黑(hei)龍宮,位于昆明(ming)市北郊龍泉山五老(lao)峰腳下的黑(hei)龍潭(tan)公園內。
公(gong)園內有龍泉山(shan)(shan),山(shan)(shan)腳下(xia)有兩潭池(chi)水,一清(qing)一濁(zhuo),相互連(lian)通(tong)但濁(zhuo)不(bu)變清(qing)、清(qing)不(bu)變濁(zhuo),為一奇觀(guan)。
黑(hei)龍宮,俗稱為(wei)下觀(上觀為(wei)龍泉觀,在黑(hei)龍宮上方(fang)),始建于明洪武27年(1394),明景泰4年(1454)世襲黔國公沐氏,重修黑(hei)龍宮。
黑(hei)龍(long)(long)宮三進(jin)四(si)院,綠樹森森,古樸幽雅。正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)供(gong)龍(long)(long)王,配殿(dian)(dian)供(gong)水族等塑像(xiang)。“文革”中,塑像(xiang)全毀。龍(long)(long)宮正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)墻上鑲有清康熙年間云(yun)貴總督范承勛(xun)游黑(hei)龍(long)(long)潭題詠碑記。2000年11月3日黑(hei)龍(long)(long)潭清水池(chi)有大(da)量金(jin)線(xian)魚游出,昆明新(xin)聞媒體作(zuo)了報道,引起社會廣泛關注。
黑龍宮(gong)有兩幅(fu)對聯:古(gu)柏奇花(hua)芬芳(fang)滿院(yuan)迷蝴蝶,寒(han)潭高冢節(jie)烈(lie)千秋(qiu)啼杜鵑。另外一幅(fu):扶一代綱常,秀(xiu)才真(zhen)以天下任;奉千秋(qiu)俎豆,伊人宛在水中央。此聯懸(xuan)于黑龍宮(gong)中。為清末(mo)云南經濟(ji)特科狀元袁(yuan)嘉谷紀(ji)念(nian)薛爾望所撰寫,后人所書。
2016年第(di)三屆龍(long)(long)(long)王盛會拉開帷幕,云南省道教協會、昆明市(shi)黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)和龍(long)(long)(long)泉觀共同組(zu)織祈(qi)(qi)(qi)福祭祀儀(yi)式。活動包(bao)括:放生(sheng)祈(qi)(qi)(qi)福,游(you)客(ke)可以在龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)邊(bian)購(gou)買錦鯉和觀音鳥為(wei)家人和朋友放生(sheng)祈(qi)(qi)(qi)福;懸掛祈(qi)(qi)(qi)福牌,游(you)客(ke)可購(gou)買祈(qi)(qi)(qi)福牌寫上(shang)祝福和心愿,掛于祈(qi)(qi)(qi)福架上(shang);灑凈祈(qi)(qi)(qi)福,公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)準備了(le)柏枝、凈水,游(you)客(ke)可向(xiang)黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)灑凈,祈(qi)(qi)(qi)求福泰安康;還有每年農歷二月初二的(de)民俗(su)“剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”活動,公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)特邀4名剃(ti)頭(tou)師傅在龍(long)(long)(long)泉廣場上(shang)為(wei)廣大(da)民眾提供(gong)免(mian)費“剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”服(fu)務。
黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)傳說(shuo)(shuo):很(hen)久以前(qian),昆(kun)明經常鬧旱災,有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)連著幾個(ge)(ge)月都沒(mei)有(you)下雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)叫(jiao)做小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)伙子(zi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氣(qi)之(zhi)下就(jiu)做了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)首(shou)打油詩罵(ma)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang):“挨(ai)刀死(si)(si)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang),遍地鬧災荒,老(lao)(lao)子(zi)遇到你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni),把(ba)你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)鱗拔光(guang)!”小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)向鄉(xiang)親們(men)告了(le)(le)別(bie)就(jiu)去找水。世(shi)上沒(mei)有(you)不(bu)透風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)墻,小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)罵(ma)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi),被(bei)(bei)(bei)五(wu)老(lao)(lao)山(shan)上的(de)(de)(de)麻(ma)臉(lian)老(lao)(lao)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)聽(ting)見(jian)了(le)(le),他(ta)非常生(sheng)氣(qi),老(lao)(lao)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)決定(ding)(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)懲治小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)。于是(shi)變(bian)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)白(bai)發蒼(cang)(cang)蒼(cang)(cang)滿臉(lian)麻(ma)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)頭(tou)(tou),坐在山(shan)口(kou)(kou)上等(deng)著小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)見(jian)到麻(ma)臉(lian)老(lao)(lao)頭(tou)(tou)向他(ta)詢問水源,并(bing)請他(ta)帶路。老(lao)(lao)頭(tou)(tou)領小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)走(zou)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)黑(hei)(hei)森(sen)森(sen)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)箐里,到了(le)(le)箐底后(hou)看見(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)泉(quan)水,小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)剛要(yao)(yao)(yao)喝(he)水,只聽(ting)見(jian)“嘩啦(la)啦(la)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)陣響,小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)被(bei)(bei)(bei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條又粗又長的(de)(de)(de)鐵鏈栓了(le)(le)起來(lai)。麻(ma)臉(lian)老(lao)(lao)頭(tou)(tou)說(shuo)(shuo)道:“我是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang),你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)敢罵(ma)我,我要(yao)(yao)(yao)把(ba)你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)扔進這(zhe)深潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)淹死(si)(si)!”