歷史
富平墨(mo)玉(yu)是一(yi)種(zhong)珍貴而稀有的(de)自然資源,僅產于陜(shan)西省富平縣北部山(shan)區,其(qi)色重質膩,紋理細(xi)致,漆黑如墨(mo),光潔可愛,極負盛名(ming),其(qi)硬(ying)度為(wei)Mohs4o左(zuo)右(you),素為(wei)治硯(yan)、刀工之上(shang)佳珍料,古人將(jiang)其(qi)與鉆石、寶石、彩(cai)石并稱為(wei)“貴美石”。
富(fu)平墨(mo)玉自秦漢(han)時即有開(kai)采(cai),據(ju)縣志載“縣北產礦(kuang)石(shi)(shi),諸郡縣采(cai)者群至,可鐫字、琢(zhuo)磨,人號墨(mo)玉”也(ye)是我國(guo)著名的(de)“石(shi)(shi)刻之鄉”。富(fu)平墨(mo)玉及(ji)其作品(pin)在中(zhong)(zhong)華文明歷(li)史上也(ye)有著光輝燦爛的(de)歷(li)史,被(bei)稱(cheng)為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)最大石(shi)(shi)刻藝術寶(bao)庫的(de)西安碑(bei)林、館藏l700多(duo)件文物(wu),其中(zhong)(zhong)80%以(yi)上為富(fu)平墨(mo)玉所制(zhi),秦李斯的(de)《嶧山刻石(shi)(shi)》,東漢(han)合陽(yang)的(de)《曹全(quan)碑(bei)》,歐陽(yang)詢的(de)《皇甫誕碑(bei)》,顏(yan)真卿的(de)《多(duo)寶(bao)塔》,柳公權的(de)《玄秘(mi)塔》……更是堪稱(cheng)鎮(zhen)館之寶(bao),時至今日,省博物(wu)館無(wu)論是碑(bei)石(shi)(shi)復(fu)制(zhi),還是當代名家書法刻石(shi)(shi),石(shi)(shi)料均取(qu)自富(fu)平,并由(you)富(fu)平民間藝人雕刻。
陜西中部的八百里秦川,被稱為(wei)“露天石(shi)刻藝(yi)術博物館”,那一件(jian)件(jian)大型雕群(qun),數量繁(fan)多的各(ge)類石(shi)刻、造像、拴(shuan)馬樁,從橋(qiao)陵(ling)高15米,重40噸的華表,到乾陵(ling)前神秘的無字碑,還(huan)有(you)國(guo)之瑰寶的“昭陵(ling)六(liu)駿”均是(shi)富平墨玉(yu)(yu)所制,清代翰(han)林李因(yin)篤(du)在其(qi)《唐陵(ling)墨玉(yu)(yu)》中寫道:巨磧崔嵬(wei)百萬層,唐家中葉起諸陵(ling),青(qing)岑墨玉(yu)(yu)旋隨(sui)辟(pi),篆籀光芒到處征(zheng)。墨玉(yu)(yu)"玖"也!
傳說
很久(jiu)以前,頻陽縣(今富平縣)喬山一(yi)帶,有一(yi)天突然降(jiang)下一(yi)位(wei)仙(xian)女。這位(wei)仙(xian)女不僅長(chang)得(de)婀(e)娜多姿(zi),美麗無比,還有一(yi)套(tao)點石成玉的本(ben)領。
頻(pin)陽(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)是(shi)個(ge)山(shan)清水(shui)(shui)秀,風光旖旎的(de)好地(di)方(fang)。仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)一(yi)到頻(pin)陽(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian),就給這(zhe)(zhe)兒嫵媚的(de)風景(jing)(jing)迷(mi)住了(le)(le)(le):靈(ling)湫夜月(yue),寶峰石人,鳳(feng)凰(huang)展(zhan)翅,金(jin)粟晨鐘,石洞(dong)書聲,錦雞長鳴,金(jin)龜添壽,龍泉瀑流。仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)真(zhen)是(shi)游也(ye)游不(bu)完,看也(ye)看不(bu)夠。不(bu)知不(bu)覺就被(bei)這(zhe)(zhe)人間(jian)(jian)美(mei)景(jing)(jing)給吸(xi)引(yin)的(de)神魂顛倒,再也(ye)不(bu)想回天宮去了(le)(le)(le)。仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)每天入松林,戲溪水(shui)(shui),游寺廟,登險峰,飄然而(er)來(lai)(lai),悠然而(er)去,自(zi)(zi)由自(zi)(zi)在,真(zhen)是(shi)快活極了(le)(le)(le)。久(jiu)而(er)久(jiu)之,人們發現凡(fan)是(shi)仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)歇過腳的(de)地(di)方(fang),亂石都變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)漆(qi)墨(mo)錚亮的(de)美(mei)玉。由于仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)十分迷(mi)戀頻(pin)陽(yang)(yang)秀麗的(de)山(shan)水(shui)(shui),自(zi)(zi)由自(zi)(zi)在的(de)生活,竟在鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)住了(le)(le)(le)下來(lai)(lai)。白天,仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)一(yi)座亭亭亭玉立的(de)巖石,目睹(du)著人間(jian)(jian)不(bu)盡的(de)美(mei)景(jing)(jing)。晚(wan)上變(bian)(bian)為(wei)仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv),輕輕歌唱,翩(pian)(pian)翩(pian)(pian)起舞。自(zi)(zi)從來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)(le)仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv),鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)一(yi)時間(jian)(jian)變(bian)(bian)得鶯(ying)歌燕舞,鳥語花香(xiang),山(shan)青水(shui)(shui)綠,賽過蘇杭。正因為(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)樣,這(zhe)(zhe)塊(kuai)鐘靈(ling)毓秀的(de)風水(shui)(shui)寶地(di)才被(bei)唐中(zhong)(zhong)宗看中(zhong)(zhong)了(le)(le)(le),做(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)陵(ling)園。
