種子成(cheng)熟的特點 如何辨(bian)別種子是否成(cheng)熟
種子成熟先是生理成熟,后是形態成熟。
生理成(cheng)熟是指種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)營(ying)養物質(zhi)(zhi)貯藏到一定(ding)程度,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胚形成(cheng),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實(shi)具有發(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)能力(li)。生理成(cheng)熟的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)含水量高(gao),營(ying)養物質(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)于易(yi)溶狀態,尚(shang)不(bu)能完(wan)全保(bao)護種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仁,不(bu)易(yi)防止(zhi)水分散失。此時采(cai)集(ji),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仁急劇收縮不(bu)利于貯藏,會(hui)很快(kuai)喪(sang)失發(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)能力(li),抗逆性低,易(yi)受微生物為害。但對深休(xiu)眠的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),如山茱(zhu)萸、山楂、椴樹、水曲柳等,可用處(chu)于生理成(cheng)熟期(qi)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),采(cai)后即播,以縮短休(xiu)眠期(qi),提(ti)高(gao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)率。
形態成熟(shu)是(shi)指(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)實外部形態完全呈現(xian)出成熟(shu)特征(zheng),完成子胚發育過程,結束了營養物質的(de)積累,含(han)水量降低,營養物質轉化(hua)為難溶(rong)的(de)脂肪、蛋白(bai)質和淀(dian)粉,種(zhong)(zhong)子重量不再(zai)增(zeng)加(jia)或增(zeng)加(jia)很少,呼吸(xi)作用微(wei)弱,種(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)致密、堅實,抗逆性強,已進入休眠,耐貯藏。一般園林(lin)采種(zhong)(zhong)多是(shi)在(zai)形態成熟(shu)后采集。
一(yi)般(ban)樹種(zhong)的種(zhong)子多是(shi)生理(li)(li)(li)成熟(shu)在先,一(yi)段時間(jian)之后才(cai)達(da)到(dao)形態成熟(shu)。但也(ye)有的種(zhong)子生理(li)(li)(li)與形態成熟(shu)時間(jian)幾乎一(yi)致,或相(xiang)隔時間(jian)很(hen)短,如柳樹、榆(yu)樹、泡桐等,當種(zhong)子達(da)到(dao)生理(li)(li)(li)成熟(shu)后就自行(xing)脫(tuo)落(luo),應注意及時采(cai)收(shou)。也(ye)有生理(li)(li)(li)后熟(shu)的種(zhong)子,如銀杏。當假種(zhong)皮呈黃(huang)色變軟,由樹上脫(tuo)落(luo),此時胚還(huan)未發(fa)育完全,不能立(li)即(ji)播(bo)種(zhong)。需經適當條(tiao)件下的貯藏,采(cai)取一(yi)定措施(shi)才(cai)能正常(chang)發(fa)芽(ya)。
同(tong)一(yi)地區不同(tong)的樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong),由于生物學特(te)性不同(tong),其種(zhong)實成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟時期也不同(tong)。大多(duo)數樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)的種(zhong)子成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟在秋(qiu)季,也有在春、夏季成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟,如柚子、鐵刀木、松柏(bo)等早春成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟,楊樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、柳(liu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、榆(yu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)等在春末夏初成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟,桑樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、柏(bo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)等在夏季成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟;而苦楝(lian)、馬尾松等入冬成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟。
同(tong)一樹種(zhong)在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)長地區、不(bu)同(tong)地理位置,種(zhong)實的(de)成熟期也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)。一般生(sheng)(sheng)長在(zai)南方的(de)樹種(zhong)比生(sheng)(sheng)長在(zai)北方的(de)種(zhong)實成熟早。
同(tong)一樹(shu)種(zhong)雖生(sheng)長在同(tong)一地區,但(dan)由于立地條(tiao)件、天氣變化等差異,種(zhong)子(zi)成(cheng)熟期也不同(tong)。生(sheng)于沙質土壤(rang)比(bi)粘質土壤(rang)樹(shu)種(zhong)種(zhong)子(zi)的(de)成(cheng)熟要早(zao)(zao),陽坡(po)比(bi)陰坡(po)的(de)成(cheng)熟要早(zao)(zao),林(lin)(lin)緣(yuan)比(bi)林(lin)(lin)內(nei)的(de)成(cheng)熟要早(zao)(zao),高(gao)溫干(gan)旱地區年份比(bi)冷(leng)涼多雨地區成(cheng)熟要早(zao)(zao)。
種子成熟特征可(ke)分(fen)為3類(lei):漿果類(lei)成熟期果皮(pi)變軟,顏(yan)色(se)由綠變紅、黃(huang)、紫色(se)等,并具(ju)有香味,多能(neng)自行脫落,應注意及時采(cai)摘(zhai)。
干(gan)果類(莢果、蒴果、翅果等(deng))成熟時果皮變為褐色,干(gan)燥(zao)開(kai)裂,也有在樹(shu)枝上宿存(cun)的(de),如刺(ci)槐、紫(zi)藤(teng)、烏桕、衛矛類等(deng)。
球果(guo)類果(guo)鱗(lin)干裂(lie)、硬化、變色(se),種(zhong)鱗(lin)開裂(lie)散出(chu)種(zhong)子,如油松(song)、白皮松(song)、馬尾松(song)、華山松(song)。