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水庫特征

懷柔水庫(ku)為(wei)京郊主要水利工程之一，位北(bei)京市懷柔縣城(cheng)四側，控制流域(yu)面(mian)積540平方公里(li)，蓄水面(mian)積12平方公里(li)，總(zong)庫(ku)容1億立方米(mi)(mi)。1958年3月(yue)9日開工，大壩(ba)于同年7月(yue)19日完工，歷時130天(tian)。1990年主壩(ba)加高后，總(zong)庫(ku)容1.4億立方米(mi)(mi)。

主要建筑

主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)主(zhu)壩、副(fu)壩、溢(yi)洪(hong)道、輸水(shui)隧洞、進(jin)水(shui)問、等工程(cheng)。主(zhu)壩為粘土斜墻砂礫(li)料土壩，東琪龍山，西抵鳳(feng)山，壩長(chang)1038米。最(zui)大壩高21米，壩頂寬5米，壩頂高程(cheng)66米，壩體填筑量(liang)144萬立方米。防滲(shen)槽大部(bu)做在河床以下6米深的粘性土層上，局部(bu)槽深達14米左右(you)。

副(fu)(fu)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)共3座(zuo)，均(jun)為粘土均(jun)質壩(ba)(ba)(ba)。其(qi)中1號(hao)副(fu)(fu)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)處，原為由懷柔縣(xian)城去(qu)沙峪(yu)川的躋口，最大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)10米(mi)(mi)，壩(ba)(ba)(ba)長(chang)120米(mi)(mi)；2號(hao)副(fu)(fu)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)處，原為去(qu)釣(diao)魚臺路口，最大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)3.5米(mi)(mi)，壩(ba)(ba)(ba)長(chang)220米(mi)(mi)；3號(hao)副(fu)(fu)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)最大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)22米(mi)(mi)，壩(ba)(ba)(ba)長(chang)80米(mi)(mi)。

主(zhu)壩東端(duan)龍山西側(ce)腳下設有東溢洪(hong)(hong)道，1958年(nian)(nian)建(jian)成后，1964年(nian)(nian)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)改建(jian)，裝有兩(liang)扇7.4米(mi)X4.3米(mi)的弧形(xing)鋼(gang)閘門，堰(yan)頂高程(cheng)58米(mi)，最大(da)泄洪(hong)(hong)量401立方(fang)米(mi)每秒(miao)。1990年(nian)(nian)又進(jin)行(xing)了(le)第(di)二(er)次(ci)改建(jian)。西溢洪(hong)(hong)道建(jian)于1964年(nian)(nian)，位于主(zhu)壩西端(duan)，開挖全(quan)長750米(mi)，設兩(liang)扇12米(mi)X6.3米(mi)弧形(xing)閘門，最大(da)泄洪(hong)(hong)量890立方(fang)米(mi)每秒(miao)。

主壩西側，建有(you)輸(shu)水(shui)隧洞。洞徑2.5米(mi)，洞長101米(mi)，進口設(she)有(you)水(shui)塔，裝有(you)2.5米(mi)X2.5米(mi)閘門，進日底板(ban)高程(cheng)為52米(mi)，最(zui)大泄洪量(liang)為52立方米(mi)每(mei)秒，為灌(guan)溉和(he)泄洪兩用設(she)施(shi)。

區水系

懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)水庫(ku)位于潮(chao)白河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)山峽出口、懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)九河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)與懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)沙河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)交匯(hui)處。懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)主要(yao)流(liu)經北京市(shi)懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)區境內。懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)水庫(ku)以上，由懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)九河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)、懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)沙河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)兩條支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)組成(cheng)。懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)九河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)、懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)沙河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)原在縣城西匯(hui)合(he)后。1958年修(xiu)建懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)水庫(ku)，兩支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)匯(hui)合(he)于水庫(ku)，出庫(ku)后為懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)，貫(guan)穿懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)區，過(guo)史家口南入潮(chao)白河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)，懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)曾稱西大河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)、朝鯉河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)、七渡河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)。懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)水庫(ku)建成(cheng)后，改為懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)。懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)全長(chang)(chang)以最長(chang)(chang)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)九河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)上源計(ji)為80.9公(gong)里，懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)境內64公(gong)里；流(liu)域面積(ji)1042.6平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里，懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)境內578.3平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里，河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)床縱坡2.1－2.4/1000。修(xiu)建懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)水庫(ku)后，懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)下(xia)游仍(reng)負擔懷(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)柔(rou)(rou)(rou)水庫(ku)的泄洪任務。

