洪椿坪(ping),因(yin)有(you)洪椿古(gu)樹(shu)(shu)得名。此樹(shu)(shu)高(gao)(gao)28米(mi)(mi),胸徑3、2米(mi)(mi),樹(shu)(shu)冠東(dong)西(xi)延伸30多(duo)米(mi)(mi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)齡(ling)樹(shu)(shu)種,又名白椿,葉(xie)呈(cheng)羽狀,盛夏(xia)(xia)季節一樹(shu)(shu)粉綠(lv),耐(nai)冬寒,抗污染(ran),所以能(neng)致高(gao)(gao)齡(ling)。早(zao)在公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)三百多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰國(guo)時代,道學家莊周(zhou)先生早(zao)將它(ta)喻為神樹(shu)(shu),作(zuo)(zuo)為大壽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征。這(zhe)一株,據專(zhuan)家鑒定(ding)足有(you)一千(qian)二百年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)齡(ling),至今長勢仍很(hen)健旺。這(zhe)里(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)樹(shu)(shu)很(hen)多(duo),尚(shang)有(you)千(qian)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羅漢(han)松,八百多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)孫樹(shu)(shu)和楨楠樹(shu)(shu),六百多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)香杉(shan)古(gu)柏和黃(huang)心夜合等等。古(gu)木成林,參天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)蔽日,陽(yang)光擠進林叢(cong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)疏隙,照射到鋪滿(man)(man)蒼苔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)道上。洪椿坪(ping)深(shen)(shen)深(shen)(shen)地衽藏(zang)在層層峰(feng)(feng)(feng)巒(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)懷(huai)抱之中(zhong)。后邊(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)池峰(feng)(feng)(feng)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)峰(feng)(feng)(feng),前(qian)邊(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)云(yun)(yun)霧(wu)繚繞(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白云(yun)(yun)峽,右(you)邊(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)空池峰(feng)(feng)(feng)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)峰(feng)(feng)(feng),前(qian)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)云(yun)(yun)霧(wu)繚繞(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白云(yun)(yun)峽,右(you)邊(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大坪(ping)嶺(ling),左邊(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)寶掌峰(feng)(feng)(feng)。氣候澤潤(run),常(chang)常(chang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)霧(wu)蒙蒙。尤(you)以清(qing)晨(chen),晨(chen)曦(xi)撫照在林叢(cong)之上,霧(wu)化為露,瀼(rang)瀼(rang)泠(ling)泠(ling),如(ru)粒(li)粒(li)晶瑩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無數珍珠,積滿(man)(man)了草叢(cong)和林梢,只聽見密密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)林叢(cong)中(zhong)沙沙作(zuo)(zuo)響,似(si)覺細雨(yu)沛然。頃刻(ke)間,濃(nong)霧(wu)彌(mi)漫,只聞人語(yu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)見人影,咫尺竟成了天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)涯。如(ru)綃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晨(chen)霧(wu),濕泣泣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帶(dai)著(zhu)山(shan)野里(li)(li)特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)香迎面(mian)年來(lai),使你感到格外(wai)清(qing)爽可(ke)人。這(zhe)里(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣漫無邊(bian)際較為穩(wen)定(ding),冬無嚴寒,夏(xia)(xia)無酷(ku)暑,有(you)著(zhu)四季常(chang)春之感。深(shen)(shen)谷(gu)里(li)(li)常(chang)常(chang)傳(chuan)來(lai)陣(zhen)(zhen)陣(zhen)(zhen)林濤,碧(bi)空中(zhong)隱隱回旋著(zhu)聲聲鳥(niao)語(yu)。確是(shi)(shi)(shi)個休閑頤養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)地方。