【無土(tu)栽(zai)培技(ji)術】無土(tu)栽(zai)培有哪些要求 無土(tu)栽(zai)培有機蔬菜技(ji)術教程
基地選址:
有(you)機蔬(shu)菜水(shui)(shui)肥一體化無土(tu)栽培(pei)基(ji)地(di)(di)一般選(xuan)址于遠(yuan)離工業及人類(lei)(lei)污染(ran)的(de)地(di)(di)區,并(bing)要(yao)(yao)求地(di)(di)勢平坦、交通便利(li)、電力充足,土(tu)壤(rang)、水(shui)(shui)源及空氣(qi)等條件符合(he)有(you)機認(ren)證標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),即水(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)境質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)不低于《地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)境質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》(GHZB 1—1999)IV類(lei)(lei)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun);土(tu)壤(rang)要(yao)(yao)求按照國(guo)家(jia)《土(tu)壤(rang)環(huan)(huan)境質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)GB 15618—1995》,土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)至少要(yao)(yao)達(da)到二級以(yi)上(shang)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun);大氣(qi)環(huan)(huan)境質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)不低于《環(huan)(huan)境空氣(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》(GB 3095—1996)二級標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。在人口(kou)密集、工業發達(da)的(de)地(di)(di)區,建(jian)立(li)有(you)機蔬(shu)菜基(ji)地(di)(di)必須經過嚴(yan)格的(de)選(xuan)址并(bing)在與常(chang)規地(di)(di)塊之間設立(li)明顯(xian)的(de)隔(ge)離帶,隔(ge)離帶可(ke)以(yi)是河流(liu)或(huo)樹木(mu)林帶,若(ruo)兩者(zhe)結合(he)則更(geng)佳(jia)。隔(ge)離帶寬要(yao)(yao)求10 m以(yi)上(shang)。
有機蔬菜水肥一體化無土栽培的主要設施:
有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜保(bao)護地設(she)施(shi)栽培為有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜生產提(ti)供質量保(bao)證,便于(yu)有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜品質的控(kong)制。主要(yao)設(she)施(shi):大棚或溫室、栽培槽(cao)、水肥一體化灌溉系統、有(you)機營養液(ye)配制中(zhong)心(xin)等(deng)。
1、大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)或溫(wen)(wen)(wen)室(shi)大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)可建長50 m、寬(kuan)6 m的塑料薄(bo)膜大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(也可建連棟大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)),棚(peng)(peng)(peng)間間距2 m,棚(peng)(peng)(peng)兩(liang)側開上下寬(kuan)1.2 m、長48 m通風窗并覆(fu)蓋40~60目(mu)(mu)防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)網;溫(wen)(wen)(wen)室(shi)規格為長51 m,寬(kuan)10 m,溫(wen)(wen)(wen)室(shi)前安(an)裝(zhuang)40~60目(mu)(mu)防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)網,上下寬(kuan)1.0~1.2 m。薄(bo)膜及防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)網應覆(fu)蓋嚴密以有效阻隔外源(yuan)病蟲(chong)害的侵入(ru)。為了使有機蔬(shu)菜采(cai)光良好(hao)(hao),大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)走向以南北向為好(hao)(hao),溫(wen)(wen)(wen)室(shi)以東西向為好(hao)(hao)。
2、大棚(peng)或(huo)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)室(shi)內建(jian)(jian)標準栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培槽(cao)(cao)(cao)建(jian)(jian)造方法:用標準磚(5 cm×12 cm×24 cm)疊砌(qi)成(cheng)長(chang)(chang)條(tiao)形栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培槽(cao)(cao)(cao),內徑(jing)寬(kuan)96 cm(4磚長(chang)(chang)),外徑(jing)寬(kuan)120 cm(5磚長(chang)(chang)),槽(cao)(cao)(cao)間間距0.6m,槽(cao)(cao)(cao)高度(du)約20 cm(4層磚厚度(du))。