青9-1、大(da)(da)西洋(yang)、布(bu)爾(er)班克等(deng)品種(zhong),既有淀粉(fen)含(han)(han)量(liang)高、芽眼淺的(de)(de)淀粉(fen)加工(gong)型(xing)品種(zhong),又有早熟、淀粉(fen)含(han)(han)量(liang)低的(de)(de)菜用(yong)型(xing)品種(zhong)和薯(shu)(shu)(shu)條、薯(shu)(shu)(shu)片加工(gong)型(xing)品種(zhong),還有烏洋(yang)芋等(deng)地(di)方特色品種(zhong)。
涼(liang)山(shan)馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)薯(shu)塊大,商品薯(shu)比例高(gao)(gao)(gao),畸形薯(shu)、小薯(shu)、爛(lan)薯(shu)較少(shao),耐貯藏。主栽(zai)品種淀粉含(han)(han)量高(gao)(gao)(gao),平均(jun)淀粉含(han)(han)量在16%以上,最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)涼(liang)薯(shu)14達到20.07%;干(gan)物質含(han)(han)量高(gao)(gao)(gao),平均(jun)干(gan)物質含(han)(han)量在24%以上。
截至2010年,涼山(shan)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯獲得了國家(jia)地理標志、全國綠色食品原(yuan)料馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯標準化生(sheng)產基地、國家(jia)商(shang)標注(zhu)冊。布拖烏洋芋已成(cheng)為涼山(shan)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯中(zhong)的(de)極(ji)品,成(cheng)為國宴上的(de)美味佳肴。
生產情況
馬(ma)鈴薯是(shi)涼(liang)山(shan)傳(chuan)統優(you)勢(shi)(shi)農作物(wu),是(shi)涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)二(er)半山(shan)以上地(di)區最重要的糧經作物(wu),彝族祖(zu)祖(zu)輩輩都(dou)有種植(zhi)馬(ma)鈴薯的習慣,早在(zai)17世紀就(jiu)有種植(zhi)。2005年(nian)開(kai)始,涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)把馬(ma)鈴薯產業(ye)作為(wei)農民增收(shou)的優(you)勢(shi)(shi)支(zhi)柱產業(ye)來(lai)抓,2006年(nian)全州(zhou)(zhou)種植(zhi)面(mian)積137萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),總產200萬(wan)噸,商(shang)品率(lv)40%。分別比2004年(nian)增加21萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),50萬(wan)噸,7個百分點,產量居四川省第一位,平均畝(mu)(mu)產鮮薯1460公(gong)斤,薯農現(xian)金(jin)收(shou)入4億元。2007年(nian)全州(zhou)(zhou)種植(zhi)面(mian)積突(tu)破(po)160萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),總產235萬(wan)噸以上。
涼山(shan)馬鈴薯種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)規模大(da),全州(zhou)17縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市均有大(da)面積種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)。2007年馬鈴薯種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)大(da)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)較多,種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)面積在10萬(wan)畝以(yi)上的有鹽源(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、布拖縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、昭覺(jue)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、越西(xi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、金陽縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)5個縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);5~10萬(wan)畝會東縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、雷波縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、喜德縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、普格縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、美姑縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、冕(mian)寧縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、會理縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、西(xi)昌市、甘洛縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)9個縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市。154個馬鈴薯種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)面積在3000畝以(yi)上的大(da)鄉(xiang)鎮。
在良種繁(fan)育方面,到2007年基本形成了以州(zhou)農(nong)科所脫毒(du)種薯(shu)繁(fan)殖(zhi)中心生產
涼山加工企業(ye)大量收購馬鈴薯
原(yuan)原(yuan)種,縣級(ji)網室生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)原(yuan)種,13個馬鈴薯生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)重點縣建立1300畝以上的原(yuan)種擴(kuo)繁(fan)基(ji)(ji)地,13000畝一級(ji)良種繁(fan)育基(ji)(ji)地,130000畝二級(ji)良種繁(fan)育基(ji)(ji)地供應大(da)田(tian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的脫毒種薯生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)繁(fan)育推廣(guang)體系。
加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)銷(xiao)售方面,以2007年(nian)(nian),全(quan)州共有初精(jing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作坊、企(qi)業(ye)338家。豪(hao)吉集團(tuan)、科興薯(shu)(shu)業(ye)、豐(feng)年(nian)(nian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)、吉鑫薯(shu)(shu)業(ye)4家龍頭企(qi)業(ye)的(de)6個大(da)型加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠已投(tou)入生產(chan),鹽源縣(xian)世富農(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠正在建(jian)(jian)設,布拖的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)正在籌建(jian)(jian)中,加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)網絡已基本建(jian)(jian)成。鮮薯(shu)(shu)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)能力100萬噸,逐步實(shi)現馬鈴薯(shu)(shu)產(chan)地(di)初加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong),縣(xian)級(ji)精(jing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong),州級(ji)深加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong),提高了(le)產(chan)品競爭力和(he)附加(jia)(jia)值。全(quan)州馬鈴薯(shu)(shu)產(chan)業(ye)專業(ye)協會、營(ying)銷(xiao)大(da)戶(hu)、農(nong)(nong)民經紀(ji)人隊伍、股份公司等不斷涌現并發展(zhan)壯大(da),到2007年(nian)(nian),馬鈴薯(shu)(shu)鮮薯(shu)(shu)銷(xiao)售為主(zhu)的(de)營(ying)銷(xiao)大(da)戶(hu)60多戶(hu),農(nong)(nong)民經紀(ji)人約(yue)900多人。