【無土(tu)栽培技術(shu)】無土(tu)栽培有(you)哪些要(yao)求 無土(tu)栽培有(you)機蔬菜技術(shu)教程
基地選址:
有機(ji)蔬菜(cai)水(shui)肥一體化(hua)無(wu)土栽(zai)培基(ji)地(di)一般選(xuan)址于(yu)遠離(li)工業及人類污染的(de)地(di)區(qu),并要求地(di)勢(shi)平坦(tan)、交通便利(li)、電(dian)力充足,土壤(rang)(rang)、水(shui)源(yuan)及空(kong)氣等(deng)條件符合有機(ji)認(ren)證(zheng)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),即水(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量不低于(yu)《地(di)表水(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)》(GHZB 1—1999)IV類標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun);土壤(rang)(rang)要求按照國(guo)家《土壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)GB 15618—1995》,土質(zhi)至(zhi)少要達(da)到二(er)(er)級以(yi)上(shang)(shang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun);大氣環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量不低于(yu)《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣質(zhi)量標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)》(GB 3095—1996)二(er)(er)級標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。在人口密集(ji)、工業發達(da)的(de)地(di)區(qu),建立有機(ji)蔬菜(cai)基(ji)地(di)必(bi)須經過嚴(yan)格的(de)選(xuan)址并在與(yu)常規(gui)地(di)塊之間設立明顯的(de)隔離(li)帶,隔離(li)帶可以(yi)是河流或(huo)樹木林帶,若兩者結(jie)合則更佳。隔離(li)帶寬(kuan)要求10 m以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。
有機蔬菜水肥一體化無土栽培的主要設施:
有機蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)保護地設(she)施(shi)栽(zai)(zai)培為(wei)有機蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)生產(chan)提供質(zhi)量保證,便于有機蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)品質(zhi)的控(kong)制(zhi)。主要(yao)設(she)施(shi):大棚或溫室、栽(zai)(zai)培槽、水肥一體化灌溉系統、有機營養(yang)液配(pei)制(zhi)中心等(deng)。
1、大棚或溫(wen)室大棚可建長50 m、寬(kuan)6 m的塑料薄(bo)膜(mo)大棚(也可建連棟大棚),棚間間距(ju)2 m,棚兩側開上下寬(kuan)1.2 m、長48 m通風窗并覆蓋40~60目防(fang)(fang)蟲網(wang);溫(wen)室規(gui)格為(wei)長51 m,寬(kuan)10 m,溫(wen)室前安裝40~60目防(fang)(fang)蟲網(wang),上下寬(kuan)1.0~1.2 m。薄(bo)膜(mo)及防(fang)(fang)蟲網(wang)應覆蓋嚴密以有(you)效阻隔外(wai)源病蟲害的侵入。為(wei)了使(shi)有(you)機蔬菜(cai)采光良好,大棚走向以南北向為(wei)好,溫(wen)室以東西向為(wei)好。
2、大棚(peng)(peng)(peng)或(huo)(huo)溫(wen)室內建(jian)(jian)(jian)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)栽培(pei)(pei)槽建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)方法:用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(5 cm×12 cm×24 cm)疊砌成長(chang)(chang)(chang)條形栽培(pei)(pei)槽,內徑寬(kuan)96 cm(4磚(zhuan)(zhuan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)),外(wai)徑寬(kuan)120 cm(5磚(zhuan)(zhuan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)),槽間(jian)間(jian)距0.6m,槽高(gao)度(du)約20 cm(4層(ceng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)厚度(du))。50 m標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)大棚(peng)(peng)(peng)采用(yong)(yong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)槽栽培(pei)(pei),槽長(chang)(chang)(chang)24 m(100磚(zhuan)(zhuan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)),棚(peng)(peng)(peng)中(zhong)間(jian)空1 m,用(yong)(yong)于(yu)鋪(pu)設(she)灌溉管道接(jie)口、閘閥等設(she)施,棚(peng)(peng)(peng)兩頭空0.5 m,每(mei)個(ge)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)可(ke)(ke)以建(jian)(jian)(jian)6個(ge)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)栽培(pei)(pei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)槽(1.2m×24 m)。