建設維修

初建過程

1958年2月(yue)下旬，懷柔水庫由河(he)北省、北京市共同組織了施工(gong)指揮部(bu)。施工(gong)民工(gong)來自懷柔、順義、通縣(xian)、三(san)河(he)、香河(he)、大廠、大興(xing)、因安、薊縣(xian)、平谷、密云等12個(ge)縣(xian)區的(de)(de)3477個(ge)農業社(she)，共63273人。此外(wai)參加(jia)施工(gong)勞動(dong)的(de)(de)還有工(gong)人455人，人民解放(fang)軍指戰員5000人，學生1181人。

1958年2月18日(ri)(ri)決定修建懷柔(rou)(rou)水(shui)庫。3月9日(ri)(ri)，在(zai)大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)東(dong)溢洪(hong)(hong)道(dao)(dao)外側舉行了(le)(le)(le)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)典禮。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)民辦公助的形式，數(shu)萬(wan)(wan)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，自帶手(shou)推車4.08萬(wan)(wan)輛，抬筐2.54萬(wan)(wan)付，锨鎬4.98萬(wan)(wan)把，馬(ma)車1023輛，大(da)牲畜1943頭，葦(wei)席7.6萬(wan)(wan)領，繩子12.2萬(wan)(wan)公斤，國家每天(tian)每人(ren)只補助伙食費(fei)0.4元。所(suo)有(you)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)100多(duo)(duo)天(tian)不(bu)換班，上(shang)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)的土(tu)(tu)石(shi)(shi)料，依(yi)靠人(ren)力(li)手(shou)推車、馬(ma)車日(ri)(ri)夜奮戰(zhan)來(lai)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)，碾(nian)壓工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具僅1臺(tai)1.75噸的夯板(ban)機(ji)、66臺(tai)碾(nian)壓機(ji)，200個(ge)碌碡和少數(shu)拖拉機(ji)、推土(tu)(tu)機(ji)、石(shi)(shi)夯等。二座(zuo)副壩(ba)(ba)(ba)由(you)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)力(li)不(bu)足，延至(zhi)后期施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。其中(zhong)3號副壩(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)址(zhi)，擔負著施(shi)(shi)丁導流任務，直(zhi)到6月28日(ri)(ri)才開始(shi)斷(duan)流施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。當時(shi)正值雨季，至(zhi)7月初，水(shui)庫水(shui)位(wei)迅漲，尚未完(wan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的二號副壩(ba)(ba)(ba)尚不(bu)能抵御洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)，導流口距縣城只200米(mi)，縣城及下游(you)村(cun)莊處于(yu)危險(xian)之中(zhong)。廣(guang)大(da)干部群眾奮戰(zhan)一(yi)界(jie)晝夜，用4萬(wan)(wan)多(duo)(duo)條(tiao)草袋在(zai)3號副壩(ba)(ba)(ba)處建起(qi)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)臨(lin)時(shi)攔(lan)洪(hong)(hong)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)，第一(yi)次(ci)抵御了(le)(le)(le)建庫以(yi)來(lai)的洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)襲擊。進水(shui)閘、輸(shu)水(shui)隧洞分別于(yu)7月7日(ri)(ri)與7月15日(ri)(ri)完(wan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，溢洪(hong)(hong)道(dao)(dao)與消力(li)池下程(cheng)至(zhi)9月16日(ri)(ri)方告結(jie)束。此次(ci)修建工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)共完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)(tu)石(shi)(shi)、混凝土(tu)(tu)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量約200萬(wan)(wan)立方米(mi)，總(zong)(zong)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)約600萬(wan)(wan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日(ri)(ri)，實際(ji)投資(zi)約480萬(wan)(wan)元。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，涌現出(chu)許多(duo)(duo)動(dong)人(ren)的事跡(ji)。1958年6月26日(ri)(ri)，周(zhou)恩(en)來(lai)總(zong)(zong)理來(lai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場視察，深(shen)入(ru)勞動(dong)大(da)軍(jun)中(zhong)慰問民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，并(bing)親筆(bi)題寫了(le)(le)(le)“懷柔(rou)(rou)水(shui)庫”四個(ge)大(da)字。1958年7月20日(ri)(ri)，大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)完(wan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，舉行了(le)(le)(le)落(luo)成(cheng)(cheng)典禮，國務院副總(zong)(zong)理薄一(yi)波出(chu)席了(le)(le)(le)大(da)會，并(bing)為落(luo)成(cheng)(cheng)典禮剪彩。修建懷柔(rou)(rou)水(shui)庫，有(you)釣(diao)魚臺(tai)、潘各(ge)臺(tai)、楊各(ge)長(chang)等8個(ge)村(cun)，576戶(hu)，2572口人(ren)遷移出(chu)庫區。