50 m標準大棚(peng)采用長(chang)(chang)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培,槽(cao)(cao)(cao)長(chang)(chang)24 m(100磚長(chang)(chang)),棚(peng)中間空1 m,用于鋪(pu)(pu)設灌溉管道(dao)接口、閘(zha)閥等設施,棚(peng)兩頭空0.5 m,每個(ge)棚(peng)可(ke)以(yi)建(jian)(jian)6個(ge)標準栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培長(chang)(chang)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(1.2m×24 m)。51 m長(chang)(chang)的(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)室(shi)采用短槽(cao)(cao)(cao)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培,長(chang)(chang)度(du)為7.68 m(32磚長(chang)(chang)),每個(ge)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)室(shi)可(ke)建(jian)(jian)28個(ge)標準栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培短槽(cao)(cao)(cao)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培槽(cao)(cao)(cao)方向以(yi)南北向為好,槽(cao)(cao)(cao)底用水(shui)泥混凝土(tu)澆(jiao)筑可(ke)與土(tu)壤隔離(li),防止(zhi)土(tu)傳病蟲(chong)害侵染(或(huo)者在裝填基質前,鋪(pu)(pu)厚度(du)大于0.1 mm的(de)塑料膜亦可(ke)),在靠(kao)近排(pai)(pai)水(shui)溝一端留有(you)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)孔,使多余的(de)水(shui)從(cong)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培槽(cao)(cao)(cao)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)孔流(liu)出。棚(peng)內地面可(ke)以(yi)用預制磚塊(kuai)(30 cm×60 cm)鋪(pu)(pu)設。
3、水肥(fei)一(yi)(yi)體化灌溉系統50 m大棚(peng),在(zai)棚(peng)中間(jian)1m空處(chu)預先鋪(pu)設(she)通(tong)向營養液水塔(ta)的(de)管(guan)道(dao)(來自(zi)營養液塔(ta)的(de)主(zhu)管(guan)道(dao)直徑大小由(you)栽培(pei)面積決定,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)33 350m2面積主(zhu)管(guan)道(dao)Φ100 mm即可(ke)),棚(peng)內分管(guan)道(dao)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)Φ50 mm,預留接(jie)口(kou)(可(ke)用專用的(de)滴灌帶接(jie)頭(tou))及(ji)閘(zha)閥(fa),用于連接(jie)順著栽培(pei)槽分布的(de)Φ25 mm滴灌帶;長(chang)度51 m溫室內分管(guan)道(dao)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)Φ50 mm,并(bing)在(zai)每個栽培(pei)槽一(yi)(yi)端(靠近過(guo)道(dao))預留接(jie)口(kou)及(ji)閘(zha)閥(fa),以連接(jie)Φ25mm滴灌帶。
4、有機營養液配制中心有機蔬菜在生產過程中絕對不能使用化學合成的農藥、肥料和生(sheng)長調節劑等(deng)物(wu)質以及(ji)基因(yin)工程生(sheng)物(wu)及(ji)其產(chan)物(wu),故(gu)其肥(fei)料來源只能(neng)是有機(ji)(ji)種(zhong)養(yang)(yang)殖動物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)糞(fen)便(bian)及(ji)殘體(ti)、植物(wu)漚制(zhi)肥(fei)、綠肥(fei)、餅肥(fei)等(deng);另外還包括經(jing)有機(ji)(ji)認證的(de)(de)(de)有機(ji)(ji)專用肥(fei)和部分微生(sheng)物(wu)肥(fei)料。配制(zhi)有機(ji)(ji)營養(yang)(yang)液(ye)是有機(ji)(ji)蔬菜水肥(fei)一體(ti)化無(wu)土栽(zai)培(pei)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵,具體(ti)方法(fa)(以33 350m2面(mian)積大棚栽(zai)培(pei)計算):建(jian)立“四池(chi)(chi)一塔(ta)”,即沼氣池(chi)(chi)、漚制(zhi)池(chi)(chi)、混合池(chi)(chi)、清(qing)水池(chi)(chi)和水塔(ta),并要求以上設施集中于一起,以便(bian)操作(zuo)。
5、沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)氣池(chi)500 m3大(da)型沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)氣池(chi)(可用5個(ge)大(da)小(xiao)一樣,直(zhi)(zhi)徑6 m,深3.6 m的沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)氣池(chi)串(chuan)聯(lian)而成)。有機(ji)養(yang)(yang)殖場的畜(chu)禽(qin)排泄(xie)物進入(ru)第1個(ge)沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)氣池(chi)開始發酵并逐步進入(ru)第2、3、4、5沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)氣池(chi),沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)液(ye)(ye)經(jing)充分發酵腐熟后(hou)從(cong)最后(hou)第5個(ge)沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)氣池(chi)流(liu)出,并經(jing)濾網過濾后(hou)通過管道(低(di)于(yu)正常沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)液(ye)(ye)面0.5 m,Φ100 mm并設有閥(fa)門,配制營養(yang)(yang)液(ye)(ye)時打(da)開)直(zhi)(zhi)接送(song)到營養(yang)(yang)液(ye)(ye)混合(he)池(chi)。