51 m長(chang)(chang)(chang)的溫(wen)室采用(yong)(yong)短(duan)(duan)槽栽培(pei)(pei),長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)為7.68 m(32磚(zhuan)(zhuan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)),每(mei)個(ge)溫(wen)室可(ke)(ke)建(jian)(jian)(jian)28個(ge)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)栽培(pei)(pei)短(duan)(duan)槽。栽培(pei)(pei)槽方向(xiang)(xiang)以南(nan)北向(xiang)(xiang)為好,槽底用(yong)(yong)水泥(ni)混凝土(tu)澆(jiao)筑可(ke)(ke)與(yu)土(tu)壤(rang)隔離,防止土(tu)傳病蟲害侵染(或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)在裝填基質前,鋪(pu)厚度(du)大于(yu)0.1 mm的塑料膜亦(yi)可(ke)(ke)),在靠近排(pai)水溝一端留有排(pai)水孔,使多余(yu)的水從(cong)栽培(pei)(pei)槽排(pai)水孔流出。棚(peng)(peng)(peng)內地面可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)預制(zhi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)塊(kuai)(30 cm×60 cm)鋪(pu)設(she)。
3、水肥(fei)一(yi)體(ti)化灌溉系(xi)統50 m大棚(peng),在(zai)棚(peng)中間(jian)1m空處預先鋪設通向(xiang)營養液(ye)水塔的管道(來自營養液(ye)塔的主(zhu)(zhu)管道直徑(jing)大小由(you)栽(zai)培(pei)面(mian)(mian)積決(jue)定,一(yi)般33 350m2面(mian)(mian)積主(zhu)(zhu)管道Φ100 mm即可),棚(peng)內(nei)(nei)分(fen)管道一(yi)般Φ50 mm,預留(liu)接(jie)口(kou)(可用專用的滴灌帶(dai)接(jie)頭)及(ji)閘(zha)閥,用于連(lian)(lian)接(jie)順(shun)著栽(zai)培(pei)槽分(fen)布的Φ25 mm滴灌帶(dai);長度51 m溫(wen)室內(nei)(nei)分(fen)管道一(yi)般Φ50 mm,并在(zai)每個栽(zai)培(pei)槽一(yi)端(靠近過道)預留(liu)接(jie)口(kou)及(ji)閘(zha)閥,以連(lian)(lian)接(jie)Φ25mm滴灌帶(dai)。
4、有機營養液配制中心有機蔬菜在生產過程中絕對不能使用化學合成的農藥、肥料和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)長調節(jie)劑(ji)等物(wu)(wu)(wu)質以及(ji)基因工程生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)及(ji)其產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu),故其肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)來源(yuan)只能是有(you)機種養(yang)殖動物(wu)(wu)(wu)的糞便及(ji)殘體、植物(wu)(wu)(wu)漚制肥(fei)(fei)(fei)、綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)、餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)等;另外還包括經有(you)機認證的有(you)機專用肥(fei)(fei)(fei)和(he)部分(fen)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)。配(pei)制有(you)機營養(yang)液(ye)是有(you)機蔬(shu)菜水(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)一體化(hua)無土栽(zai)培的關鍵,具(ju)體方法(以33 350m2面積大棚栽(zai)培計算(suan)):建立“四池(chi)一塔”,即沼氣(qi)池(chi)、漚制池(chi)、混(hun)合池(chi)、清水(shui)池(chi)和(he)水(shui)塔,并要求以上設施集中于(yu)一起,以便操作。
5、沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)池500 m3大(da)(da)型(xing)沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)池(可用5個大(da)(da)小一樣,直徑6 m,深3.6 m的沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)池串聯而成)。有(you)機養(yang)(yang)殖場的畜禽排泄物進入第1個沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)池開(kai)始發酵(jiao)并(bing)(bing)逐步(bu)進入第2、3、4、5沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)池,沼(zhao)(zhao)液(ye)經充分發酵(jiao)腐熟(shu)后(hou)從最后(hou)第5個沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)池流出,并(bing)(bing)經濾(lv)網過濾(lv)后(hou)通(tong)過管道(低(di)于正常沼(zhao)(zhao)液(ye)面0.5 m,Φ100 mm并(bing)(bing)設有(you)閥門,配制營養(yang)(yang)液(ye)時(shi)打(da)開(kai))直接送到營養(yang)(yang)液(ye)混(hun)合池。