小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽(ting),火冒三(san)丈咬著牙(ya)說(shuo)(shuo)道:“我就(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)罵(ma)你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)老(lao)(lao)不(bu)死(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)!”麻(ma)臉(lian)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)道:“你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)我前(qian)世(shi)無怨(yuan),今(jin)世(shi)無仇(chou),你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)為(wei)什么(me)要(yao)(yao)(yao)罵(ma)我?”小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)說(shuo)(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)干半年(nian)不(bu)下雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),坑死(si)(si)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方老(lao)(lao)百姓,不(bu)罵(ma)你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)罵(ma)誰?”龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)道:“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)干要(yao)(yao)(yao)下雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)多(duo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)收雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),這(zhe)些事(shi),累死(si)(si)人。我一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)老(lao)(lao)頭(tou)(tou),實在是(shi)管不(bu)了(le)(le)。”小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)很(hen)生(sheng)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)道:“你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)不(bu)管,我來(lai)管。”“你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)管可以,但(dan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)答應(ying)我兩件事(shi)。”“什么(me)事(shi)?”“行(xing)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)收雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)做的(de)(de)(de)事(shi),你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)(yao)行(xing)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),先要(yao)(yao)(yao)變(bian)成(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long),這(zhe)是(shi)頭(tou)(tou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件。第(di)二件,成(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)后(hou)你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)(yao)被(bei)(bei)(bei)鎖在這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中,隔(ge)六個(ge)(ge)月才(cai)(cai)準下雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)。”小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)道:“我都答應(ying)你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni),只不(bu)過等(deng)不(bu)了(le)(le)六個(ge)(ge)月了(le)(le),我今(jin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)行(xing)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。”“但(dan)今(jin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)不(bu)是(shi)行(xing)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)日子(zi),你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)(yao)去也(ye)行(xing),不(bu)照天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)條行(xing)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci),你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)身上的(de)(de)(de)鏈子(zi)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)加一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)斤,你(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)干不(bu)干?”“干!”麻(ma)臉(lian)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)點(dian)點(dian)頭(tou)(tou),用(yong)手一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)指,把(ba)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)身上的(de)(de)(de)鏈子(zi)解(jie)開(kai),叫(jiao)他(ta)喝(he)了(le)(le)三(san)大(da)(da)口(kou)(kou)龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)水。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下子(zi)變(bian)成(cheng)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條大(da)(da)黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long),沖到空中行(xing)起了(le)(le)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)下了(le)(le)三(san)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)三(san)夜,鄉(xiang)親們(men)得救了(le)(le),莊(zhuang)稼也(ye)活過來(lai)了(le)(le)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)行(xing)完雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),就(jiu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)鎖到龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)底下。