連清(qing)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)康熙皇帝也贊口不(bu)(bu)(bu)絕,特(te)意題(ti)贈"忘塵慮"三字(zi),刻(ke)石留存寺中(zhong)至今猶見。此地上行仙峰(feng)(feng)(feng)寺15公(gong)里(li)(li),有(you)磴道七千(qian)多(duo)級(ji)(ji);下行清(qing)音閣6公(gong)里(li)(li),有(you)噔(deng)道三千(qian)多(duo)級(ji)(ji)。如(ru)果說鑒勝峨眉(mei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一篇詩章(zhang),這(zhe)里(li)(li)自然是(shi)(shi)(shi)承(cheng)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)段落。要欣(xin)賞這(zhe)"曉雨(yu)"之妙,以夜宿寺中(zhong)為宜。從(cong)夕陽(yang)西(xi)斜到黎明拂曉,還有(you)許多(duo)景色(se)可(ke)觀。這(zhe)里(li)(li)有(you)許多(duo)銀杏古(gu)樹(shu)(shu),一至清(qing)秋,扇(shan)葉(xie)金(jin)黃(huang),與滿(man)(man)山(shan)紅葉(xie)相互(hu)掩映,色(se)彩絢麗(li)柔美,故詩人在詩中(zhong)吟道"不(bu)(bu)(bu)盡霜楓萬里(li)(li)黃(huang)"。
洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun)坪上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)建(jian)有(you)洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun)寺(si)(si)(si),初由宋代(dai)(dai)僧(seng)人楚(chu)山性一(yi)(yi)禪(chan)師(shi)所建(jian),原名千佛禪(chan)院(yuan)(yuan),也稱千佛庵。明崇禎(zhen)四(si)年(nian)繼(ji)建(jian),清乾隆(long)四(si)十(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)曾毀于火(huo)。清乾隆(long)五十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(1790)峨(e)云禪(chan)師(shi)重建(jian)。因寺(si)(si)(si)前有(you)三(san)棵(ke)(ke)洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun)古(gu)樹,重建(jian)后的(de)(de)寺(si)(si)(si)廟也因此(ci)被(bei)叫做洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun)坪。這(zhe)三(san)棵(ke)(ke)洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun),一(yi)(yi)棵(ke)(ke)在(zai)寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)南面,在(zai)那次(ci)大火(huo)中(zhong)被(bei)焚(fen),但枯木(mu)至今(jin)不(bu)倒;另一(yi)(yi)棵(ke)(ke)在(zai)高(gao)巖邊(bian),約在(zai)百(bai)年(nian)前的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)巖崩中(zhong)掉(diao)于山下;一(yi)(yi)棵(ke)(ke)在(zai)寺(si)(si)(si)門(men)左側(ce)的(de)(de)密林(lin)(lin)中(zhong),至今(jin)仍存(cun)。此(ci)洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun)經專(zhuan)家(jia)鑒定(ding),樹齡至少在(zai)1500年(nian)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),被(bei)視為長壽樹。洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun),屬棟(dong)科落葉喬木(mu),胸徑可幾人合(he)抱,有(you)三(san)、四(si)丈高(gao)。傳(chuan)說(shuo),五百(bai)年(nian)開一(yi)(yi)次(ci)花,五百(bai)年(nian)結一(yi)(yi)次(ci)果。洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun)寺(si)(si)(si)建(jian)有(you)殿宇三(san)重,氣勢巍(wei)峨(e),蔚為壯觀。廊廡簡(jian)潔(jie),宏闊寬敞。洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun)寺(si)(si)(si)建(jian)筑(zhu)面積5000余平方(fang)(fang)米,主要(yao)建(jian)筑(zhu)有(you)觀音殿、千佛樓(lou)以及林(lin)(lin)森(sen)小院(yuan)(yuan)和禪(chan)堂、僧(seng)舍等(deng)等(deng)。大雄(xiong)寶(bao)殿中(zhong)供普賢像(xiang),左右(you)為十(shi)(shi)八羅(luo)漢(han)像(xiang),雕塑(su)俱(ju)佳。藏經樓(lou)內中(zhong)存(cun)有(you)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)寶(bao)物,那就(jiu)是懸掛于樓(lou)內的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)盞七方(fang)(fang)千佛蓮(lian)燈(deng)(deng),檀木(mu)雕琢精工彩飾。它高(gao)近2米,直徑1米,七方(fang)(fang)翹角,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下刻有(you)幾百(bai)尊(zun)佛像(xiang)。七方(fang)(fang)角柱上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)九龍(long)(long)盤柱,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)面還刻有(you)云龍(long)(long)怪獸以及神話故事圖案(an),八面玲瓏(long),數百(bai)尊(zun)生(sheng)動活(huo)潑的(de)(de)人物形象,組成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)幅(fu)幅(fu)神話故事圖景,是世間罕(han)有(you)的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)珍(zhen)(zhen)寶(bao)。