6、漚(ou)制池(chi)用直徑6 m,深(shen)2 m(地下部分深(shen)1m,地上部分高1 m)的兩個(ge)大型水泥池(chi)串(chuan)聯而成(兩個(ge)池(chi)之(zhi)間平地面用Φ150 mm管道相連并配(pei)(pei)有(you)閘閥),有(you)機(ji)種植的大豆(dou)餅、菜(cai)籽餅或葵(kui)花籽餅按1∶1的比(bi)例,經粉碎后(hou)放入(ru)第1個(ge)水泥池(chi)(漚(ou)制發酵(jiao)池(chi))加(jia)滿水(水肥體積比(bi)為5∶1)后(hou)覆蓋塑(su)料膜密封發酵(jiao)2個(ge)月以(yi)上,充分發酵(jiao)后(hou)打(da)開閘閥浸(jin)出液(ye)經濾(lv)(lv)(lv)網(wang)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)流入(ru)第2個(ge)水泥池(chi)(浸(jin)出液(ye)稀釋池(chi)),加(jia)等(deng)量的水進行稀釋再(zai)經濾(lv)(lv)(lv)網(wang)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)后(hou)通過(guo)管道(Φ100 mm,埋入(ru)地下1 m,微高于池(chi)底(di)并安有(you)閘閥,配(pei)(pei)制營養液(ye)時打(da)開)直接(jie)送入(ru)營養液(ye)混(hun)合池(chi)。
7、清水池長40 m,寬20 m,深2.5 m,如果條件允許可以盡可能大些,以貯存足夠的水源。池水要求絕對清潔無污染,并符合有機蔬菜認證水源標準,為了獲得清潔水源可以通過水溝收集大棚溫室及房舍雨水入池,池中可以適當養殖一些魚類,其糞便也是很好的有機肥料。池水可以通過管道(正常(chang)水位(wei)以下0.5 m,Φ100 mm,并(bing)安有閘閥,配(pei)制營養(yang)液時打開)直接(jie)送入營養(yang)液混合池。
8、混(hun)合(he)池(chi)要求有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)深的(de)(de)(de)深度,直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)3.6 m,深4.5 m,池(chi)壁(bi)上設(she)有(you)(you)(you)體(ti)(ti)積刻(ke)度線(xian)(xian)(從(cong)池(chi)底部開(kai)始每上升0.1 m作一(yi)個基本單位,即(ji)體(ti)(ti)積為(wei)1 m3,分別是(shi)0.1、0.2、0.3……2.8、2.9、3.0)。配(pei)制有(you)(you)(you)機營養(yang)液(ye)(ye)(ye)時(shi),首先(xian)根(gen)據(ju)營養(yang)液(ye)(ye)(ye)所需(xu)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)及稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)倍(bei)(bei)數(shu)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)餅(bing)肥(fei)(fei)浸(jin)(jin)出(chu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)、沼氣、清(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)積刻(ke)度線(xian)(xian)(做好記錄(lu)),再打開(kai)漚制池(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)閥(fa)放進稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)餅(bing)肥(fei)(fei)浸(jin)(jin)出(chu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)至刻(ke)度線(xian)(xian)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)體(ti)(ti)積,然后打開(kai)沼氣池(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)閥(fa),放進腐熟的(de)(de)(de)沼液(ye)(ye)(ye)至刻(ke)度線(xian)(xian)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)體(ti)(ti)積,最后打開(kai)清(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)閥(fa)放進清(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),將混(hun)合(he)營養(yang)液(ye)(ye)(ye)進行(xing)充分攪動,使(shi)營養(yang)液(ye)(ye)(ye)混(hun)合(he)均勻。根(gen)據(ju)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培(pei)作物(wu)對營養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求,調(diao)節(jie)沼液(ye)(ye)(ye)及植物(wu)浸(jin)(jin)出(chu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)肥(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)比例,為(wei)了既(ji)保證有(you)(you)(you)機蔬(shu)菜(cai)生長的(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)需(xu)要,又(you)能培(pei)養(yang)基質的(de)(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)力(li),一(yi)般(ban)動物(wu)肥(fei)(fei)料與(yu)植物(wu)肥(fei)(fei)料比為(wei)1∶1,稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)倍(bei)(bei)數(shu)一(yi)般(ban)為(wei):餅(bing)肥(fei)(fei)浸(jin)(jin)出(chu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(等(deng)量(liang)稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi))∶沼液(ye)(ye)(ye)∶水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)=1∶1∶(6~20),根(gen)據(ju)苗齡大小而定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),小苗期稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)倍(bei)(bei)數(shu)要大些(xie)(幼苗定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)植,初次定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)根(gen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)純清(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)),成株(zhu)期可(ke)以(yi)小些(xie),以(yi)既(ji)營養(yang)又(you)“不燒苗”為(wei)宜。