每逢遇到旱災,小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge)就(jiu)不(bu)顧天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)條規定(ding)(ding),擅自行(xing)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),鐵鏈就(jiu)加一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)斤,而每回(hui)為(wei)掙斷(duan)鐵鏈,他(ta)都在龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)里掙扎,因為(wei)是(shi)條黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long),冒出的(de)(de)(de)汗也(ye)就(jiu)才(cai)(cai)黑(hei)(hei)色,把(ba)龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)都染(ran)黑(hei)(hei)了(le)(le)。這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)就(jiu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)人們(men)叫(jiao)做黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan),為(wei)了(le)(le)紀念小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)黑(hei)(hei)哥(ge)(ge)(ge),還修(xiu)了(le)(le)黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)宮和(he)龍(long)(long)(long)泉(quan)觀。
昆明黑(hei)龍宮和龍泉觀也(ye)是(shi)道教圣(sheng)地,每年三月初三也(ye)要舉行廟會,祭祀龍王,祈求(qiu)風(feng)調雨順、五谷豐(feng)登,并有(you)各種(zhong)娛樂(le)、購物、賞花、美食(shi)、踏青(qing)等活(huo)動,趕會者每近萬人。
另外,黑龍(long)(long)宮旁(pang)邊還(huan)有(you)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang)墓(mu)。清(qing)順(shun)治(zhi)15年(nian),吳三桂率兵(bing)(bing)窮追(zhui)明(ming)永歷帝朱(zhu)由榔,兵(bing)(bing)逼昆明(ming),永歷帝棄城逃往(wang)緬甸(dian)。薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang)嘆息道:連君王都(dou)不(bu)能背城一(yi)戰,為社稷而死,卻逃到(dao)緬甸(dian)去(qu)茍且(qie)偷生(sheng),真(zhen)是太丟人(ren)了(le)。于(yu)是,他就(jiu)帶著妻(qi)子(zi)楊氏,兒子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)翰,兒媳孟氏,女(nv)兒夢(meng)云(yun)(yun)、靜云(yun)(yun),婢蘭馨來(lai)到(dao)昆明(ming)北郊黑龍(long)(long)宮,置酒(jiu)席于(yu)亭上(shang)宴飲。薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang)慷慨賦(fu)詩(其詩失傳(chuan)),又在壁上(shang)題(ti)字:愿為殉(xun)節(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鬼,不(bu)愿為茍全(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)。隨(sui)后,全(quan)家人(ren)包括所養的(de)(de)(de)貓狗(gou)一(yi)起(qi)跳入黑龍(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)殉(xun)節(jie)。傳(chuan)說,數日后尸(shi)體浮出(chu)水面,人(ren)人(ren)面色如生(sheng)。龍(long)(long)泉觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)道士十(shi)分(fen)驚異,就(jiu)把他們打撈出(chu)來(lai)合葬于(yu)黑龍(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)畔。墓(mu)冢至(zhi)今尚存,并(bing)已被修容一(yi)新,列(lie)為昆明(ming)市文物保護單位。對于(yu)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)忠義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉,就(jiu)連滅(mie)亡(wang)明(ming)朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)朝(chao)統治(zhi)者也十(shi)分(fen)敬(jing)重。清(qing)康熙59年(nian),昆明(ming)知縣朱(zhu)若(ruo)功上(shang)表(biao)朝(chao)廷,請求祭祀(si)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang),獲準。清(qing)道光26年(nian),賜進(jin)士出(chu)身的(de)(de)(de)翰林(lin)院(yuan)編修、欽(qin)命提督云(yun)(yun)南(nan)全(quan)省學(xue)政吳存義(yi)撰寫了(le)“明(ming)忠義(yi)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang)先(xian)生(sheng)墓(mu)表(biao)”,對薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang)給于(yu)了(le)極高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)。后來(lai)歷代的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)朝(chao)官員都(dou)不(bu)斷有(you)人(ren)題(ti)詩作對,歌(ge)頌薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)忠義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉。如康熙年(nian)間云(yun)(yun)南(nan)按察使許宏勛題(ti)聯“寒潭(tan)(tan)千(qian)載雪,玉骨一(yi)堆香”;清(qing)末狀元袁澍圃題(ti)聯“扶一(yi)代綱常秀才真(zhen)以天下任,奉千(qian)秋俎豆伊人(ren)宛在水中央”;還(huan)有(you)“古(gu)柏奇花芬芳滿(man)院(yuan)迷蝴蝶(die),寒潭(tan)(tan)高(gao)(gao)冢節(jie)烈千(qian)秋啼(ti)杜鵑”等等。薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang)后人(ren)詩人(ren)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)剛《祭薛(xue)(xue)(xue)爾(er)(er)望(wang)(wang)先(xian)生(sheng)文》道:“名山風(feng)(feng)脈(mo),賴(lai)人(ren)文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鎖翠;龍(long)(long)潭(tan)(tan)波(bo)蕩,漾久恒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精神。拜先(xian)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)墓(mu)穴,看高(gao)(gao)閣(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)起(qi)云(yun)(yun),望(wang)(wang)定風(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神塔,感正(zheng)氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)存。”表(biao)達(da)了(le)深切的(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)意和哀思。