一.產品介紹
官(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)是襄(xiang)汾(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)農(nong)業三(san)大品牌(官(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)、太平米(mi)醋、連村粉(fen)條)之(zhi)一,因其原產地在襄(xiang)汾(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)官(guan)灘(tan)村而得名(ming),官(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)栽培距今(jin)已有(you)800年(nian)的(de)歷(li)史,據道光五年(nian)太平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志記載:“棗(zao)(zao)(zao),有(you)晉棗(zao)(zao)(zao)之(zhi)名(ming),多食易齒黃,舊志,太平宜(yi)棗(zao)(zao)(zao),其樹盈(ying)野,居人有(you)半年(nian)糧之(zhi)謠”。官(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)果(guo)(guo)實中大,長(chang)柱圓形,平均單果(guo)(guo)重11克;果(guo)(guo)皮深紅色,肉厚、肉粘、油(you)性大,耐貯藏。1997年(nian),山(shan)西省首屆干果(guo)(guo)經濟林產品評獎展銷會上,被認定為“山(shan)西省十大名(ming)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)”;2001年(nian),臨汾(fen)市(shi)啟動(dong)平川“121”工程后,襄(xiang)汾(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)府抓(zhua)住(zhu)有(you)利時機,掀起大種棗(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)熱潮,截止2008年(nian),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)適宜(yi)官(guan)灘(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)鄉村,保有(you)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)樹達(da)15萬株(zhu),年(nian)產量(liang)達(da)到1500噸。
二.自然生態環境(jing)和人文歷史因素
1、自然生態環境:官(guan)灘(tan)棗產地自然條件優越,土壤主要為沙壤土,土層深厚、肥沃,排水透氣(qi)性良(liang)好(hao),pH值6.8-7.5,表(biao)層有機質含量7.12g/㎏,全(quan)氮平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為0.85g/㎏,有效(xiao)磷(lin)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為11.82㎎/㎏,速效(xiao)鉀平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為175.5㎎/㎏,地形為中間低向東西兩(liang)側呈(cheng)階梯狀排列(lie)。氣(qi)候(hou)屬暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶(dai)大陸型(xing)氣(qi)候(hou),年均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)12.4℃,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)雨量550mm,年無霜期205天(tian),年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照時數(shu)2397小時以上,十分適宜官(guan)灘(tan)棗的生長發育。
2、人文歷史:官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)是襄(xiang)(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)農業三大(da)品(pin)牌(官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)、太(tai)平米醋、連村粉條)之(zhi)一,因其(qi)原產(chan)地(di)在(zai)襄(xiang)(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)村而(er)得名,該村位于(yu)汾(fen)(fen)河(he)(he)下游(you)東岸,古(gu)為鎮(zhen)守汾(fen)(fen)河(he)(he)官(guan)員(yuan)居住(zhu)地(di)之(zhi)一,故(gu)有(you)(you)此村名;歷代鎮(zhen)守官(guan)兵(bing)為應(ying)災年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)所需,連年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)栽(zai)植棗(zao)(zao)(zao)樹,形(xing)成了棗(zao)(zao)(zao)林;官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)栽(zai)培距(ju)今已有(you)(you)800年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)歷史,據道(dao)光五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)太(tai)平(襄(xiang)(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