2.4.5水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塔(ta)高10~12 m,直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)4 m,蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)40 t左(zuo)右(you),是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化灌溉系統的(de)(de)(de)動力(li)源(yuan),將混(hun)合(he)池(chi)內(nei)配(pei)好的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)有(you)(you)(you)機營養(yang)液(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)泵(beng)(beng)到(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塔(ta)內(nei),再利用(yong)(yong)重力(li)作用(yong)(yong),經(jing)過(guo)管道(dao)直(zhi)(zhi)接送到(dao)栽(zai)培(pei)槽(cao)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)植圃(pu),接通栽(zai)培(pei)槽(cao)滴灌帶即(ji)可(ke)。也可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)直(zhi)(zhi)接將配(pei)好的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)機營養(yang)液(ye)(ye)(ye)泵(beng)(beng)送到(dao)栽(zai)培(pei)槽(cao)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)植圃(pu),但這樣比較(jiao)(jiao)難控制營養(yang)液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓力(li),同(tong)時(shi)也比較(jiao)(jiao)費電(dian)。
基質的準備:
為了保證(zheng)有機蔬菜的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質,生產中首先必須保證(zheng)基質的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan),使(shi)用經過有機認(ren)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)基質或(huo)人工(gong)配制(zhi)基質。
1、基質(zhi)(zhi)配備基質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)主要原料有玉米秸(粉碎)、葵花(hua)稈(gan)、麥稈(gan)、油(you)菜稈(gan)、大豆(dou)稈(gan)、棉(mian)花(hua)稈(gan)、棉(mian)籽殼、鋸末、刨花(hua)、草(cao)炭、樹皮(直徑(jing)≤1 cm)等(deng),另外(wai),可(ke)適當加(jia)入砂(直徑(jing)0.5~3.0 mm)、蛭石(shi)、爐(lu)渣(需過(guo)篩,直徑(jing)≤3 mm)等(deng)無機物質(zhi)(zhi)以調節(jie)基質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)物理性能。根據原料的(de)不同(tong),可(ke)以按不同(tong)的(de)比例混合(he)使(shi)用(yong)效果較好(hao)(hao),基質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)混合(he)以2~3種為(wei)好(hao)(hao),配好(hao)(hao)的(de)混合(he)基質(zhi)(zhi)容重應(ying)在0.35~0.65 g·cm-3之(zhi)間最(zui)佳(jia),水氣比應(ying)在1∶(2~4)為(wei)宜,pH值6~7為(wei)好(hao)(hao)。
2、制(zhi)作方法首先在易(yi)(yi)于密閉的(de)(de)塑料膜棚室(shi)內將(jiang)鋸末、草(cao)炭、蛭石按1∶1∶1的(de)(de)比例(若(ruo)加入少量(liang)餅肥、菇(gu)渣以及天然(ran)的(de)(de)鉀礦(kuang)粉、磷礦(kuang)粉、氯化鈣等物(wu)質則更(geng)佳)充分拌(ban)和(he)均勻,可(ke)(ke)邊(bian)(bian)拌(ban)和(he)邊(bian)(bian)噴淋(lin)經(jing)腐(fu)(fu)熟的(de)(de)沼液,使其充分混(hun)合并使濕度均勻(少量(liang)基質可(ke)(ke)用人工拌(ban)和(he),大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)用攪拌(ban)機拌(ban)和(he)),含水(shui)量(liang)達75%~80%(以手(shou)握成團(tuan)而(er)不易(yi)(yi)散開,握緊微有(you)少量(liang)水(shui)分滲出但不成滴為宜(yi)),最后在上面覆蓋塑料膜,密閉棚室(shi)使之充分腐(fu)(fu)熟2個月以上(同(tong)時起到殺滅有(you)害菌(jun)的(de)(de)作用),中間可(ke)(ke)揭開蓋膜翻(fan)拌(ban)1次(ci),若(ruo)水(shui)分不夠,可(ke)(ke)再次(ci)噴淋(lin)沼液,使之充分腐(fu)(fu)熟備用。
定植前的準備:
有機蔬菜栽培定植前,要(yao)做好充分的準備工(gong)作。首先,悶棚(peng)高溫(wen)消(xiao)毒。在夏天高溫(wen)季節(jie),對空(kong)棚(peng)進行密(mi)(mi)閉(bi),使棚(peng)內(nei)溫(wen)度達60℃以上,密(mi)(mi)閉(bi)1周(zhou)以上,可殺滅大多數病原細菌。