燈(deng)(deng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)造像(xiang)佛教、道教和平共處,亦(yi)不(bu)多(duo)(duo)見(jian)。七方(fang)(fang)千佛蓮(lian)燈(deng)(deng)設計(ji)巧(qiao)妙、工藝(yi)精湛(zhan),令人稱頌,是寺(si)(si)(si)內珍(zhen)(zhen)藏的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)珍(zhen)(zhen)品之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。據說(shuo)是法(fa)能(neng)和尚在(zai)清朝(chao)末年(nian)所制(zhi)。洪(hong)(hong)椿(chun)(chun)(chun)坪上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),觀音殿的(de)(de)右(you)前方(fang)(fang)有(you)一(yi)(yi)泓清泉(quan)(quan),人稱“錫(xi)(xi)杖(zhang)泉(quan)(quan)”。相傳(chuan),明代(dai)(dai)時的(de)(de)香火(huo)旺(wang)盛,僧(seng)眾云集(ji),寺(si)(si)(si)僧(seng)人數多(duo)(duo)時高(gao)達千人以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。但寺(si)(si)(si)廟里(li)缺水,寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)住持德(de)心禪(chan)師(shi)持杖(zhang)祈禱,用錫(xi)(xi)杖(zhang)鑿巖引水,感(gan)動了天池仙女,就(jiu)給(gei)這(zhe)里(li)送來(lai)了一(yi)(yi)股清泉(quan)(quan)。時至今(jin)日,錫(xi)(xi)杖(zhang)泉(quan)(quan)依(yi)舊四(si)季不(bu)枯,甘甜清冽。
洪椿坪古寺(si)(si)始建于明(ming)朝萬歷年間,初(chu)取名(ming)(ming)“千佛庵”,明(ming)朝末重(zhong)修,后因寺(si)(si)所在地叫洪椿坪,便以地名(ming)(ming)改(gai)寺(si)(si)為洪椿坪。在峨眉(mei)山中(zhong)名(ming)(ming)氣大增。洪椿坪內(nei)珍貴文物數不勝數。
一(yi)(yi)是(shi)楹(ying)聯(lian)眾(zhong)多,且(qie)品位較高。如“一(yi)(yi)粒米中藏世界,半邊鍋內煮(zhu)乾坤”,“處己何妨真面目,待人總要(yao)大肚皮”。寓(yu)意深刻,發人深省(sheng)。尤(you)其(qi)值(zhi)得(de)一(yi)(yi)提的,是(shi)觀(guan)音殿(dian)門坊上1921年四川什邡(fang)人馮慶樾撰寫的雙百字長聯(lian),是(shi)峨眉山(shan)楹(ying)聯(lian)中聯(lian)語長者:“峨眉畫(hua)不成,且(qie)到洪(hong)椿(chun),看四壁蒼茫;螢然(ran)(ran)天池(chi)蔭屋,泠然(ran)(ran)清(qing)音當(dang)門,悠然(ran)(ran)象嶺(ling)飛(fei)霞,皎然(ran)(ran)龍溪(xi)濺雪;群峰森劍笏,長林曲徑(jing),分外幽深。許(xu)(xu)多古柏寒松,虬(qiu)枝偃蹇(jian);許(xu)(xu)多琪花瑤草(cao),錦彩斑燦。客若來游,總宜(yi)放開眼孔,領略些曉雨潤(run)玉,夕(xi)陽燦金(jin),晴煙鋪(pu)綿,夜月舒練。臨濟(ji)宗無(wu)恙(yang),重提公案,數幾個老輩(bei):遠哉寶掌住錫(xi),卓哉繡頭結茅,智哉楚山(shan)建院(yuan),奇哉德心咒泉,千眾(zhong)靜安居(ju),凈業慧因,畢(bi)生精進。有時機鋒(feng)棒喝,蔓(man)語拋除;有時說(shuo)法(fa)傳經,蒲團參(can)究。真空了(le)悟,何嘗(chang)障(zhang)礙神通(tong),才感化白犬(quan)銜書,青猿洗缽(bo),野(ye)鳥念佛,修蛇應(ying)齋。”這副對聯(lian)應(ying)對工整,文彩飛(fei)揚。上聯(lian)描繪峨眉毓秀的山(shan)景,下聯(lian)則(ze)緬懷(huai)寺中大德高僧(seng),自然(ran)(ran)景觀(guan),人文歷史,巧寓(yu)其(qi)中。
千佛蓮燈
二是這(zhe)觀(guan)音殿樓上的這(zhe)盞(zhan)木制千(qian)佛蓮燈,高2.25米,直(zhi)徑1.2米,七條金龍盤柱,200余尊(zun)佛像雕嵌其上,是一件難得的藝術珍(zhen)品。
木質“正明司碑”
三是寺(si)內(nei)還保(bao)存有一(yi)(yi)通(tong)清(qing)(qing)(qing)朝乾隆年間的(de)(de)(de)木質“正(zheng)明(ming)司碑”,記述為漢藏(zang)兩種文(wen)(wen)字所書,藏(zang)傳佛教徒朝拜(bai)峨眉山始略。此碑是四川的(de)(de)(de)木質藏(zang)漢文(wen)(wen)木碑,有著(zhu)很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)料(liao)價(jia)值(zhi)。這墻上“洪(hong)椿(chun)曉雨(yu)”四字記載了洪(hong)椿(chun)坪(ping)這里特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)自然奇景,它是“峨眉山十景”之一(yi)(yi)。這里由(you)于環寺(si)皆山,林密森森,陽光很難穿透樹(shu)蔭,所以空氣(qi)濕(shi)度大,水蒸氣(qi)不易散發(fa)。一(yi)(yi)到清(qing)(qing)(qing)晨,氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)清(qing)(qing)(qing)冷(leng),濕(shi)潤(run)的(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)便凝聚成微小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)水粒(li),似雨(yu)似霧,隨山風(feng)撲(pu)面而(er)來,無聲無息,無形無影,潤(run)衣(yi)而(er)不濕(shi)衣(yi),沁(qin)人心扉(fei)而(er)不寒冷(leng)肌膚(fu),甜甜的(de)(de)(de),綿綿的(de)(de)(de),給人一(yi)(yi)種清(qing)(qing)(qing)心的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)柔(rou)。這里是一(yi)(yi)個天然的(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)浴場,在(zai)這里小(xiao)憩(qi),可以洗(xi)去你(ni)一(yi)(yi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)旅(lv)途疲勞,也(ye)可以滌凈你(ni)心中的(de)(de)(de)憂愁和(he)煩惱。
