電動車蓄電池的使用和保養

鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)現在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動車主要采用(yong)(yong)的電(dian)(dian)池，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池不是(shi)用(yong)(yong)壞(huai)的而(er)是(shi)充(chong)壞(huai)的，決非危言聳聽，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)性能好壞(huai)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命和使(shi)用(yong)(yong)性能起著舉(ju)足輕重的作用(yong)(yong)，必須重視。

1、蓄(xu)電池(chi)的(de)放(fang)(fang)電深(shen)度(du)對(dui)蓄(xu)電池(chi)循環使(shi)用壽命(ming)影響很大，這(zhe)是因(yin)為放(fang)(fang)電深(shen)度(du)越(yue)深(shen)，電極膨脹收縮量(liang)越(yue)大，正(zheng)極的(de)活性(xing)物(wu)質脫落越(yue)多，從而失(shi)去放(fang)(fang)電特(te)性(xing)，性(xing)能下降，直至壽命(ming)終止。所以蓄(xu)電池(chi)使(shi)用時(shi)應盡量(liang)避免(mian)深(shen)度(du)放(fang)(fang)電，做(zuo)到淺(qian)放(fang)(fang)勤(qin)充，一般(ban)情況應做(zuo)到：蓄(xu)電池(chi)以放(fang)(fang)電深(shen)度(du)為50%-70%時(shi)充一次電最(zui)佳。

2、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓后，繼續(xu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）會嚴重損害蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，這是因為此時(shi)(shi)極易形成不可(ke)逆硫酸鹽(yan)化，從而使(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復(fu)能(neng)力變差，甚(shen)至無法(fa)修復(fu)。所以蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用時(shi)(shi)應防止過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，“欠(qian)壓保(bao)護”是有效的措施。“欠(qian)壓保(bao)護”措施是由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)控制(zhi)器(qi)控制(zhi)的，但(dan)因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)儀表(biao)和指示(shi)燈等耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)不受控制(zhi)器(qi)控制(zhi)，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)鎖一旦合上(shang)就開始用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，雖然電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流小，但(dan)若長時(shi)(shi)間放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會出(chu)現過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此，不得(de)長時(shi)(shi)間開鎖，不用時(shi)(shi)應立即關掉。

3、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流應小(xiao)于(yu)或等于(yu)蓄電(dian)池可(ke)以接受的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流，否則(ze)，過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)產生(sheng)的過(guo)剩電(dian)流會使電(dian)解水(shui)液過(guo)快地(di)消耗掉，并產生(sheng)嚴重的析氣現(xian)象(xiang)，時間長(chang)了將使充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)變(bian)得(de)十(shi)分(fen)困難，所以充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時因(yin)盡可(ke)能防止(zhi)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。正(zheng)規(gui)廠家生(sheng)產的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器可(ke)確保不對電(dian)池過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。

4、鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)尤其怕虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放置(zhi)3-7天(tian)，將有(you)可能永久損壞，因此，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用(yong)過后請盡快充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)于長(chang)期不使用(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，應每隔15天(tian)左右對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次，以補償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存放時的自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量損失。

5、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)高溫季節運行，主要(yao)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)問題。因(yin)此，夏天應(ying)盡(jin)量降低蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫度，保(bao)證良好的(de)散熱(re)，防止(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)烈日暴曬后(hou)即充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并應(ying)遠離(li)熱(re)源。在(zai)(zai)低溫情況下，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)主要(yao)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能力(li)差、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)問題。低溫時(shi)應(ying)采取保(bao)溫防凍措施，特別是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)應(ying)放在(zai)(zai)溫暖(nuan)的(de)環境中，有(you)利于(yu)保(bao)證充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，防止(zhi)(zhi)不可逆硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽化的(de)產生，延長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)使用壽命。

6、一般情況下，放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度較大的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池使用壽命(ming)在1年(nian)左右(you)，放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度在50%-70%的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)在1年(nian)半左右(you)。個別(bie)廠家生(sheng)產的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池可以(yi)達到2年(nian)以(yi)上。