其次,栽培(pei)槽(cao)裝(zhuang)填基(ji)(ji)質。將經(jing)過充分腐熟的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)質使(shi)(shi)用前進(jin)行(xing)翻曬,使(shi)(shi)發酵(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)氣體散(san)去,即可裝(zhuang)填進(jin)栽培(pei)槽(cao),基(ji)(ji)質略低(di)于栽培(pei)槽(cao)面。最后,鋪(pu)設(she)滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)帶(dai)(dai)。將滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)帶(dai)(dai)順著栽培(pei)槽(cao)平(ping)鋪(pu)于基(ji)(ji)質上(shang)并接通有機(ji)營養液水塔水管,栽培(pei)槽(cao)基(ji)(ji)質上(shang)滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)設(she)方(fang)法由(you)不同的(de)(de)(de)栽培(pei)作物而(er)定,一般茄果類等雙行(xing)種植的(de)(de)(de)有機(ji)蔬(shu)菜(cai)只需在中間(jian)鋪(pu)一條(tiao)滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)帶(dai)(dai),葉菜(cai)類等3行(xing)或4行(xing)種植的(de)(de)(de)蔬(shu)菜(cai)可以(yi)在兩排(pai)之間(jian)各鋪(pu)一條(tiao)滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)帶(dai)(dai)。總之,滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)帶(dai)(dai)鋪(pu)設(she)應噴滴(di)(di)(di)(di)均勻,使(shi)(shi)每株蔬(shu)菜(cai)獲得(de)相等的(de)(de)(de)水肥(fei)。
有機蔬菜的栽培管理:
以上工作完成后(hou),就可以進行(xing)有機蔬菜(cai)的(de)定(ding)植(zhi),將預先育好的(de)壯苗,按照一定(ding)的(de)株行(xing)距整齊(qi)地(di)定(ding)植(zhi)于栽培槽內,然后(hou)打開(kai)營(ying)養液管(guan)閥門,調節好噴滴的(de)壓力,使水肥(fei)噴滴均勻,即(ji)可實(shi)現水肥(fei)一體化灌溉。定(ding)植(zhi)后(hou)的(de)有機蔬菜(cai)栽培管(guan)理(li)主要有科(ke)學的(de)肥(fei)水、光照、溫度、空(kong)氣(qi)的(de)管(guan)理(li),必要的(de)整枝理(li)蔓和(he)人工輔助(zhu)授(shou)粉及病蟲害生(sheng)態(tai)防治等。
1、肥(fei)水管理(li)(li)有(you)機蔬菜栽(zai)培初次定(ding)植(zhi)滴灌(guan)帶噴滴水量以將基(ji)質充(chong)分濕(shi)透(tou)(微(wei)有(you)少(shao)量水從排水孔(kong)流(liu)出)為(wei)宜,以后的(de)肥(fei)量主要根據(ju)有(you)機蔬菜的(de)長勢及生育期通過合理(li)(li)調(diao)節有(you)機營養液的(de)濃(nong)度(du)來控制,水量調(diao)節則根據(ju)具(ju)體情況而定(ding)。
①不(bu)同(tong)的蔬(shu)菜作物(wu)需水量(liang)不(bu)同(tong)。例如對水量(liang)需求從大到(dao)小依次是黃瓜—番茄—西瓜—甜(tian)瓜—辣椒—葉菜。
②有機蔬(shu)菜不同(tong)(tong)的生(sheng)育期(qi)(qi)(qi)需水量不同(tong)(tong)。一般茄果(guo)類(lei)及(ji)瓜(gua)類(lei)在(zai)結果(guo)盛期(qi)(qi)(qi)和果(guo)實(shi)膨大(da)期(qi)(qi)(qi)需水量最大(da),其(qi)次是生(sheng)長后(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi),生(sheng)長前期(qi)(qi)(qi)需水量偏小(xiao)。
③不(bu)同(tong)的(de)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節及天(tian)氣的(de)影響(xiang)下(xia),有機(ji)蔬菜對(dui)水分的(de)需求(qiu)量不(bu)同(tong)。一(yi)般夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)需水量大(da),其次是秋季(ji)(ji)(ji),再次是春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji),冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)需水量偏(pian)少。另(ling)外,晴(qing)天(tian)需水量大(da),陰(yin)天(tian)需水少,雨天(tian)不(bu)干(gan)不(bu)澆水。
④基(ji)質保(bao)水(shui)性。基(ji)質保(bao)水(shui)性差,需水(shui)量多(duo)(duo)且灌水(shui)次(ci)(ci)數(shu)也(ye)多(duo)(duo);保(bao)水(shui)性好(hao),需水(shui)量少(shao),灌水(shui)次(ci)(ci)數(shu)也(ye)少(shao)。2、病蟲害生態(tai)防治方法(fa)有機蔬菜水(shui)肥一體化