“錫杖泉”
寺中(zhong)有(you)小方池,名(ming)叫“錫杖泉(quan)(quan)”。過(guo)去這(zhe)里用水(shui)全靠它(ta)的奉獻(xian)。傳說(shuo)德心大(da)師率領門人鑿山開溪(xi)從(cong)天池峰引(yin)來泉(quan)(quan)水(shui),后人將此(ci)事(shi)神(shen)話了,說(shuo)是大(da)師一邊用手中(zhong)禪杖叩擊(ji)山崖,一邊口(kou)中(zhong)念念有(you)詞,雖然泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)自地涌出,“錫杖泉(quan)(quan)”的美(mei)名(ming)便由此(ci)不(bu)脛(jing)而(er)走。
洪(hong)椿(chun)曉雨(yu)潤客衣,錫杖(zhang)泉(quan)水沁人心(xin)。洪(hong)椿(chun)坪林(lin)深、廟(miao)靜、水清、氣(qi)朗,確實是(shi)游人駐足的(de)(de)仙境,所(suo)以也(ye)曾引(yin)來過一個重(zhong)要的(de)(de)歷史人物,他(ta)(ta)就是(shi)原國(guo)民政府(fu)主席林(lin)森(sen)。1939年他(ta)(ta)曾在此世外桃源一住便(bian)是(shi)80天。“洪(hong)椿(chun)坪”、“大雄(xiong)寶殿”匾便(bian)是(shi)他(ta)(ta)當(dang)年留下的(de)(de)墨跡(ji)。
洪椿寺(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局(ju)是(shi)正(zheng)面(mian)中(zhong)路為(wei)山(shan)(shan)門(men),山(shan)(shan)門(men)內左右(you)分別為(wei)鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)、鼓樓(lou)(lou),正(zheng)面(mian)是(shi)天王(wang)殿(dian)(dian),殿(dian)(dian)內有(you)四(si)大(da)(da)金剛塑(su)像,后面(mian)依次為(wei)大(da)(da)雄寶殿(dian)(dian)和藏經(jing)樓(lou)(lou),僧(seng)房、齋堂則分列(lie)正(zheng)中(zhong)路左右(you)兩側(ce)。大(da)(da)雄寶殿(dian)(dian)是(shi)佛(fo)(fo)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)中(zhong)重要、龐(pang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),“大(da)(da)雄”即為(wei)佛(fo)(fo)祖(zu)釋加牟(mou)尼。隋唐以前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)寺(si)(si)(si)(si),一般在(zai)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)前(qian)或宅院(yuan)中(zhong)心造(zao)塔(ta),隋唐以后,佛(fo)(fo)殿(dian)(dian)普遍代(dai)替了(le)佛(fo)(fo)塔(ta),寺(si)(si)(si)(si)廟(miao)內大(da)(da)都另(ling)辟(pi)塔(ta)院(yuan)。中(zhong)國佛(fo)(fo)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)不論規模地點(dian),其建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)布(bu)局(ju)是(shi)有(you)一定(ding)規律的(de)(de)(de):平(ping)面(mian)方形,以山(shan)(shan)門(men)殿(dian)(dian)———天王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)———大(da)(da)雄寶殿(dian)(dian)———本寺(si)(si)(si)(si)主(zhu)供菩薩殿(dian)(dian)———法堂———藏經(jing)樓(lou)(lou)這條(tiao)南(nan)北(bei)縱深軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)來組織空間,對稱(cheng)穩(wen)重且整(zheng)飭嚴(yan)謹(jin)。沿著這條(tiao)中(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線(xian),前(qian)后建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)起承轉合(he),宛若一曲前(qian)呼后應(ying)、氣(qi)韻生動的(de)(de)(de)樂(le)章(zhang)。中(zhong)國寺(si)(si)(si)(si)廟(miao)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)之(zhi)美就(jiu)響應(ying)在(zai)群(qun)山(shan)(shan)、松柏、流水、殿(dian)(dian)落與亭(ting)廊的(de)(de)(de)相互呼應(ying)之(zhi)間,含蓄溫(wen)蘊,展示(shi)出(chu)組合(he)變(bian)幻所賦予的(de)(de)(de)和諧(xie)、寧靜及韻味(wei)。中(zhong)國古人在(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)格(ge)局(ju)上(shang)有(you)很深的(de)(de)(de)陰陽宇宙觀和崇尚對稱(cheng)、秩序(xu)、穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)美心理。因此中(zhong)國佛(fo)(fo)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)融(rong)合(he)了(le)中(zhong)國特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)祀(si)祖(zu)宗、天地的(de)(de)(de)功能,仍然是(shi)平(ping)面(mian)方形、南(nan)北(bei)中(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)布(bu)局(ju)、對稱(cheng)穩(wen)重且整(zheng)飭嚴(yan)謹(jin)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)體(ti)。此外,園(yuan)林式建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)格(ge)局(ju)的(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)在(zai)中(zhong)國也(ye)較普遍。這兩種藝術格(ge)局(ju)使(shi)中(zhong)國寺(si)(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)既有(you)典雅莊重的(de)(de)(de)廟(miao)堂氣(qi)氛,又(you)極富自(zi)然情趣,且意境深遠(yuan)。