6、漚制(zhi)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)用(yong)直徑6 m,深2 m(地下(xia)部分(fen)深1m,地上部分(fen)高(gao)1 m)的(de)(de)兩個(ge)大(da)型水(shui)泥(ni)(ni)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)串聯而成(兩個(ge)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)之間平地面用(yong)Φ150 mm管道(dao)相連并配有閘(zha)閥),有機種植的(de)(de)大(da)豆餅(bing)、菜(cai)籽餅(bing)或葵花籽餅(bing)按1∶1的(de)(de)比例,經粉(fen)碎(sui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)放入第1個(ge)水(shui)泥(ni)(ni)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(漚制(zhi)發酵(jiao)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi))加滿(man)水(shui)(水(shui)肥體積(ji)比為5∶1)后(hou)(hou)(hou)覆(fu)蓋(gai)塑料膜密封發酵(jiao)2個(ge)月以上,充分(fen)發酵(jiao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)打開閘(zha)閥浸出液(ye)經濾網(wang)(wang)過濾流入第2個(ge)水(shui)泥(ni)(ni)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(浸出液(ye)稀釋(shi)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)),加等量的(de)(de)水(shui)進行(xing)稀釋(shi)再經濾網(wang)(wang)過濾后(hou)(hou)(hou)通過管道(dao)(Φ100 mm,埋入地下(xia)1 m,微高(gao)于池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)底并安有閘(zha)閥,配制(zhi)營養(yang)液(ye)時打開)直接送入營養(yang)液(ye)混合池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。
7、清水池長40 m,寬20 m,深2.5 m,如果條件允許可以盡可能大些,以貯存足夠的水源。池水要求絕對清潔無污染,并符合有機蔬菜認證水源標準,為了獲得清潔水源可以通過水溝收集大棚溫室及房舍雨水入池,池中可以適當養殖一些魚類,其糞便也是很好的有(you)機肥料(liao)。池水可(ke)以通過管(guan)道(正(zheng)常水位(wei)以下0.5 m,Φ100 mm,并安有(you)閘閥,配制營養液時打開)直接(jie)送入(ru)營養液混合(he)池。
8、混(hun)合池(chi)(chi)(chi)要求有(you)(you)較(jiao)深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)(du),直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)3.6 m,深(shen)4.5 m,池(chi)(chi)(chi)壁上(shang)設(she)有(you)(you)體積刻(ke)度(du)(du)線(xian)(從(cong)池(chi)(chi)(chi)底(di)部開(kai)始每(mei)上(shang)升0.1 m作(zuo)一個基本(ben)單位(wei),即體積為(wei)(wei)1 m3,分別是0.1、0.2、0.3……2.8、2.9、3.0)。配(pei)制有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)營(ying)養液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)時,首(shou)先根據(ju)營(ying)養液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)所需(xu)用(yong)量及稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)(shi)倍(bei)數確(que)定(ding)餅(bing)肥(fei)(fei)浸出(chu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、沼氣、清(qing)(qing)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)體積刻(ke)度(du)(du)線(xian)(做好(hao)記錄),再打開(kai)漚制池(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)閥放進(jin)稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)(shi)餅(bing)肥(fei)(fei)浸出(chu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)至刻(ke)度(du)(du)線(xian)確(que)定(ding)體積,然后(hou)打開(kai)沼氣池(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)閥,放進(jin)腐熟的(de)(de)(de)沼液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)至刻(ke)度(du)(du)線(xian)確(que)定(ding)體積,最(zui)后(hou)打開(kai)清(qing)(qing)水(shui)池(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)閥放進(jin)清(qing)(qing)水(shui),將(jiang)混(hun)合營(ying)養液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)行充分攪動(dong),使(shi)營(ying)養液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)混(hun)合均勻。