保護(hu)地設施(shi)無土栽(zai)培,由于人(ren)為采用科學的(de)(de)(de)消毒(du)、隔(ge)離等生態(tai)措施(shi),有(you)效阻斷了病原(yuan)(yuan)菌(jun)和外源蟲害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)染,使有(you)機(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)菜在(zai)生長過程中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)發生或很少(shao)發生病蟲害(hai)(hai),需要注意的(de)(de)(de)是,在(zai)栽(zai)培管(guan)(guan)理過程中(zhong)(zhong),員工(gong)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)大棚(peng)要進(jin)行必要的(de)(de)(de)消毒(du)以及注意穿戴(dai)專門(men)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作服等,嚴防人(ren)員帶菌(jun)帶蟲入(ru)(ru)棚(peng)。有(you)機(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)菜在(zai)生產(chan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)禁止使用任何化學合(he)(he)成的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)、激素等,所以有(you)機(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)菜的(de)(de)(de)病蟲害(hai)(hai)防治(zhi)要堅持(chi)“預防為主,綜合(he)(he)防治(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze),通過高溫消毒(du)、合(he)(he)理的(de)(de)(de)肥水管(guan)(guan)理、輪作、間(jian)作等各種生態(tai)防治(zhi)措施(shi),綜合(he)(he)防治(zhi)病蟲害(hai)(hai)。
①農業防(fang)治(zhi)。有(you)機(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)栽培(pei)(pei)中(zhong)選用(yong)(yong)抗病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)十分重要,另(ling)外(wai)具有(you)特殊氣味的(de)(de)(de)(de)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如(ru)大蒜(suan)、洋蔥、胡蘿卜(bu)、萵筍(sun)、芹(qin)菜(cai)等病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)發(fa)生較(jiao)少;通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)輪作(zuo)、間作(zuo)以及(ji)合(he)理密(mi)植等方式(shi),控制(zhi)栽培(pei)(pei)環(huan)境,減少病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)發(fa)生;通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)壯苗(miao)、嫁接育(yu)苗(miao)以及(ji)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)水肥(fei)一(yi)體灌溉技術等途徑,促使(shi)蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)生長健壯,提高對病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抵抗力;此外(wai),還可(ke)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)清潔(jie)田園,及(ji)時(shi)拔除(chu)病(bing)株等措施減少病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生。②物理防(fang)治(zhi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處(chu)理:在播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行處(chu)理消(xiao)滅種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)帶菌(jun)(jun)及(ji)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)卵。可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)日光曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),選擇(ze)晴天將蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)曬2~3 d(天),利(li)用(yong)(yong)陽(yang)光殺(sha)(sha)(sha)滅附在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)菌(jun)(jun)。鹽(yan)水浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),用(yong)(yong)10%的(de)(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)水浸軟莢豌豆(荷(he)蘭豆)等蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)10 min(分),可(ke)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)里菌(jun)(jun)核(he)病(bing)菌(jun)(jun)核(he)漂(piao)除(chu)和(he)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)滅。溫(wen)湯浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),根據病(bing)菌(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)死(si)(si)溫(wen)度進行溫(wen)湯浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),殺(sha)(sha)(sha)死(si)(si)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)表皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)菌(jun)(jun),但必須考慮到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)對溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐受能力,以既能殺(sha)(sha)(sha)死(si)(si)病(bing)菌(jun)(jun),又不影響(xiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)正(zheng)常發(fa)芽生長為原則。