介紹
洪椿寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)--中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)藝術(shu)瑰寶庫,它是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)悠久(jiu)歷史文(wen)化的(de)象征。從(cong)廣(guang)義上來說,寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)廟不(bu)僅僅與佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)家有(you)關(guan)。但在佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)(zhong),寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)廟就有(you)許多(duo)種(zhong)稱(cheng)謂:如(ru)(ru)“寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)”,并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)指佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)廟,從(cong)秦代以來通常(chang)將官(guan)舍稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。在漢代把(ba)接待從(cong)西方來的(de)高僧居住的(de)地方也(ye)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),從(cong)此之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),“寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)”便逐漸成為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)建筑(zhu)的(de)專(zhuan)稱(cheng)。“寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)”是(shi)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)傳到中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)后(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人為(wei)(wei)尊重(zhong)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),對佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)建筑(zhu)的(de)新稱(cheng)呼(hu)。如(ru)(ru)白馬寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、大(da)召(zhao)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)等。除此之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),如(ru)(ru)庵,那(nei)(nei)是(shi)尼姑(gu)居住的(de)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)廟。還有(you)石窟,那(nei)(nei)是(shi)開鑿(zao)在山崖上的(de)石洞(dong),是(shi)早期(qi)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)建筑(zhu)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)。印度早期(qi)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)多(duo)用這種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)。印度佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)石窟的(de)形(xing)式(shi)有(you)兩種(zhong),一(yi)種(zhong)為(wei)(wei)精舍式(shi)僧房,方形(xing)小洞(dong),正面(mian)開門(men),三(san)面(mian)開鑿(zao)小龕,供僧人在龕內坐地修行;一(yi)種(zhong)為(wei)(wei)支提窟,山洞(dong)面(mian)積較大(da),洞(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)靠后(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)央立一(yi)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)塔,塔前供信徒集會拜(bai)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)。在蒙(meng)古語中(zhong)(zhong)稱(cheng)“寺(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)”為(wei)(wei)“召(zhao)”。如(ru)(ru)大(da)召(zhao)、五當召(zhao)等。另(ling)外(wai),有(you)稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)布達(da)拉宮、普(pu)陀宗乘之(zhi)(zhi)廟等.