根據(ju)不同的(de)(de)(de)栽培(pei)(pei)(pei)作(zuo)物(wu)對營(ying)養的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求,調節沼液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)及植(zhi)物(wu)浸出(chu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)肥(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例,為(wei)(wei)了既保證有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)蔬菜生長的(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養需(xu)要,又能(neng)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養基質的(de)(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)力(li),一般(ban)動(dong)物(wu)肥(fei)(fei)料與植(zhi)物(wu)肥(fei)(fei)料比(bi)(bi)為(wei)(wei)1∶1,稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)(shi)倍(bei)數一般(ban)為(wei)(wei):餅(bing)肥(fei)(fei)浸出(chu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(等(deng)量稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)(shi))∶沼液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)∶水(shui)=1∶1∶(6~20),根據(ju)苗(miao)(miao)齡大(da)小而定(ding),小苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)稀(xi)(xi)釋(shi)(shi)倍(bei)數要大(da)些(幼苗(miao)(miao)定(ding)植(zhi),初次(ci)定(ding)根水(shui)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)是純(chun)清(qing)(qing)水(shui)),成株期(qi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)小些,以(yi)(yi)既營(ying)養又“不燒苗(miao)(miao)”為(wei)(wei)宜。2.4.5水(shui)塔高10~12 m,直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)4 m,蓄水(shui)量40 t左右,是水(shui)肥(fei)(fei)一體化(hua)灌溉(gai)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)源,將(jiang)混(hun)合池(chi)(chi)(chi)內配(pei)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)營(ying)養液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)水(shui)泵(beng)泵(beng)到(dao)水(shui)塔內,再利用(yong)重力(li)作(zuo)用(yong),經(jing)過管道直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)送到(dao)栽培(pei)(pei)(pei)槽(cao)定(ding)植(zhi)圃,接(jie)通栽培(pei)(pei)(pei)槽(cao)滴灌帶即可(ke)。也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)水(shui)泵(beng)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)將(jiang)配(pei)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)營(ying)養液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)泵(beng)送到(dao)栽培(pei)(pei)(pei)槽(cao)定(ding)植(zhi)圃,但這樣比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)難控制營(ying)養液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓力(li),同時也比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)費電(dian)。
基質的準備:
為了保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)有機(ji)蔬菜的(de)品質(zhi),生產(chan)中首先必(bi)須保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)基(ji)質(zhi)的(de)安全(quan),使用經過有機(ji)認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)基(ji)質(zhi)或人工配制(zhi)基(ji)質(zhi)。
1、基質(zhi)配備(bei)基質(zhi)的(de)(de)主要原料有玉米秸(粉碎(sui))、葵(kui)花(hua)(hua)稈(gan)、麥稈(gan)、油菜稈(gan)、大豆(dou)稈(gan)、棉(mian)花(hua)(hua)稈(gan)、棉(mian)籽殼、鋸末(mo)、刨花(hua)(hua)、草(cao)炭、樹(shu)皮(直徑(jing)≤1 cm)等,另外,可(ke)適當加入砂(直徑(jing)0.5~3.0 mm)、蛭(zhi)石、爐渣(需過篩,直徑(jing)≤3 mm)等無機物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)以(yi)調(diao)節(jie)基質(zhi)的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)理性能。根據(ju)原料的(de)(de)不同,可(ke)以(yi)按不同的(de)(de)比例混合使用效果較好(hao),基質(zhi)的(de)(de)混合以(yi)2~3種為(wei)(wei)好(hao),配好(hao)的(de)(de)混合基質(zhi)容重應在0.35~0.65 g·cm-3之間最(zui)佳,水氣比應在1∶(2~4)為(wei)(wei)宜,pH值6~7為(wei)(wei)好(hao)。
