現代農資物流(liu)建設存(cun)在的問題 如何(he)加快(kuai)農村現代流(liu)通體系建設
農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)流(liu)通體(ti)系是(shi)我國(guo)社(she)會主義市(shi)場經濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)系的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部(bu)分,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)流(liu)通在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)經濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展中具有“先導”作用。進(jin)一步(bu)搞活農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)流(liu)通,繁榮農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)市(shi)場,對促進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)增(zeng)收(shou)、引(yin)導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)消費,保持農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)經濟(ji)(ji)又(you)好又(you)快發(fa)展具有重(zhong)要(yao)意義。建(jian)立(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)現代流(liu)通體(ti)系是(shi)建(jian)設社(she)會主義新農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容,是(shi)廣大農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)企盼(pan)。
一、農村流通體系建設存在的問題
農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)系(xi)主要包括(kuo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)資料流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)系(xi)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)副產(chan)(chan)品(pin)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)系(xi)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)日用消費(fei)(fei)品(pin)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)系(xi)、再生(sheng)資源回收利(li)用體(ti)系(xi)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場運(yun)行(xing)監測體(ti)系(xi)等方(fang)面。近年來,隨(sui)著各項支(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)惠農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政策的(de)(de)(de)逐步落實,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)現代(dai)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)網(wang)絡(luo)建(jian)(jian)設(she)加(jia)快,多形式(shi)、多渠道的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)購(gou)銷(xiao)體(ti)系(xi)初步建(jian)(jian)立,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場日趨活躍(yue),涌現出(chu)了一批(pi)擁有(you)著名品(pin)牌的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)企業(ye)(ye)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場規模(mo)不(bu)斷擴大(da),農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)消費(fei)(fei)結構(gou)升級加(jia)快,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場消費(fei)(fei)水(shui)平不(bu)斷提(ti)高。交易方(fang)式(shi)和(he)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)業(ye)(ye)態(tai)進一步提(ti)升,連鎖經(jing)營(ying)、物流(liu)配(pei)送(song)(song)、電(dian)子商務(wu)等現代(dai)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)方(fang)式(shi)和(he)小型超市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、便(bian)利(li)店等新型流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)業(ye)(ye)態(tai)開始從城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)走向農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)交易由過去的(de)(de)(de)傳統集(ji)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)貿易擴展到專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)批(pi)發、“訂單”購(gou)銷(xiao)、拍賣(mai)和(he)期貨交易等現代(dai)方(fang)式(shi),農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)綜合市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場、電(dian)子商務(wu)等發展迅速;農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)資連鎖配(pei)送(song)(song)發展勢頭較好,分(fen)銷(xiao)、直銷(xiao)、超市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、總代(dai)理(li)、總經(jing)銷(xiao)等多種經(jing)營(ying)模(mo)式(shi)蓬勃發展。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場主體(ti)呈多元(yuan)化格局,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)經(jing)紀人、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)運(yun)銷(xiao)大(da)戶、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)合作組織和(he)相關龍頭企業(ye)(ye),構(gou)成了農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)雖然取得了一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)成績,但與城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)系(xi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)相比還(huan)處(chu)于(yu)比較落后的(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai),表現在以下(xia)幾個方(fang)面:
(一)流通方式和經營業態仍然比較落后
據(ju)有關(guan)資料(liao)顯示,目前我國農(nong)村市場(chang)實行連鎖經營的(de)交(jiao)易(yi)額占農(nong)村總交(jiao)易(yi)額的(de)比(bi)重不足10%,夫妻店、食雜店仍然是農(nong)村生活消費(fei)品(pin)流通(tong)(tong)的(de)主要形式,農(nong)村超(chao)市等新(xin)型業(ye)態發展滯后(hou)。而且,由于交(jiao)易(yi)方式落(luo)后(hou),流通(tong)(tong)技術滯后(hou),導致水果蔬菜等農(nong)副產品(pin)在采(cai)摘、運輸、儲存等環節(jie)上的(de)損失率較(jiao)高。
(二)農村流通體系建設缺乏整體規劃
目(mu)前(qian)城市商業網(wang)點(dian)布局(ju)已經(jing)制定了整體(ti)規劃,但由于對農(nong)村(cun)流通(tong)體(ti)系(xi)建設(she)缺乏足夠的認(ren)識,重視(shi)不夠,造(zao)成農(nong)村(cun)商業網(wang)點(dian)整體(ti)規劃缺失。
(三)政府指導不夠,政策支持力度不大
政府信息(xi)引導不夠,農(nong)副(fu)(fu)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)供給與市場需求信息(xi)不對(dui)(dui)稱,農(nong)民想種(zhong)什么(me)就種(zhong)什么(me),隨(sui)意性大,“訂單農(nong)業”發展遲緩,部分農(nong)副(fu)(fu)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)銷售渠道不暢通(tong),農(nong)民豐產(chan)不豐收。政府對(dui)(dui)農(nong)村流(liu)通(tong)體系建(jian)設政策上的支持力度不大。
(四)缺乏監管,假冒偽劣產品肆虐農村市場
由個體(ti)商(shang)戶構成的(de)(de)農村(cun)流通體(ti)系(xi),其運行方式和(he)交易(yi)行為很(hen)不規范,政府(fu)監管(guan)難以到(dao)位(wei),缺乏嚴格的(de)(de)市場準入制度(du)和(he)健(jian)全的(de)(de)商(shang)品質量檢測制度(du),加(jia)之農民(min)鑒別能力低,致使假冒(mao)(mao)偽劣商(shang)品肆虐農村(cun)市場,給農民(min)利益造(zao)成巨大損害。農民(min)吃的(de)(de)(如(ru)(ru)鹽、味(wei)精(jing)、奶粉等)、用的(de)(de)(如(ru)(ru)牙膏、化肥等)、種的(de)(de)(如(ru)(ru)種子)假冒(mao)(mao)多,劣質品多。
(五)農村專業經濟合作組織發展缺乏后勁
至(zhi)2006年(nian)底,湖(hu)南益陽市農民專(zhuan)業組織720個,這(zhe)些專(zhuan)業經濟組織為(wei)助(zhu)農增收、建設(she)(she)社會主義新農村(cun)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)了一(yi)定的(de)作用(yong),但仍存(cun)在小(xiao)、散、差等諸多問題,遠不(bu)能適應社會主義新農村(cun)建設(she)(she)的(de)需要。農村(cun)經紀人(ren)隊(dui)伍無論數量還是質量,尚不(bu)能滿足發(fa)(fa)展現代農村(cun)流通的(de)需要。
(六)農村流通基礎設施建設有待加強
目前(qian)不少農(nong)村的(de)農(nong)產品批發(fa)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)道路、供水(shui)等基礎設(she)(she)施陳舊,電子(zi)信息、冷藏(zang)等設(she)(she)備(bei)設(she)(she)施不完善(shan),服務功(gong)能單一,缺(que)乏信息服務、質量檢測、交易結算、垃圾處理(li)(li)等配套服務設(she)(she)施。部分農(nong)村市(shi)場(chang)的(de)管理(li)(li)比(bi)較滯后,重收費、輕(qing)服務現象突(tu)出,沿街為(wei)市(shi)、占道為(wei)市(shi)的(de)現象比(bi)較普遍(bian)。
關于農村現代流通體系建設的思考(2)
二、加快農村流通體系建設的建議
發(fa)達的(de)物(wu)流(liu)產業和完(wan)善的(de)市場體(ti)(ti)系,是現代農業的(de)重要保障。必須強化農村(cun)流(liu)通基礎設施建設,發(fa)展現代流(liu)通方式和新型流(liu)通業態,培(pei)育(yu)多(duo)元化、多(duo)層(ceng)次的(de)市場流(liu)通主體(ti)(ti),構建開放統一、競爭有序的(de)市場體(ti)(ti)系。
(一)盡快制定農村流通體系建設總體規劃
各級政府(fu)應將建(jian)立農(nong)村現(xian)(xian)代流通體系(xi)提(ti)上(shang)議事日(ri)(ri)程,組(zu)織(zhi)專門人員(yuan)開(kai)展全面調查,為出臺(tai)(tai)政策提(ti)供依據(ju)(ju)。各級政府(fu)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)商務(wu)部2006年10月(yue)20日(ri)(ri)出臺(tai)(tai)的《農(nong)村市場體系(xi)建(jian)設(she)“十一(yi)五”規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)》及相關文(wen)件,制定構建(jian)農(nong)村現(xian)(xian)代流通體系(xi)建(jian)設(she)總(zong)體規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua),將農(nong)村商業網(wang)點(dian)(dian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)與城市網(wang)點(dian)(dian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)統籌考慮(lv),納入整體規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua),實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)城鄉一(yi)體,合理布局(ju),協(xie)調發展;并成立由相關部門共同參與的專門機(ji)構,就規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的制定與實(shi)(shi)施實(shi)(shi)行統一(yi)協(xie)調和管理。
(二)加強宏觀指導,加大政策支持力度
1、政府要在農產品的生產和銷售方(fang)面加強宏觀指(zhi)導,盡快建(jian)立農產品市場信息服務(wu)平臺。
2、政府應(ying)給予(yu)資金(jin)扶(fu)(fu)持,一(yi)方(fang)面對農(nong)村流通體(ti)系(xi)的(de)基礎設(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)投入(如(ru)農(nong)產(chan)品交(jiao)易(yi)市場)實行(xing)財政貼息,另一(yi)方(fang)面設(she)(she)立專(zhuan)項資金(jin)對農(nong)村現(xian)代流通體(ti)系(xi)建設(she)(she)進行(xing)扶(fu)(fu)持(如(ru)農(nong)產(chan)品倉儲、物流和(he)電(dian)子商(shang)務系(xi)統),并逐年遞增(zeng)。
