1、恒(heng)定(ding)電流(liu)充電法(fa)

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)中充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)始終保持不(bu)(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡稱(cheng)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)或等流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)中由于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐(zhu)漸升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐(zhu)漸下降，為保持充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)致因蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)而減小，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)(cheng)必(bi)須(xu)逐(zhu)漸升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，以(yi)維持充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)始終不(bu)(bu)變，這(zhe)(zhe)對于(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)自動(dong)化程(cheng)(cheng)度要求較高(gao)(gao)，一般簡陋(lou)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不(bu)(bu)能滿足恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的(de)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，在(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大(da)答(da)應的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)情況下，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間就可以(yi)縮(suo)短。若從時(shi)間上考慮，采用(yong)此法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有利的(de)。但(dan)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期若充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)仍不(bu)(bu)變，這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)由于(yu)大(da)部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出(chu)氣泡過多(duo)而顯沸騰(teng)狀，這(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)僅消(xiao)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而且(qie)輕易(yi)使極板上活性物質大(da)量脫落，溫升(sheng)過高(gao)(gao)，造成極板彎曲，容量迅速下降而提前報廢。所以(yi)，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)很(hen)少采用(yong)。

2、恒定電壓充(chong)電法

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)(shi)終保持不(bu)變，叫(jiao)做恒定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或(huo)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。由(you)于(yu)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)至后(hou)期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)(shi)終保持一定(ding)，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相當大，大大超過正常(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)。但隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進(jin)行，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸(jian)升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)減小(xiao)(xiao)。當蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相等時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減至最小(xiao)(xiao)甚至為零。由(you)此可見，采用(yong)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)(de)優點在(zai)(zai)于(yu)，可以(yi)避免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大而造成極(ji)板活性物(wu)質(zhi)脫落和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)損失。但其(qi)缺點是，在(zai)(zai)剛開(kai)始(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi)體(ti)(ti)積變化(hua)收縮太快(kuai)，影響活性物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)機械強度，致(zhi)使其(qi)脫落。而在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又過小(xiao)(xiao)，使極(ji)板深處(chu)的(de)(de)活性物(wu)質(zhi)得不(bu)到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成長期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足，影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命。所(suo)以(yi)這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)一般只適用(yong)于(yu)無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備或(huo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備較簡(jian)陋(lou)的(de)(de)特殊場合(he)，如(ru)汽車上(shang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至5號干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)式的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均(jun)采用(yong)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。采用(yong)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)給蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)：酸性蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)每個(ge)單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為2.4～2.8V左右，堿性蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)每個(ge)單體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為1.6～2.0V左右。

3、有(you)固定(ding)電阻的恒(heng)定(ding)電壓充電

為補救恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)缺(que)點而采用的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)方法。即在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池之(zhi)間(jian)串聯一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，這樣充電(dian)(dian)(dian)初(chu)期的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可以(yi)調(diao)整。但有時最大充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流受到限制，因此隨充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸(jian)上升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流卻幾乎成為直線衰減。有時使(shi)用兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值，約在(zai)2.4V時，從低電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)轉換到高電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，以(yi)減少出氣。

4、階(jie)段等(deng)流充電(dian)法(fa)

綜(zong)合(he)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)和(he)恒(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)法(fa)的特(te)點，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)初期(qi)用較(jiao)大的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，經過(guo)一段時間改用較(jiao)小(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，至充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)后期(qi)改用更小(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，即不同(tong)階段內以(yi)不同(tong)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)進行恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的方法(fa)，叫做階段恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)法(fa)。階段恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)法(fa)，一般(ban)可分為兩個階段進行，也可分為多個階段進行。

階(jie)段(duan)等流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法所(suo)需充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間短(duan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果也好。由于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改用較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣(yang)減少(shao)了氣泡對極(ji)板活(huo)性物質的(de)沖洗，減少(shao)了活(huo)性物質的(de)脫(tuo)落。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法能(neng)延長(chang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用壽(shou)命，并(bing)節省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹(che)底，所(suo)以(yi)是(shi)當前常用的(de)一種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法。一般蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池第一階(jie)段(duan)以(yi)10h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第二(er)階(jie)段(duan)以(yi)20h率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各(ge)階(jie)段(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的(de)是(shi)非(fei)，各(ge)種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)具體要(yao)求和標準不一樣(yang)。