2、制作方法首先在易于(yu)密閉的(de)塑(su)料膜(mo)棚室(shi)內將鋸(ju)末、草炭、蛭石按1∶1∶1的(de)比例(若(ruo)加入少量(liang)餅(bing)肥(fei)、菇渣以及天(tian)然(ran)的(de)鉀礦(kuang)粉、磷(lin)礦(kuang)粉、氯化(hua)鈣(gai)等物質則(ze)更(geng)佳)充(chong)(chong)分拌(ban)和均(jun)勻(yun),可(ke)(ke)(ke)邊拌(ban)和邊噴淋經(jing)腐熟(shu)的(de)沼液,使(shi)其充(chong)(chong)分混合并使(shi)濕(shi)度均(jun)勻(yun)(少量(liang)基質可(ke)(ke)(ke)用人工(gong)拌(ban)和,大量(liang)的(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)用攪拌(ban)機(ji)拌(ban)和),含水(shui)量(liang)達75%~80%(以手握(wo)成團(tuan)而不易散開,握(wo)緊微有少量(liang)水(shui)分滲出(chu)但(dan)不成滴為宜),最(zui)后(hou)在上面覆蓋塑(su)料膜(mo),密閉棚室(shi)使(shi)之充(chong)(chong)分腐熟(shu)2個月以上(同(tong)時起到殺滅有害(hai)菌的(de)作用),中間可(ke)(ke)(ke)揭開蓋膜(mo)翻(fan)拌(ban)1次,若(ruo)水(shui)分不夠,可(ke)(ke)(ke)再次噴淋沼液,使(shi)之充(chong)(chong)分腐熟(shu)備用。
定植前的準備:
有(you)機蔬菜栽培定植前,要(yao)做好充分(fen)的準備(bei)工(gong)作。首先,悶(men)棚高(gao)溫消毒(du)。在夏天高(gao)溫季節,對空(kong)棚進行密閉(bi),使棚內溫度達60℃以上(shang),密閉(bi)1周以上(shang),可殺滅大多數病原細(xi)菌。
其(qi)次,栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)槽裝填基(ji)質(zhi)。將(jiang)(jiang)經過充分腐熟的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)質(zhi)使(shi)用前進(jin)行翻曬(shai),使(shi)發酵的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體散去,即可裝填進(jin)栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)槽,基(ji)質(zhi)略低于栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)槽面。最后,鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)滴(di)灌帶(dai)(dai)(dai)。將(jiang)(jiang)滴(di)灌帶(dai)(dai)(dai)順著栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)槽平鋪(pu)(pu)于基(ji)質(zhi)上并接通有(you)(you)機(ji)營養(yang)液水(shui)塔(ta)水(shui)管,栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)槽基(ji)質(zhi)上滴(di)灌帶(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)方法由不同的(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)作物而定,一般茄果類(lei)等雙行種植的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)蔬菜(cai)(cai)只需在(zai)中間鋪(pu)(pu)一條(tiao)滴(di)灌帶(dai)(dai)(dai),葉菜(cai)(cai)類(lei)等3行或4行種植的(de)(de)(de)蔬菜(cai)(cai)可以在(zai)兩排之(zhi)間各鋪(pu)(pu)一條(tiao)滴(di)灌帶(dai)(dai)(dai)。總之(zhi),滴(di)灌帶(dai)(dai)(dai)鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)應噴滴(di)均(jun)勻,使(shi)每株蔬菜(cai)(cai)獲得相等的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)肥。
有機蔬菜的栽培管理:
以上(shang)工作完成后,就可(ke)以進行(xing)有(you)機蔬菜的(de)(de)定(ding)植,將(jiang)預先育好(hao)的(de)(de)壯苗(miao),按照(zhao)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)株行(xing)距整齊地定(ding)植于栽培槽(cao)內,然后打開營養液管(guan)閥門,調節好(hao)噴滴(di)的(de)(de)壓力,使水肥噴滴(di)均勻,即可(ke)實現水肥一(yi)體化灌(guan)溉(gai)。定(ding)植后的(de)(de)有(you)機蔬菜栽培管(guan)理主要有(you)科學的(de)(de)肥水、光照(zhao)、溫度、空氣的(de)(de)管(guan)理,必(bi)要的(de)(de)整枝(zhi)理蔓和人工輔助授粉及(ji)病(bing)蟲害生態(tai)防治等。
1、肥(fei)水(shui)管理有機蔬(shu)菜(cai)栽培初(chu)次定(ding)植滴(di)灌(guan)帶噴滴(di)水(shui)量(liang)以將基質充分濕透(微有少(shao)量(liang)水(shui)從(cong)排水(shui)孔流(liu)出)為宜,以后的(de)肥(fei)量(liang)主要根據有機蔬(shu)菜(cai)的(de)長勢(shi)及生育期通過(guo)合(he)理調節有機營養液的(de)濃度來(lai)控制(zhi),水(shui)量(liang)調節則(ze)根據具體情況而(er)定(ding)。
①不同的蔬菜(cai)(cai)作物需水量不同。例如對水量需求(qiu)從大(da)到小依次是黃瓜(gua)—番(fan)茄—西(xi)瓜(gua)—甜瓜(gua)—辣椒—葉菜(cai)(cai)。
