品種特征
康縣黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)屬毛木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)類。黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er),又(you)稱(cheng)“木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)”,按其種類,通常分為“毛木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)”和“光(guang)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)”兩(liang)大(da)(da)類。因其形態(tai)奇(qi)妙,風味特別,別名(ming)很(hen)多(duo)。生于(yu)腐木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)上,形似(si)人(ren)耳(er),故(gu)名(ming)“木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)”;叢(cong)生于(yu)椴木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)上,如(ru)蛾(e)蝶玉立,又(you)名(ming)“木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)蛾(e)”;重(zhong)瓣如(ru)浮云,鑲嵌于(yu)樹上,又(you)稱(cheng)“云耳(er)”:背面密披白絨毛者,稱(cheng)為“毛木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)”;兩(liang)面光(guang)滑(hua)千爽者,則(ze)叫(jiao)“光(guang)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)”。還由于(yu)生產季節不同,名(ming)稱(cheng)又(you)異。產于(yu)初春者叫(jiao)“雪耳(er)”;產于(yu)清明之(zhi)后者稱(cheng)“春耳(er)”;夏秋(qiu)之(zhi)間產者,曰“伏耳(er)”:深秋(qiu)之(zhi)后產者,名(ming)“秋(qiu)耳(er)”。按其季節,“伏耳(er)”產量大(da)(da),品(pin)質(zhi)最(zui)好。毛木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)耳(er)朵大(da)(da),質(zhi)地柔(rou)軟,滑(hua)而帶爽,質(zhi)量最(zui)好。
種植條件
甘(gan)肅省(sheng)康縣(xian)地處南秦嶺山(shan)地,氣(qi)(qi)候溫暖(nuan)而多(duo)雨,年平均氣(qi)(qi)溫為攝氏11度,年平均降水量為856毫米,是(shi)甘(gan)肅降水量最多(duo)的縣(xian)份。全縣(xian)森林(lin)面積260萬畝(mu),占總面積的47.7%,森林(lin)茂密。特別是(shi)耳(er)(er)林(lin)、紅青杠樹滿山(shan)遍野,是(shi)黑木(mu)耳(er)(er)生產的理想區(qu)(qu)域。隆冬季節,滿山(shan)紅葉飄落,耳(er)(er)農(nong)便(bian)把(ba)(ba)生長(chang)了七(qi)、八年的耳(er)(er)樹砍成(cheng)三至五(wu)尺長(chang)的耳(er)(er)棒(bang),運到耳(er)(er)場,收集起(qi)來。翌年,大地回春,耳(er)(er)農(nong)在(zai)耳(er)(er)棒(bang)上砍開菌(jun)眼,點上耳(er)(er)菌(jun),然(ran)后把(ba)(ba)耳(er)(er)棒(bang)鋪(pu)在(zai)潮濕處,讓其休眠(mian)一個時(shi)期。入(ru)夏后,萬物(wu)競長(chang),耳(er)(er)菌(jun)萌(meng)發,就(jiu)把(ba)(ba)耳(er)(er)棒(bang)綁成(cheng)一架,讓其淋雨沐陽(yang),正式(shi)產耳(er)(er)。據統計(ji),截至2007年,康縣(xian)、武(wu)都、天水、兩當、禮縣(xian)等主要(yao)產區(qu)(qu)有耳(er)(er)林(lin)十多(duo)萬畝(mu),最高年產達(da)228000多(duo)斤。
栽培歷史
康(kang)縣(xian)生產黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)始于19世紀,歷(li)史悠久。解放前,津(jin)、滬(hu)、川、陜(shan)等地的商人每到夏(xia)季,就(jiu)絡繹不絕來到康(kang)縣(xian)販運木(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)。21世紀初,這個縣(xian)建立了(le)(le)八個以鄉為單(dan)位的木(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)生產基地,并試驗成功了(le)(le)人工(gong)點菌(jun)生產木(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)的新方(fang)法(fa),使每架木(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)的產量提(ti)高了(le)(le)二至五倍,而(er)且質(zhi)量也大大提(ti)高。
生產情況
康縣(xian)是黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)之鄉、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)菌(jun)行業先進縣(xian)、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)綠(lv)色(se)名(ming)縣(xian)、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)林果生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)先進縣(xian)、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)基地縣(xian)之一,食(shi)(shi)用(yong)菌(jun)資(zi)源十分豐富(fu),盛產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)、香菇、天麻、竹蓀等食(shi)(shi)用(yong)菌(jun)綠(lv)色(se)食(shi)(shi)品。在眾多的食(shi)(shi)用(yong)菌(jun)資(zi)源中(zhong)(zhong),康縣(xian)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)早就享(xiang)有盛譽(yu),以肉厚、朵大、色(se)澤好、營養豐富(fu)、味道(dao)鮮(xian)美(mei)被(bei)確定為國(guo)家(jia)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)質(zhi)標。截至2010年,全縣(xian)共(gong)有優(you)質(zhi)耳(er)(er)林近(jin)51萬(wan)(wan)畝,其中(zhong)(zhong),栓皮櫟(li)17萬(wan)(wan)畝、麻櫟(li)和銳(rui)齒(chi)櫟(li)34萬(wan)(wan)畝。2009年產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量可達13萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤以上,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)值(zhi)780萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)(yuan),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區僅此一項人均收入953元(yuan)(yuan)。