在(zai)道(dao)教中(zhong),寺廟(miao)的(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)謂也很多:道(dao)教創立之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,其宗(zong)教組織(zhi)和(he)活動場(chang)所(suo)(suo)皆(jie)以“治(zhi)”稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“廬”、“靖”、也稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)靜寶。在(zai)南北朝時,道(dao)教的(de)活動場(chang)所(suo)(suo)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呼為(wei)(wei)(wei)仙(xian)館。北周武(wu)帝(di)時,道(dao)教活動場(chang)所(suo)(suo)的(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呼叫(jiao)“觀”,取觀星望氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。到了唐朝,因(yin)皇(huang)帝(di)認老子為(wei)(wei)(wei)祖宗(zong),而皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)居(ju)所(suo)(suo)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“宮(gong)”,所(suo)(suo)以道(dao)教建筑也稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“宮(gong)”了。其它還有叫(jiao)“院(yuan)”、“祠(ci)(ci)”的(de),如(ru)文(wen)(wen)殊院(yuan)、碧霞(xia)祠(ci)(ci)等。儒家則稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“廟(miao)”、“宮(gong)”、“壇”,如(ru)孔廟(miao)、文(wen)(wen)廟(miao),雍(yong)和(he)宮(gong),天壇等。伊斯蘭教稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“寺”,如(ru)清真寺等。天主(zhu)教稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“教堂(tang)”。在(zai)原始或(huo)(huo)(huo)民間(jian)中(zhong),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“廟(miao)”、“祠(ci)(ci)”,如(ru)舊時奉祀祖宗(zong)、神佛或(huo)(huo)(huo)前代賢哲的(de)地方。叫(jiao)太廟(miao)、中(zhong)岳(yue)(yue)廟(miao)、西岳(yue)(yue)廟(miao)、南岳(yue)(yue)廟(miao)、北岳(yue)(yue)廟(miao)、岱廟(miao)等。如(ru)祖廟(miao)、祠(ci)(ci)堂(tang)(祭祀祖宗(zong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)先賢的(de)廟(miao)堂(tang)),有武(wu)侯祠(ci)(ci)、韓文(wen)(wen)公(gong)祠(ci)(ci)等.
文化
洪椿寺(si)(si)(si)寺(si)(si)(si)廟(miao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)它完整地保存(cun)了(le)中國(guo)各個朝代(dai)的(de)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu),在國(guo)家公布的(de)全國(guo)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)中,寺(si)(si)(si)廟(miao)及(ji)相關(guan)設(she)施約(yue)占一(yi)半(ban),謂之“歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)的(de)保險庫”,乃當之不(bu)愧。寺(si)(si)(si)廟(miao)建(jian)筑(zhu)與傳(chuan)統宮殿(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)形式(shi)相結(jie)合,具有鮮明民族風格和民俗特色。同時,寺(si)(si)(si)廟(miao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)已滲透到我們(men)生活的(de)各個方(fang)(fang)面:如(ru)天(tian)文(wen)(wen)、地理(li)、建(jian)筑(zhu)、繪(hui)畫、書法、雕刻、音樂、舞蹈、文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)、廟(miao)會、民俗等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng).各地一(yi)年(nian)一(yi)度的(de)廟(miao)會如(ru)火如(ru)荼,不(bu)僅豐富了(le)各地的(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)氛圍,同時促(cu)進了(le)地方(fang)(fang)旅游業的(de)發展(zhan).