自(zi)從仙女來到(dao)鳳凰山(shan),滿山(shan)的頑(wan)石全變(bian)成了寶(bao)玉(yu)。石匠們(men)(men)紛紛上山(shan)打(da)石鑿玉(yu),刻碑雕(diao)(diao)像。他(ta)們(men)(men)的雕(diao)(diao)刻生動(dong)(dong)逼真,細膩動(dong)(dong)人,油黑如漆,光(guang)潔可鑒,很多客商慕名而來。漢(han)唐皇(huang)帝(di)聞迅,也(ye)紛紛用富平墨(mo)玉(yu)精(jing)雕(diao)(diao)細刻,為自(zi)己修造陵墓。鳳凰山(shan)的墨(mo)玉(yu)雕(diao)(diao)刻一下子風靡(mi)關中,聞名全國。
鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)下(xia)有(you)個姓刁(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)地主(zhu),愛財如命,心腸忒毒。聽說有(you)個能點石成(cheng)玉(yu)的(de)(de)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)住(zhu)在鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)上,他(ta)想:如果能把仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)搶(qiang)回家,他(ta)家的(de)(de)頑(wan)石不(bu)就(jiu)(jiu)全變成(cheng)了(le)(le)美(mei)麗的(de)(de)玉(yu)石了(le)(le)嗎(ma)?他(ta)越(yue)想心里越(yue)美(mei),翻來倒去,直弄得(de)一(yi)休也未合眼。天剛一(yi)亮,他(ta)就(jiu)(jiu)帶了(le)(le)繩索,偷(tou)偷(tou)隱藏(zang)在仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)住(zhu)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong)中,像老(lao)鼠一(yi)樣瞪著兩只賊溜溜的(de)(de)眼睛(jing),等啊(a)等啊(a),直等到(dao)日落西山(shan)(shan),仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)才回來了(le)(le)。仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)解下(xia)披(pi)戴(dai)的(de)(de)黑(hei)紗(sha),鋪在石板上,和衣(yi)而(er)睡,想消消一(yi)天的(de)(de)疲勞。不(bu)料剛躺下(xia),刁(diao)(diao)地主(zhu)就(jiu)(jiu)從黑(hei)暗中突然撲了(le)(le)出(chu)來。仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)發(fa)現洞(dong)(dong)內有(you)人,一(yi)驚,飛也似的(de)(de)奔出(chu)石洞(dong)(dong),飄走了(le)(le)。由于走得(de)匆忙,仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)竟(jing)忘(wang)掉了(le)(le)石板上的(de)(de)黑(hei)紗(sha)。這刁(diao)(diao)地主(zhu)一(yi)看仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)逃(tao)走了(le)(le),一(yi)路窮(qiong)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)不(bu)舍。從鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)到(dao)金阜山(shan)(shan),又從金阜山(shan)(shan)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)到(dao)錦屏(ping)山(shan)(shan),追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)呀(ya)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)呀(ya),直追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)得(de)氣(qi)喘吁吁,兩腿(tui)發(fa)軟,再也跑不(bu)動了(le)(le),可連(lian)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)的(de)(de)影子也沒有(you)抓到(dao)。刁(diao)(diao)地主(zhu)眼珠子一(yi)轉(zhuan),忽然想起仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)留在洞(dong)(dong)里的(de)(de)墨紗(sha),就(jiu)(jiu)又拼命地往(wang)回跑。等刁(diao)(diao)地主(zhu)跑回山(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong),里邊(bian)什(shen)么(me)也沒有(you)了(le)(le)。
據說這仙女(nv)(nv)是王(wang)母(mu)(mu)娘(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)的(de)外(wai)甥女(nv)(nv)。墨(mo)(mo)紗(sha)是王(wang)母(mu)(mu)娘(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)賜給外(wai)甥女(nv)(nv)的(de)護身法寶。這墨(mo)(mo)紗(sha)有觸石(shi)即黑,點石(shi)成(cheng)玉(yu)的(de)本領。王(wang)母(mu)(mu)娘(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)聽說人間只(zhi)有紅黃綠藍(lan)玉(yu)石(shi),就是沒有墨(mo)(mo)玉(yu),于(yu)是就命外(wai)甥女(nv)(nv)來(lai)人間點墨(mo)(mo)玉(yu),以補(bu)其(qi)缺(que)。不料遇著這個刁地主,將墨(mo)(mo)紗(sha)遺在了(le)鳳凰山(shan)上。仙女(nv)(nv)走后,墨(mo)(mo)紗(sha)如雪一樣融化了(le),漸(jian)漸(jian)滲入巖(yan)石(shi)中。從此,這滿(man)山(shan)的(de)石(shi)頭(tou)都變(bian)成(cheng)了(le)漆黑如墨(mo)(mo),光潔如鏡的(de)玉(yu)石(shi)。鳳凰山(shan)下(xia)也成(cheng)了(le)聞(wen)名全國的(de)石(shi)刻之鄉。