如(ru)瓜類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表皮(pi)較(jiao)厚,將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)放入55℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)水中(zhong),然(ran)后攪(jiao)涼至30℃泡(pao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)8 h(小(xiao)時(shi)),可(ke)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)滅種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)帶菌(jun)(jun)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)固有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨化性(xing)(xing)來捕(bu)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。如(ru)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)誘(you)劑(ji)、黑光燈捕(bu)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蛾類害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),利(li)用(yong)(yong)黃板誘(you)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。
③生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)。一是利用捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)性天敵(di)昆蟲(chong)(chong),通過捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)來減少或控制(zhi)害蟲(chong)(chong)為害,如七(qi)星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)蚜蟲(chong)(chong);二(er)是利用寄生(sheng)性天敵(di)昆蟲(chong)(chong),如寄生(sheng)蜂類的姬蜂、金(jin)小蜂;三是以菌治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong),即利用害蟲(chong)(chong)的致病微生(sheng)物(wu)來防(fang)治(zhi)害蟲(chong)(chong),例(li)如蘇云金(jin)桿菌,可(ke)以防(fang)治(zhi)鱗翅目多種害蟲(chong)(chong)。
④利用有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)蔬菜栽培允許使用的(de)某些(xie)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)質和植物(wu)(wu)藥劑進行(xing)防(fang)治。在有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)蔬菜栽培中允許有(you)(you)(you)限度地使用一些(xie)天然(ran)或植物(wu)(wu)性的(de)物(wu)(wu)質進行(xing)病蟲害的(de)防(fang)治,如(ru)用石灰、硫磺(huang)、波(bo)爾多液(ye)等(deng)(deng)防(fang)治病害;用煙葉、大蒜(suan)、苦參堿等(deng)(deng)防(fang)治一些(xie)蟲害。
3、其(qi)他(ta)管(guan)理(li)有機蔬菜栽(zai)培中對(dui)(dui)于(yu)其(qi)他(ta)如光(guang)照(zhao)、溫度、空(kong)氣的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)管(guan)理(li)以(yi)及茄果(guo)類、瓜(gua)類蔬菜的(de)(de)(de)理(li)蔓整(zheng)枝等方法與一般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培管(guan)理(li)相同。由于(yu)是保護地栽(zai)培,部分瓜(gua)果(guo)蔬菜利用(yong)蜜蜂或人工(gong)輔助授粉,可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)高產量,但(dan)絕對(dui)(dui)不可(ke)用(yong)化學合成的(de)(de)(de)人工(gong)激素。
采收:
有機蔬菜(cai)達到采(cai)收(shou)標準后(hou)應(ying)及時(shi)采(cai)收(shou),以保(bao)證其品質,而對于茄果類(lei)、瓜果類(lei)等蔬菜(cai)如及時(shi)采(cai)收(shou)還能促(cu)進后(hou)期(qi)產(chan)量。
有機蔬菜水肥一體化無土栽培與一般土壤有機栽培對比分析:
1、基地環(huan)境保護地水肥一(yi)(yi)體化無土(tu)栽(zai)(zai)培,栽(zai)(zai)培設(she)施全(quan)(quan),環(huan)境好,栽(zai)(zai)培環(huan)境可(ke)控(kong),能有效阻(zu)隔病(bing)蟲害侵染(ran),沒有過渡(du)(du)期,可(ke)直接生(sheng)產有機蔬菜;而(er)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)土(tu)壤(rang)栽(zai)(zai)培,無栽(zai)(zai)培設(she)施或設(she)施不全(quan)(quan),環(huan)境好但(dan)受環(huan)境影響大,難以(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)病(bing)蟲害侵染(ran),且一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)土(tu)壤(rang)上(shang)有機栽(zai)(zai)培要有2~3 a(年)過渡(du)(du)期。
