一、純電動汽車是什么意思
純電動汽車是指(zhi)由電(dian)機驅動(dong)(dong),且驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)能來源(yuan)于車(che)載(zai)可充電(dian)能量儲存系統(REESS)的(de)汽車(che)。純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)是指(zhi)以(yi)車(che)載(zai)電(dian)源(yuan)為動(dong)(dong)力,用電(dian)機驅動(dong)(dong)車(che)輪行(xing)駛,符(fu)合(he)道路交(jiao)通、安全法(fa)規(gui)各項要(yao)求的(de)車(che)輛。由于對環境影響相對傳統汽車(che)較(jiao)小,其前景被(bei)廣泛看(kan)好,但當前技術尚不成(cheng)熟。
純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(Battery Electric Vehicle,簡稱BEV),它是完(wan)全由可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(如鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi))提供動(dong)力源的汽車(che)。雖然它已有186年的悠久歷史,但一直僅限于(yu)某些特定范圍(wei)內應用,市場較小。主要原(yuan)因是由于(yu)各種類別(bie)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)普遍存在價格高、壽(shou)命(ming)短、外形尺寸和重量大、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間長等不足。
二、純電動汽車的基本結構和原理
純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)由車(che)(che)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),電(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理系統,電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輔助設施,電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji),控制器(qi),底(di)盤(pan),車(che)(che)身(shen)七(qi)部分(fen)組成,按照傳(chuan)統汽(qi)車(che)(che)的結構劃分(fen),也可以將(jiang)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)分(fen)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji),底(di)盤(pan),車(che)(che)身(shen)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣四部分(fen)。
1、電動機
電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)是電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的動(dong)(dong)力裝置,電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的心臟,它是依據電磁(ci)感應原理實現(xian)電能轉換一種(zhong)電磁(ci)裝置,它的主要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是產生旋轉遠動(dong)(dong),作(zuo)為用(yong)(yong)電設備或各種(zhong)機(ji)械的動(dong)(dong)力源。
2、發電機
發電機的(de)主要作用是將(jiang)機械能(neng)轉化為電能(neng),在電動汽車上起能(neng)量回收的(de)作用。
3、冷卻系統
冷(leng)(leng)卻系統通常由散熱器,水泵,風扇,節溫(wen)(wen)器,冷(leng)(leng)卻液(ye)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)表(biao)等組成,電動汽車電動機采(cai)(cai)用(yong)兩種(zhong)方式散熱,空氣冷(leng)(leng)卻和水冷(leng)(leng)卻,通常的(de)電動汽車多采(cai)(cai)用(yong)水冷(leng)(leng)。
4、傳動系統
因為電動汽車(che)具有(you)良好(hao)的(de)牽引特(te)性,所以不需要離合器和(he)變速(su)(su)箱,車(che)速(su)(su)控制由控制器通(tong)過(guo)調(diao)速(su)(su)系統改(gai)變電動機的(de)轉速(su)(su)就(jiu)可以實(shi)現。
5、行駛系統
也就是(shi)底盤,和燃油車(che)(che)相似(si),主要包括車(che)(che)架,車(che)(che)橋(qiao),車(che)(che)輪(lun),和懸架等,電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)行駛(shi)系(xi)統(tong)的作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)接收電動(dong)機經傳動(dong)系(xi)統(tong)傳來的轉矩,并通過驅(qu)動(dong)輪(lun)和路面間的附著作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),產生路面對汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的牽引力,以確保正常(chang)行駛(shi)。
6、蓄電池
蓄電池池的作用就是給電動機提供用電,為了滿足電動汽車對高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)需求,通常由(you)多個(ge)12V或24V的(de)電(dian)(dian)池串,并聯形成的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池組作(zuo)為動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)源,動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)源組的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是155V~400V,以周(zhou)期(qi)性(xing)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)來補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)能,動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池組是純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的(de)關鍵裝(zhuang)備,它儲存的(de)電(dian)(dian)能及其自身的(de)重量(liang)和體積(ji)對純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的(de)性(xing)能起決(jue)定性(xing)的(de)作(zuo)用。