②有機蔬(shu)菜不同的(de)生育(yu)期(qi)(qi)需水量不同。一般茄果(guo)類(lei)及(ji)瓜類(lei)在(zai)結果(guo)盛期(qi)(qi)和(he)果(guo)實(shi)膨大期(qi)(qi)需水量最大,其(qi)次(ci)是生長(chang)后期(qi)(qi),生長(chang)前期(qi)(qi)需水量偏小。
③不(bu)同的季節及(ji)天(tian)氣的影響下(xia),有機蔬(shu)菜對水(shui)(shui)分的需求(qiu)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)同。一般(ban)夏季需水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)大,其次(ci)是(shi)秋季,再次(ci)是(shi)春季,冬季需水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)偏少。另(ling)外,晴天(tian)需水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)大,陰天(tian)需水(shui)(shui)少,雨天(tian)不(bu)干(gan)不(bu)澆水(shui)(shui)。
④基(ji)質(zhi)保水(shui)(shui)性(xing)。基(ji)質(zhi)保水(shui)(shui)性(xing)差,需(xu)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)多且灌水(shui)(shui)次(ci)數也(ye)多;保水(shui)(shui)性(xing)好,需(xu)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)少,灌水(shui)(shui)次(ci)數也(ye)少。2、病蟲害生態(tai)防治(zhi)方法(fa)有機蔬菜水(shui)(shui)肥一體化
保護地設施無(wu)土栽(zai)培,由于人為(wei)采用科(ke)學的(de)消毒(du)、隔離等生(sheng)(sheng)態措(cuo)施,有效阻斷了病(bing)原菌和外源蟲(chong)害(hai)的(de)侵染,使有機(ji)(ji)蔬菜在生(sheng)(sheng)長過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中不發生(sheng)(sheng)或很少發生(sheng)(sheng)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai),需要(yao)注意(yi)(yi)的(de)是,在栽(zai)培管(guan)(guan)理(li)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中,員工進入大棚(peng)要(yao)進行必要(yao)的(de)消毒(du)以及注意(yi)(yi)穿(chuan)戴(dai)專門的(de)工作(zuo)服等,嚴防(fang)(fang)人員帶(dai)菌帶(dai)蟲(chong)入棚(peng)。有機(ji)(ji)蔬菜在生(sheng)(sheng)產過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中禁止使用任何(he)化學合(he)成的(de)農藥、激素(su)等,所以有機(ji)(ji)蔬菜的(de)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)要(yao)堅持“預防(fang)(fang)為(wei)主,綜合(he)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)”的(de)原則,通過(guo)(guo)高溫消毒(du)、合(he)理(li)的(de)肥水管(guan)(guan)理(li)、輪(lun)作(zuo)、間(jian)作(zuo)等各種生(sheng)(sheng)態防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)措(cuo)施,綜合(he)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)。
①農業防治。有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)栽(zai)培中選用抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)十(shi)分(fen)重要,另外(wai)具(ju)有(you)特(te)殊氣(qi)味的(de)(de)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如大(da)蒜、洋蔥、胡蘿卜、萵筍、芹(qin)菜(cai)(cai)等病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)較少;通(tong)(tong)過輪作、間(jian)作以及(ji)合理密植(zhi)等方式(shi),控制栽(zai)培環(huan)境(jing),減少病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng);通(tong)(tong)過培育壯苗(miao)、嫁(jia)接(jie)育苗(miao)以及(ji)合理的(de)(de)水肥一體灌溉技術(shu)等途徑(jing),促使蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)生(sheng)(sheng)長健(jian)壯,提高對病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害的(de)(de)抵(di)抗力(li);此外(wai),還可(ke)通(tong)(tong)過清潔田園,及(ji)時拔除病(bing)(bing)(bing)株等措施減少病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)。②物理防治。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處理:在(zai)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行(xing)處理消滅種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)帶菌(jun)及(ji)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵(luan)。