2、水(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)管理及病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)防控(kong)保護地水(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)一體化無土栽(zai)培技術(shu),其水(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)一體化,肥(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)均勻,操(cao)作(zuo)簡便,省工,且病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)少,可人(ren)(ren)為措施(shi)控(kong)制(zhi),基(ji)(ji)地可以(yi)長(chang)期使用。而一般土壤(rang)栽(zai)培水(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)均勻度難控(kong)制(zhi),操(cao)作(zuo)麻煩,費(fei)工,且病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)多,難以(yi)人(ren)(ren)為控(kong)制(zhi),基(ji)(ji)地生(sheng)產(chan)多年則病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)嚴(yan)重。
3、有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量、品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)成本效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)保護(hu)(hu)地水(shui)肥(fei)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)無(wu)(wu)土(tu)(tu)栽(zai)培生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量高(gao),平均在10 000 kg以(yi)上,品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)且(qie)穩(wen)定(ding);一(yi)(yi)般土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)栽(zai)培的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量偏低,平均為9 000 kg,品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)難以(yi)保證,且(qie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量和(he)(he)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)。保護(hu)(hu)地水(shui)肥(fei)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)無(wu)(wu)土(tu)(tu)栽(zai)培有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)番茄(qie)與一(yi)(yi)般土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)栽(zai)培有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)番茄(qie)在凈收(shou)益(yi)(yi)上有(you)(you)較大(da)提高(gao)。由于保護(hu)(hu)地設施無(wu)(wu)土(tu)(tu)栽(zai)培能減少(shao)(shao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害侵染(ran),即使是允(yun)許(xu)使用(yong)的(de)(de)農(nong)藥也(ye)很少(shao)(shao)用(yong),而(er)一(yi)(yi)般土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)栽(zai)培不(bu)能保證沒有(you)(you)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害的(de)(de)侵染(ran),很難做到(dao)(dao)絕對不(bu)施用(yong)農(nong)藥,并在很大(da)程度上影(ying)響了有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量和(he)(he)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);另外(wai),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)栽(zai)培受環境(jing)及(ji)人為因素影(ying)響較大(da),故(gu)存在產(chan)(chan)(chan)量及(ji)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)性。因此,水(shui)肥(fei)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)無(wu)(wu)土(tu)(tu)栽(zai)培有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai),在肥(fei)水(shui)管理上可(ke)以(yi)節(jie)省勞力,在有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量及(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)上有(you)(you)所(suo)提高(gao),更(geng)重要(yao)的(de)(de)是有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量和(he)(he)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能夠得(de)到(dao)(dao)平穩(wen)保證。
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