改建加固

1963年(nian)8月，國(guo)家水(shui)(shui)電部對懷(huai)柔(rou)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)進行(xing)(xing)復核(he)后認為(wei)：水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)應為(wei)二級水(shui)(shui)工(gong)建筑物，防洪標(biao)準六采用百(bai)年(nian)設(she)(she)汁、千年(nian)校(xiao)核(he)。原水(shui)(shui)文計(ji)算對上(shang)游水(shui)(shui)土保護效果(guo)估(gu)計(ji)偏高，設(she)(she)計(ji)洪水(shui)(shui)峰量值偏小，長副壩修建標(biao)準偏低，渡汛尚(shang)不安全(quan)。1963年(nian)北京市(shi)政(zheng)府(fu)批準對水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)進行(xing)(xing)改建，由市(shi)政(zheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)院設(she)(she)計(ji)，市(shi)水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)程總(zong)隊與懷(huai)柔(rou)縣、平谷縣共(gong)同組織施工(gong)。

改(gai)建(jian)(jian)工程內容(rong)：擴建(jian)(jian)東(dong)溢(yi)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)道，新(xin)建(jian)(jian)西溢(yi)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)道。東(dong)溢(yi)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)道改(gai)建(jian)(jian)原溢(yi)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)曲面和(he)消力池，新(xin)建(jian)(jian)下游側墻及(ji)防(fang)沖(chong)槽，整(zheng)修(xiu)原泄洪(hong)(hong)(hong)渠堤(di)，啟閉機改(gai)裝為手動、電(dian)動兩用(yong)機，改(gai)建(jian)(jian)輸(shu)水(shui)(shui)洞進(jin)口段襯(chen)砌(qi)和(he)隧洞進(jin)水(shui)(shui)塔與主壩(ba)間交通道，新(xin)建(jian)(jian)正常用(yong)閘門(men)一扇。整(zheng)修(xiu)主壩(ba)原有壩(ba)頂及(ji)壩(ba)面護坡石，對右壩(ba)頭及(ji)壩(ba)基(ji)進(jin)行防(fang)滲處理，整(zheng)修(xiu)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)閘門(men)等。

全部(bu)改(gai)建工程于1964年12月底(di)基本(ben)結束，共(gong)完成石方(fang)開挖7.7萬(wan)立力米，土方(fang)34.39萬(wan)立方(fang)米，鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝土2.56萬(wan)立方(fang)米，砌石2.37萬(wan)立方(fang)米，總(zong)用(yong)工62.77萬(wan)T日，投資約500萬(wan)元。

水(shui)庫主壩(ba)、副壩(ba)工(gong)程在1976年(nian)、1990年(nian)進行(xing)了(le)兩(liang)次(ci)加(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)加(jia)(jia)固。1976年(nian)第一次(ci)加(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)時完(wan)成(cheng)主壩(ba)加(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)1米，壩(ba)頂高(gao)(gao)程由65米加(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)到66米，防浪墻(qiang)頂由66米加(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)到67.2米。二座(zuo)副壩(ba)總(zong)加(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)2米。全部工(gong)程總(zong)用工(gong)12.1萬個(ge)工(gong)日，投資85萬元。這次(ci)加(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)后，如遇千年(nian)一遇的(de)(de)洪(hong)水(shui)，水(shui)位超過65米高(gao)(gao)程時，仍需由1號副壩(ba)以北長約900米的(de)(de)長副壩(ba)丘陵地(di)自然分(fen)洪(hong)，沿縣城(cheng)東(dong)北泄入雁棲河。為徹底解決問題，經國務院批準，1990年(nian)又進行(xing)了(le)第二次(ci)主壩(ba)加(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)1米的(de)(de)工(gong)程。