可(ke)采用日(ri)光曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),選擇晴天將(jiang)蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)曬2~3 d(天),利用陽光殺滅附在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun)。鹽水浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),用10%的(de)(de)鹽水浸(jin)(jin)軟莢豌豆(荷蘭豆)等蔬(shu)(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)10 min(分(fen)),可(ke)將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)里菌(jun)核(he)病(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun)核(he)漂除和殺滅。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)湯(tang)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),根據病(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun)的(de)(de)致死(si)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度進行(xing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)湯(tang)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),殺死(si)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)表(biao)皮(pi)的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun),但必須考慮到(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)對溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度的(de)(de)耐(nai)受能力(li),以既能殺死(si)病(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun),又不影響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)正常發(fa)芽(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)長為原(yuan)則。如瓜類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)表(biao)皮(pi)較厚(hou),將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)放入(ru)55℃的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)水中,然(ran)后攪涼至30℃泡種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)8 h(小時),可(ke)殺滅種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)帶菌(jun)。利用害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)固有(you)的(de)(de)趨化性(xing)來捕殺害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。如使用性(xing)誘劑、黑光燈捕殺蛾類害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),利用黃板誘殺蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
③生物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)。一是利(li)用(yong)捕食(shi)性天敵昆(kun)蟲(chong),通過捕食(shi)來減(jian)少(shao)或(huo)控(kong)制害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)為害(hai)(hai),如(ru)七星瓢蟲(chong)捕食(shi)蚜蟲(chong);二是利(li)用(yong)寄生性天敵昆(kun)蟲(chong),如(ru)寄生蜂(feng)類的姬蜂(feng)、金小蜂(feng);三是以(yi)菌(jun)治(zhi)蟲(chong),即利(li)用(yong)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)的致(zhi)病微生物(wu)來防(fang)治(zhi)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong),例如(ru)蘇云金桿菌(jun),可以(yi)防(fang)治(zhi)鱗(lin)翅目(mu)多(duo)種害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)。
④利用(yong)有機(ji)蔬菜栽培(pei)允(yun)許使用(yong)的某些(xie)(xie)礦物(wu)質和植(zhi)物(wu)藥劑進(jin)行防治。在有機(ji)蔬菜栽培(pei)中允(yun)許有限度地使用(yong)一些(xie)(xie)天(tian)然或植(zhi)物(wu)性(xing)的物(wu)質進(jin)行病蟲(chong)害的防治,如用(yong)石灰、硫磺(huang)、波爾多液(ye)等(deng)防治病害;用(yong)煙葉(xie)、大蒜、苦參(can)堿(jian)等(deng)防治一些(xie)(xie)蟲(chong)害。
3、其他管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)有(you)機蔬菜(cai)栽培(pei)中對(dui)于其他如光照、溫(wen)度、空氣(qi)的(de)(de)控制管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)以及茄(qie)果類、瓜類蔬菜(cai)的(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)蔓整枝等方法與一般的(de)(de)栽培(pei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)相同。由于是(shi)保護地栽培(pei),部(bu)分(fen)瓜果蔬菜(cai)利用(yong)蜜(mi)蜂或人工輔助授粉,可以提高產量(liang),但絕對(dui)不可用(yong)化學合(he)成的(de)(de)人工激(ji)素。