入寺(si)須(xu)知(zhi)(zhi),佛(fo)教講規矩,出家人(ren)(ren)(ren)有“三(san)千(qian)威儀,八萬細行(xing)(xing)”,講究行(xing)(xing)住坐(zuo)臥不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)離法(fa)度。那么(me)居士與(yu)游(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)香客進(jin)入道場,又該遵(zun)循一(yi)些什(shen)么(me)規矩呢(ni)?下(xia)面(mian)羅列幾條(tiao)以(yi)供參考:1、入寺(si):入寺(si)之(zhi)后(hou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)間行(xing)(xing),進(jin)退(tui)俱當順著左(zuo)臂行(xing)(xing)走,入得殿(dian)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),帽及手杖等(deng)物,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)向(xiang)香案(an)或(huo)佛(fo)桌上安放(fang);2、禮(li)拜(bai):大(da)殿(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)拜(bai)墊是寺(si)主所用,外人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)在(zai)上禮(li)拜(bai),宜(yi)在(zai)兩旁拜(bai)墊上禮(li)拜(bai)。凡(fan)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)禮(li)拜(bai),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)從他(ta)的(de)前(qian)頭(tou)經(jing)過(guo);3、閱(yue)經(jing):寺(si)中(zhong)(zhong)若有公開閱(yue)覽(lan)的(de)經(jing)書,宜(yi)從容(rong)翻閱(yue)。須(xu)先凈手,端身正坐(zuo)放(fang)案(an)上閱(yue)讀,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)放(fang)置膝上,更不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得褻瀆;4、見僧(seng)(seng)人(ren)(ren)(ren):凡(fan)見僧(seng)(seng)人(ren)(ren)(ren),宜(yi)合掌稱法(fa)師(shi)或(huo)師(shi)傅,向(xiang)他(ta)禮(li)拜(bai)時(shi)(shi),他(ta)若說(shuo)一(yi)拜(bai),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必強行(xing)(xing)多拜(bai)。在(zai)殿(dian)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)見僧(seng)(seng)人(ren)(ren)(ren),宜(yi)先禮(li)佛(fo),然后(hou)再(zai)說(shuo)頂禮(li)師(shi)傅,作禮(li)時(shi)(shi)亦當面(mian)向(xiang)佛(fo)像頂禮(li);5、法(fa)器:寺(si)中(zhong)(zhong)磬(qing)、木魚、鐘(zhong)鼓等(deng)法(fa)器為龍天眼(yan)目,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)擅自嬉戲敲打,袈裟、海青等(deng)物不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)亂(luan)動;6、聽(ting)(ting)經(jing):殿(dian)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)若有法(fa)師(shi)講經(jing),宜(yi)隨眾(zhong)禮(li)拜(bai)入座,以(yi)恭(gong)敬心聽(ting)(ting)聞。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得向(xiang)熟人(ren)(ren)(ren)打招呼(hu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得起坐(zuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定(ding),閑談嬉笑(xiao),影響他(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。如有事不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能聽(ting)(ting)完,但向(xiang)法(fa)師(shi)合掌問訊,肅靜而(er)退(tui);7、用齋(zhai):如在(zai)寺(si)院(yuan)用齋(zhai),經(jing)客堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)同(tong)意后(hou),聞前(qian)椎隨眾(zhong)徐徐進(jin)入齋(zhai)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),宜(yi)坐(zuo)于僧(seng)(seng)眾(zhong)之(zhi)下(xia)坐(zuo)或(huo)后(hou)排,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得語笑(xiao)喧嘩,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得翹腿而(er)坐(zuo);8、會(hui)客:若需會(hui)見在(zai)寺(si)院(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)熟悉的(de)師(shi)傅或(huo)居士,宜(yi)去客堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)向(xiang)知(zhi)(zhi)客師(shi)秉白,待知(zhi)(zhi)客通知(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)方可(ke)與(yu)熟人(ren)(ren)(ren)會(hui)見交談,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)自作主張(zhang)進(jin)入僧(seng)(seng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)寮房或(huo)客房。