)由汾(fen)(fen)城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)〈歷史上為太(tai)平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)〉與襄(xiang)(xiang)陵(ling)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)合并(bing)而(er)成)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志記載:“棗(zao)(zao)(zao),有(you)(you)晉棗(zao)(zao)(zao)之(zhi)名,多食易(yi)齒(chi)黃,舊(jiu)志,太(tai)平宜(yi)棗(zao)(zao)(zao),其(qi)樹盈野,居人有(you)(you)半年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)糧之(zhi)謠”。棗(zao)(zao)(zao),民間稱其(qi)為鐵桿莊稼。官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)鮮棗(zao)(zao)(zao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實中(zhong)大(da),長柱圓(yuan)形(xing),平均單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重11克;果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮深(shen)紅(hong)色,肉厚、果(guo)(guo)(guo)核小,味甜、汁少;制干(gan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉呈紅(hong)糖(tang)色,油(you)性(xing)大(da),肉粘、拉(la)開(kai)可見糖(tang)絲多,耐(nai)貯藏。 1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),山西省首屆(jie)干(gan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)經濟林產(chan)品(pin)評獎展銷會上,被認定為“山西省十大(da)名棗(zao)(zao)(zao)”;2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),臨汾(fen)(fen)市啟(qi)動(dong)平川“121”工程后,襄(xiang)(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)政府抓住(zhu)有(you)(you)利時機,掀起大(da)種官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)熱潮,截(jie)止2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)適宜(yi)官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)生長的(de)鄉村,保有(you)(you)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)樹達15萬(wan)株,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)量達到1500噸(dun)。
三.地域范圍
官(guan)(guan)灘棗產地(di)位于于山西省(sheng)襄汾縣東南角的汾河下(xia)游兩岸,介(jie)于東經(jing)111°21′-115°55′,北緯(wei)35°56′-37°18′之(zhi)間,海拔420-550米。地(di)域(yu)保護涉(she)及襄汾縣2個(ge)鄉鎮(zhen)18個(ge)行政村(cun)(cun)(cun),具體是新城(cheng)鎮(zhen):官(guan)(guan)灘村(cun)(cun)(cun)、柴莊村(cun)(cun)(cun)、蒙亨村(cun)(cun)(cun)、伯(bo)玉村(cun)(cun)(cun)、伯(bo)社村(cun)(cun)(cun)、曲(qu)里村(cun)(cun)(cun)、丁村(cun)(cun)(cun)、敬村(cun)(cun)(cun)、柴寺(si)村(cun)(cun)(cun)、陳郭(guo)村(cun)(cun)(cun),南賈鎮(zhen):萬王村(cun)(cun)(cun)、裴(pei)村(cun)(cun)(cun)、蒼(cang)頭村(cun)(cun)(cun)、下(xia)魯村(cun)(cun)(cun)、上魯村(cun)(cun)(cun)、東劉村(cun)(cun)(cun)、下(xia)尉村(cun)(cun)(cun)、大柴村(cun)(cun)(cun)。
四.產(chan)品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特(te)性(xing)特(te)征
1、外(wai)在感官:果(guo)面潔凈,無機械損傷、病(bing)蟲(chong)果(guo)和霉爛,無不正常異味,平(ping)均果(guo)重11克。鮮棗(zao)長柱(zhu)圓形,干棗(zao)深紅色,有亮光,果(guo)肉拉開可(ke)見糖絲。
2、內在品(pin)質:鮮棗(zao),果肉(rou)(rou)厚,綠(lv)白色(se),肉(rou)(rou)質致密,味甜(tian)、汁少;干棗(zao)含糖(tang)65.%以(yi)上,肉(rou)(rou)質金黃,拉開可見糖(tang)絲(si)(si)、絲(si)(si)長(chang)不易斷,有糖(tang)香味者,品(pin)質上等。
3、安(an)全要求:棗產(chan)品(pin)(pin)符(fu)合中華人民共和(he)國農(nong)業(ye)行業(ye)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)《無公害食品(pin)(pin) 棗》的安(an)全指標(biao)(biao),在包(bao)裝,標(biao)(biao)識(shi)(shi)上須符(fu)合農(nong)業(ye)部《農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)包(bao)裝和(he)標(biao)(biao)識(shi)(shi)管理(li)辦法》,進(jin)入市場的必(bi)須遵守《農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量安(an)全法》及其它法律法規的有關規定。