采收:
有機蔬菜達到采(cai)收(shou)標準后應及時采(cai)收(shou),以保(bao)證(zheng)其品(pin)質,而對于茄果類、瓜(gua)果類等蔬菜如及時采(cai)收(shou)還(huan)能促進后期產(chan)量。
有機蔬菜水肥一體化無土栽培與一般土壤有機栽培對比分析:
1、基地環境(jing)保護地水肥一體化無(wu)土(tu)栽(zai)培,栽(zai)培設(she)施全,環境(jing)好,栽(zai)培環境(jing)可控,能(neng)有(you)效阻隔病蟲害侵染(ran)(ran),沒有(you)過渡期,可直接(jie)生產(chan)有(you)機蔬菜;而一般土(tu)壤(rang)栽(zai)培,無(wu)栽(zai)培設(she)施或設(she)施不全,環境(jing)好但(dan)受環境(jing)影響大,難以控制病蟲害侵染(ran)(ran),且一般土(tu)壤(rang)上(shang)有(you)機栽(zai)培要有(you)2~3 a(年)過渡期。
2、水(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)管理及病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)防(fang)控(kong)(kong)保護(hu)地水(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)一體化無(wu)土栽(zai)(zai)培技(ji)術(shu),其(qi)水(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)一體化,肥(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)均(jun)勻,操作簡便,省工,且病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)少,可人為措施控(kong)(kong)制,基地可以長期使(shi)用。而(er)一般土壤栽(zai)(zai)培水(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)均(jun)勻度難(nan)控(kong)(kong)制,操作麻(ma)煩,費工,且病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)多,難(nan)以人為控(kong)(kong)制,基地生產多年則病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)嚴重。
3、有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的產量(liang)(liang)、品(pin)質(zhi)及(ji)成(cheng)本效益保(bao)護(hu)地(di)水肥(fei)(fei)一體化無(wu)土(tu)(tu)栽培生(sheng)產的有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)產量(liang)(liang)高(gao),平均在(zai)(zai)10 000 kg以上,品(pin)質(zhi)好且穩(wen)(wen)定;一般土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)栽培的有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)產量(liang)(liang)偏低,平均為9 000 kg,品(pin)質(zhi)難以保(bao)證(zheng),且產量(liang)(liang)和品(pin)質(zhi)也不(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定。保(bao)護(hu)地(di)水肥(fei)(fei)一體化無(wu)土(tu)(tu)栽培有(you)機番茄與一般土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)栽培有(you)機番茄在(zai)(zai)凈收益上有(you)較(jiao)大提(ti)高(gao)。由于保(bao)護(hu)地(di)設施無(wu)土(tu)(tu)栽培能(neng)(neng)減少病蟲害(hai)侵染(ran)(ran),即使是允許使用(yong)的農(nong)藥(yao)也很(hen)少用(yong),而一般土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)栽培不(bu)能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)沒有(you)病蟲害(hai)的侵染(ran)(ran),很(hen)難做到絕對(dui)不(bu)施用(yong)農(nong)藥(yao),并在(zai)(zai)很(hen)大程度上影(ying)響(xiang)了(le)有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的產量(liang)(liang)和品(pin)質(zhi);另外,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)栽培受環境及(ji)人(ren)為因素影(ying)響(xiang)較(jiao)大,故存在(zai)(zai)產量(liang)(liang)及(ji)品(pin)質(zhi)的不(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定性。因此(ci),水肥(fei)(fei)一體化無(wu)土(tu)(tu)栽培有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),在(zai)(zai)肥(fei)(fei)水管理上可以節省勞力(li),在(zai)(zai)有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)產量(liang)(liang)、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)及(ji)效益上有(you)所提(ti)高(gao),更重(zhong)要的是有(you)機蔬(shu)(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的產量(liang)(liang)和品(pin)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)夠得到平穩(wen)(wen)保(bao)證(zheng)。
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