電動車蓄電池的使用和保養

鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)是(shi)(shi)現在電(dian)動車主(zhu)要采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)，蓄電(dian)池(chi)不是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壞(huai)(huai)的(de)而是(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)壞(huai)(huai)的(de)，決(jue)非危言聳(song)聽(ting)，蓄電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)性能(neng)好壞(huai)(huai)對(dui)蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽命和使用(yong)(yong)性能(neng)起著(zhu)舉足(zu)輕(qing)重(zhong)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)，必(bi)須(xu)重(zhong)視。

1、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)循(xun)環(huan)使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)影(ying)響(xiang)很大(da)，這是因為(wei)(wei)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度越深(shen)，電(dian)(dian)極膨脹收(shou)縮量越大(da)，正極的活性(xing)物(wu)質脫落越多，從(cong)而(er)失去(qu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)特性(xing)，性(xing)能下降(jiang)，直(zhi)至(zhi)壽命(ming)(ming)終止。所(suo)以蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)時應(ying)(ying)盡量避免深(shen)度放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，做到(dao)淺放(fang)(fang)勤(qin)充，一般情況應(ying)(ying)做到(dao)：蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)以放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深(shen)度為(wei)(wei)50%-70%時充一次電(dian)(dian)最佳。

2、蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)到終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)后，繼續(xu)放電(dian)(dian)（過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)）會(hui)嚴重損害蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池，這是因(yin)為此(ci)時(shi)(shi)極易形成不可逆硫酸鹽化，從而(er)使充電(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復(fu)能力(li)變(bian)差，甚(shen)至無(wu)法(fa)修復(fu)。所以(yi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池使用時(shi)(shi)應(ying)防止(zhi)過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)，“欠壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)”是有效(xiao)的措(cuo)施。“欠壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)”措(cuo)施是由電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)控制器(qi)(qi)控制的，但因(yin)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)儀表和(he)指示燈(deng)等耗電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)不受控制器(qi)(qi)控制，所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)鎖(suo)一旦合上(shang)就(jiu)開始用電(dian)(dian)，雖然電(dian)(dian)流小，但若長時(shi)(shi)間放電(dian)(dian)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)會(hui)出(chu)現過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)。因(yin)此(ci)，不得長時(shi)(shi)間開鎖(suo)，不用時(shi)(shi)應(ying)立即關掉。

3、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流應小于或(huo)等于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池可以接受(shou)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，否則(ze)，過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)的(de)過剩電(dian)(dian)(dian)流會(hui)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)水液過快地消耗掉，并產生(sheng)嚴重的(de)析氣現象(xiang)，時間長了將使(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變得十分困難，所(suo)以充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時因盡可能防止(zhi)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。正(zheng)規(gui)廠家生(sheng)產的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器可確保不對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

4、鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)尤其怕(pa)虧電(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，虧電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)置3-7天，將有可能(neng)永久損壞，因此，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用(yong)過后請盡快充電(dian)(dian)。對于(yu)長(chang)期不(bu)使用(yong)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，應(ying)每隔15天左右對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)一次，以補償電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存放(fang)時的自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)損失。

5、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)季節運行，主要(yao)存在(zai)過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的問題。因(yin)此(ci)，夏(xia)天(tian)應(ying)盡量降(jiang)低蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度，保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)良(liang)好(hao)的散熱，防(fang)止在(zai)烈日暴曬后即充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并應(ying)遠離熱源。在(zai)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)情況下，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)主要(yao)存在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)能力差、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)的問題。低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)時應(ying)采取保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)防(fang)凍措施，特別是充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時應(ying)放在(zai)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)暖的環境中，有(you)利于(yu)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，防(fang)止不可逆(ni)硫酸鹽(yan)化的產生，延長蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使用(yong)壽命(ming)。

6、一(yi)般情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，放(fang)電(dian)深度較大的(de)蓄電(dian)池使用壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)在1年(nian)左右，放(fang)電(dian)深度在50%-70%的(de)蓄電(dian)池壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)在1年(nian)半左右。個別廠家(jia)生產的(de)蓄電(dian)池可以達到(dao)2年(nian)以上。