五.特(te)定生產方(fang)式
1、產(chan)(chan)(chan)地選(xuan)擇:棗樹(shu)園地宜選(xuan)擇生態(tai)環(huan)境良好,遠離污(wu)染(ran)源,土壤土層(ceng)深厚、肥沃(wo)、排水透(tou)氣性良好,pH值(zhi)6.8-7.5的(de)沙壤土或(huo)壤土,平地或(huo)坡度小于10°的(de)陽坡,生態(tai)環(huan)境符合NY/5013-2006《無公害食品 林果類(lei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品產(chan)(chan)(chan)地環(huan)境條件》。
2、品種選擇:官(guan)灘(tan)棗適(shi)應性廣(guang),抗逆性好(hao),較耐干旱(han),適(shi)宜栽植在灘(tan)涂地和沿河流域(yu)階地。
3、生產過(guo)程(cheng)管理(li):生產過(guo)程(cheng)要采(cai)(cai)(cai)取多項技術,如園地選擇、栽植、栽培管理(li)、科學(xue)施肥(fei)、合理(li)間(jian)作(以棗-麥(mai)間(jian)作為主)、適度(du)密植(成片棗園采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong))、整形修剪、花期化控、病蟲害(hai)綜合防治、果實采(cai)(cai)(cai)收、人工(gong)烘(hong)干、貯(zhu)藏等。
(1)生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地的選擇要求:要有良(liang)好的生(sheng)態環境,生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地必須(xu)遠離(li)污染源(yuan),該地域的大氣、土壤、灌溉水等應該經(jing)檢測(ce)符合(he)國家標準,土壤質(zhi)地適合(he)棗樹生(sheng)長,有灌溉條件,有機肥(fei)料來源(yuan)充足,農(nong)民群眾(zhong)栽培管(guan)理(li)技術比較先(xian)進,生(sheng)產(chan)積極性高(gao)。
(2)有懂技術(shu)的管理人(ren)(ren)員:棗(zao)樹豐產(chan)(chan)生產(chan)(chan)是(shi)一項技術(shu)性較強(qiang)的工(gong)作,管理人(ren)(ren)員要(yao)具有一定文化(hua)水平,特別(bie)是(shi)基地負責人(ren)(ren)和技術(shu)人(ren)(ren)員要(yao)鉆(zhan)研業務,有豐富的生產(chan)(chan)實踐經驗(yan)。
(3)生(sheng)(sheng)產管理:首先是(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤管理,在(zai)秋(qiu)季(ji)棗(zao)果采(cai)(cai)收后至土(tu)(tu)壤封(feng)凍前,棗(zao)園(yuan)行(xing)間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)樹(shu)盤要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)耕翻,深度(du)為(wei)(wei)20厘米(mi)左右,目的(de)是(shi)(shi)使(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤疏松(song)和(he)(he)(he)熟(shu)化,改善土(tu)(tu)壤理化性狀(zhuang)(zhuang),提高土(tu)(tu)壤吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)保水(shui)(shui)(shui)能(neng)力,有利(li)于冬季(ji)積雪,減(jian)少和(he)(he)(he)消滅部分土(tu)(tu)壤中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)越冬害(hai)(hai)蟲。其(qi)次是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)耕除(chu)草(cao)(cao),在(zai)棗(zao)樹(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)長期間(jian),降雨(yu)和(he)(he)(he)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)以后,要(yao)及(ji)時中(zhong)(zhong)耕松(song)土(tu)(tu)保墑和(he)(he)(he)清除(chu)雜(za)草(cao)(cao),一(yi)般(ban)(ban)全年中(zhong)(zhong)耕除(chu)草(cao)(cao)4-5次,使(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤經常保持疏松(song)和(he)(he)(he)無(wu)雜(za)草(cao)(cao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態。