3、簡化連鎖企業(ye)證照辦(ban)理手續,放(fang)寬市(shi)場(chang)準入(ru)。
4、政府給予稅費(fei)政策優惠。
5、執行(xing)優惠電價政(zheng)策(ce)。
(三)加快農村現代消費品網絡建設
要抓住商(shang)務(wu)部(bu)在全國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)實施(shi)“萬村(cun)(cun)千鄉”市(shi)(shi)(shi)場工(gong)程的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)機遇,以(yi)(yi)(yi)縣城(cheng)和(he)中心(xin)城(cheng)鎮為(wei)(wei)重點(dian),以(yi)(yi)(yi)連(lian)鎖超(chao)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、便利店(dian)為(wei)(wei)主要流(liu)通(tong)(tong)形(xing)式(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)品下鄉和(he)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品進城(cheng)雙向(xiang)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)特色,逐步(bu)形(xing)成以(yi)(yi)(yi)大型商(shang)場、超(chao)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、物(wu)流(liu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)龍頭,以(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)流(liu)配送(song)、連(lian)鎖經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)紐帶,以(yi)(yi)(yi)鎮村(cun)(cun)兩級農(nong)(nong)家店(dian)為(wei)(wei)基本單位的(de)“小超(chao)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、大連(lian)鎖”、“小網點(dian)、大網絡(luo)”新(xin)型農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)現(xian)(xian)代流(liu)通(tong)(tong)網絡(luo)。引(yin)導(dao)信譽好、實力強(qiang)勁(jing)的(de)大型商(shang)場、超(chao)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、物(wu)流(liu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)向(xiang)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)延伸,創新(xin)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)品、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)資料下鄉的(de)新(xin)網絡(luo)、新(xin)模式(shi);以(yi)(yi)(yi)縣城(cheng)和(he)中心(xin)城(cheng)鎮為(wei)(wei)重點(dian),鼓勵多(duo)條經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)渠道、多(duo)種(zhong)經(jing)(jing)濟成份、多(duo)種(zhong)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)形(xing)式(shi)活(huo)躍農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場,積極培育和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)不同(tong)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)連(lian)鎖經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)、物(wu)流(liu)配送(song)、電子商(shang)務(wu)等現(xian)(xian)代流(liu)通(tong)(tong)方式(shi);大力發(fa)展(zhan)小型超(chao)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、倉儲式(shi)商(shang)店(dian)、專賣店(dian)等新(xin)型流(liu)通(tong)(tong)形(xing)式(shi),提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品的(de)食品安全性和(he)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)效率。
(四)大力發展訂單農業,建立暢通高效的農產品流通體系
政(zheng)府要引(yin)導(dao)和鼓勵農產品(pin)批發市場和零售企業(ye)與農產品(pin)生產基地建立長期的(de)產銷聯盟,要通過(guo)政(zheng)策扶持、典型示范(fan)、組織協調、提(ti)供服務、加強管理等辦法(fa),引(yin)導(dao)和支持訂單農業(ye)發展,逐步提(ti)高我市農業(ye)的(de)市場化程(cheng)度(du)。
(五)積極發展各種經濟合作組織、培育農村流通經紀人隊伍
采取政策(ce)措施對(dui)經(jing)紀(ji)人(ren)(ren)隊(dui)伍(wu)和(he)(he)各(ge)種經(jing)濟合(he)作(zuo)組(zu)織予以支持(chi)和(he)(he)引導(dao):一是(shi)(shi)(shi)加強(qiang)對(dui)合(he)作(zuo)組(zu)織的(de)(de)負責人(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)營銷(xiao)人(ren)(ren)員和(he)(he)經(jing)紀(ji)人(ren)(ren)隊(dui)伍(wu)的(de)(de)培訓;二是(shi)(shi)(shi)給他們創(chuang)造公(gong)平的(de)(de)信貸環(huan)境(jing);二是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)合(he)作(zuo)組(zu)織的(de)(de)自主品牌(pai)建(jian)設、信息(xi)網(wang)絡建(jian)設和(he)(he)質量(liang)認證(zheng)體系建(jian)設給予一定的(de)(de)資金獎勵或(huo)扶(fu)持(chi);四是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)經(jing)紀(ji)人(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)經(jing)濟合(he)作(zuo)組(zu)織通(tong)過獎勵的(de)(de)形式給予一定的(de)(de)稅收優(you)惠政策(ce);五是(shi)(shi)(shi)引導(dao)和(he)(he)支持(chi)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)合(he)作(zuo)組(zu)織逐步建(jian)設成(cheng)法人(ren)(ren)經(jing)濟實體,鼓(gu)勵農(nong)村(cun)(cun)合(he)作(zuo)組(zu)織按地(di)域和(he)(he)行(xing)業或(huo)專業進行(xing)橫(heng)向并聯(lian)和(he)(he)縱向串聯(lian),從(cong)而將其迅速做大、做強(qiang)。