第(di)(di)三(san)是(shi)(shi)澆水(shui)(shui)(shui),根據(ju)棗(zao)樹(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)育規律,有澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)條件的(de)棗(zao)園(yuan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)年份(fen)應進(jin)(jin)行(xing)四次灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui),第(di)(di)一(yi)次在(zai)萌芽前進(jin)(jin)行(xing),第(di)(di)二次在(zai)盛花期進(jin)(jin)行(xing),第(di)(di)三(san)次在(zai)果實膨大(da)期進(jin)(jin)行(xing),第(di)(di)四次在(zai)土(tu)(tu)壤封(feng)凍前完成,如7—8月份(fen)遇到(dao)干(gan)旱天氣時,可適(shi)當(dang)增加澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)次數(shu);灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)以浸透根系分布(bu)層40—60厘米(mi)為(wei)(wei)準,達到(dao)田間(jian)最大(da)持水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)60%-70%,灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)法盡量(liang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)地下輸(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管道(dao)等(deng)(deng)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)措施,灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)標(biao)準一(yi)定要(yao)符合(he)GB5084-92《農(nong)(nong)(nong)田灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)量(liang)標(biao)準》。第(di)(di)四是(shi)(shi)整形(xing)修剪(jian),適(shi)宜豐產栽(zai)培的(de)樹(shu)形(xing)為(wei)(wei)小(xiao)冠疏層形(xing)。第(di)(di)五是(shi)(shi)嚴格(ge)執行(xing)無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)(hai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品生(sheng)(sheng)產規程(cheng),在(zai)施肥(fei)中(zhong)(zhong),采(cai)(cai)取以施用(yong)(yong)腐熟(shu)有機肥(fei)為(wei)(wei)主,復合(he)肥(fei)為(wei)(wei)輔的(de)施肥(fei)原則;在(zai)病蟲害(hai)(hai)防治中(zhong)(zhong),采(cai)(cai)取以人工(gong)防治和(he)(he)(he)物理防治為(wei)(wei)基礎,生(sheng)(sheng)物防治為(wei)(wei)核心,科學合(he)理綜(zong)合(he)應用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物、物理、化學等(deng)(deng)防治措施,杜絕使(shi)用(yong)(yong)高毒(du)、劇(ju)毒(du)、高殘留農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao),嚴格(ge)規定化學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)劑量(liang)、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)品種、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)次數(shu),嚴禁安全間(jian)隔期內用(yong)(yong)藥(yao);在(zai)全生(sheng)(sheng)產過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),嚴格(ge)執行(xing)NY5252-2004《無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)(hai)食品 棗(zao)生(sheng)(sheng)產技術規程(cheng)》。
4、產品(pin)采收(shou)(shou)與保(bao)存(cun):9月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)下旬,當果實已充分(fen)發育(yu)成熟(shu),果皮呈品(pin)種(zhong)特有深紅色時,采用(yong)人工竹竿震落或手(shou)工采摘方式采收(shou)(shou);需(xu)要制干(gan)的,采后,立即于(yu)陰(yin)涼處(chu)攤開,隨后分(fen)批進入烤房,輕烤20-24小時,再置陰(yin)涼處(chu)攤開陰(yin)干(gan),可(ke)保(bao)存(cun)1年(nian)以上;需(xu)要做酒(jiu)棗(zao)的,手(shou)工采摘后,剔除(chu)破(po)損(sun)、有蟲及不(bu)規格的,隨后于(yu)酒(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)速蘸1-2分(fen)鐘,取出(chu)置于(yu)磁(ci)壇或其它容器中(zhong)(zhong),密閉(bi)保(bao)存(cun),可(ke)保(bao)鮮存(cun)放至(zhi)來(lai)年(nian)2-3月(yue)份。
5.生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產記(ji)錄要求:在棗生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產過程中,嚴格記(ji)錄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的各環(huan)節(jie),各項農(nong)事操(cao)作,重點記(ji)錄農(nong)業投(tou)入品如化(hua)肥、農(nong)藥(yao)等(deng)的使(shi)用(yong)時期、用(yong)量、次(ci)數,建(jian)立健全完整的田(tian)間檔案。