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歷史典故

清公主府

在呼和浩特市賽罕路東。為清康熙帝第四女恪靖公主的府(fu)第(di)。恪靖(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)俗呼(hu)海蚌公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)，傳(chuan)為(wei)(wei)貴人郭絡羅氏(shi)所生，一說為(wei)(wei)康熙帝第(di)六女。清(qing)朝對蒙古實行(xing)懷柔政策，將恪靖(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)下(xia)嫁給喀(ka)爾(er)(er)喀(ka)蒙古部土謝圖汗(han)的(de)(de)兒子敦多(duo)(duo)布多(duo)(duo)爾(er)(er)濟，初(chu)封(feng)為(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)碩公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)，又封(feng)為(wei)(wei)恪靖(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)，再(zai)封(feng)為(wei)(wei)固倫恪靖(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)府(fu)曾三遷，初(chu)居(ju)清(qing)水河縣花園巷(xiang)，后(hou)遷呼(hu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)浩特(te)市舊(jiu)城西北的(de)(de)扎(zha)達(da)海河西岸，雍正年間（1723―1735）又修(xiu)建(jian)了(le)現(xian)存的(de)(de)這座府(fu)第(di)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)府(fu)建(jian)筑5進(jin)，有(you)大(da)(da)門、過廳、大(da)(da)廳和(he)(he)(he)(he)內院，門前立有(you)大(da)(da)照壁，宅院東部有(you)假山(shan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)池沼。恪靖(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)死(si)后(hou)葬東郊(jiao)美岱村(cun)(cun)(cun)，美岱村(cun)(cun)(cun)附近(jin)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)黑河上四村(cun)(cun)(cun)水澆(jiao)地盡屬公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)府(fu)，其(qi)后(hou)裔多(duo)(duo)居(ju)住在這里。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)府(fu)附近(jin)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)牧場，后(hou)建(jian)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落命為(wei)(wei)小府(fu)、府(fu)興(xing)營等。府(fu)第(di)雖經近(jin)現(xian)代(dai)利(li)用改建(jian)，原(yuan)來布局基本未變，現(xian)已辟為(wei)(wei)呼(hu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)浩特(te)市博物館，利(li)用古代(dai)建(jian)筑舉(ju)辦(ban)文物陳列和(he)(he)(he)(he)展覽(lan)。

桃花文化節

舉辦桃花文化節以創建國家園林城市，打造美麗宜居首府為目的，讓更(geng)多的(de)(de)游人深入了解園林(lin)綠(lv)化(hua)知識，引導入園游玩的(de)(de)人們做愛綠(lv)護綠(lv)的(de)(de)使者(zhe)。該公園是全市種植(zhi)桃樹面積(ji)最大、樹種最集中的(de)(de)園林(lin)區，共種植(zhi)山(shan)桃主(zhu)干樹種367株，意(yi)義是為(wei)了紀(ji)念367名(ming)陣亡的(de)(de)中國抗日戰士。同時，園內還有(you)連翹、紫丁香、榆葉梅等。

大規模園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林綠地(di)建設，城區內園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林綠地(di)逐漸增多。從去年開始，根據園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區不同的特(te)(te)點(dian)，對全市(shi)所有的游園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)注入相(xiang)應的文(wen)(wen)化內涵。其中春渡公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)已打造成(cheng)廉政主體公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，公主府公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以桃花(hua)文(wen)(wen)化為載體，集中栽植多品種(zhong)桃樹，突出桃花(hua)文(wen)(wen)化主題(ti)。今后還將(jiang)針對青(qing)城公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、滿都(dou)海公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)等荷花(hua)栽植現(xian)狀極力舉辦(ban)(ban)荷花(hua)節，在各個游園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內逐步注入花(hua)文(wen)(wen)化，并(bing)結合公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)特(te)(te)點(dian)還將(jiang)舉辦(ban)(ban)與園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林相(xiang)關元素攝影展活(huo)動(dong)、

將士紀念碑

74年前的悲壯一幕：1933年5月23日凌晨4時左右，日本侵略者瘋狂向華北(bei)(bei)進攻，傅(fu)作(zuo)義(yi)將(jiang)軍率(lv)領華北(bei)(bei)軍第五十(shi)(shi)九軍將(jiang)士(shi)在牛欄山(shan)西至(zhi)昌平一線(xian)布防時遭(zao)遇敵軍襲擊，五十(shi)(shi)九軍將(jiang)士(shi)與(yu)敵軍英勇血戰(zhan)15個小時，367名將(jiang)士(shi)英勇犧牲，最終取得了戰(zhan)斗(dou)的勝利。戰(zhan)斗(dou)結束后(hou)，傅(fu)作(zuo)義(yi)將(jiang)軍為(wei)了緬懷陣(zhen)亡將(jiang)士(shi)，特地派(pai)員將(jiang)找到的 203具(ju)殉國官兵遺骸(hai)護運回歸綏，安葬于公主府公園，建立紀(ji)念(nian)碑。

和碩公主

據史料記(ji)載，和碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)恪靖(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是康(kang)熙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)皇(huang)帝的(de)(de)第(di)6女(nv)，生于(yu)康(kang)熙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)五月，卒于(yu)雍(yong)正十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)三月，終年(nian)57歲。和碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)恪靖(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)深受(shou)康(kang)熙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)喜愛，曾3次(ci)受(shou)封(feng)。第(di)一次(ci)是康(kang)熙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)三十(shi)(shi)年(nian)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)僅13歲，困(kun)“既嫻內治，宜被(bei)殊(shu)榮”，即(ji)被(bei)封(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“和碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”。第(di)二(er)次(ci)是康(kang)熙(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)三十(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)，這時公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)下(xia)嫁敦多(duo)布多(duo)爾濟(ji)已9年(nian)，因她“居心柔嘉，婦德無違(wei)”，故封(feng)“恪靖(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”。第(di)三次(ci)是雍(yong)正元年(nian)，雍(yong)正皇(huang)帝特賜(si)她金冊，并晉封(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“固(gu)(gu)倫(lun)(lun)恪靖(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”。那么“和碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”和“固(gu)(gu)倫(lun)(lun)”究竟有何區別(bie)(bie)呢？據歷史學家介紹，二(er)者反(fan)映了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)級(ji)別(bie)(bie)，皇(huang)后(hou)嫡出的(de)(de)女(nv)兒(er)稱(cheng)“固(gu)(gu)倫(lun)(lun)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”，“固(gu)(gu)倫(lun)(lun)”是滿語(yu)，意(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“國(guo)家”或(huo)“天下(xia)”，是最高級(ji)別(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)；嬪(pin)妃(fei)和貴人等生的(de)(de)女(nv)兒(er)則稱(cheng)“和碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”，“和碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”也是滿語(yu)，意(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“一方”，后(hou)引申為(wei)(wei)(wei)“旗”的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思，和碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)因自(zi)身出色或(huo)政績(ji)斐(fei)然可(ke)被(bei)晉升為(wei)(wei)(wei)固(gu)(gu)倫(lun)(lun)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。

《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)府志》也(ye)(ye)稱贊“恪(ke)靖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)為(wei)人恭(gong)儉柔順、不(bu)恃皇家之(zhi)驕(jiao)、善敦妯娌、嫻于(yu)禮(li)教。”她(ta)在(zai)清水河居住時(shi)，康熙皇帝御(yu)賜田(tian)(tian)地48000多畝，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)在(zai)這里招民種田(tian)(tian)，開鑿水渠，引水灌溉。當地百(bai)姓(xing)自發地為(wei)她(ta)刻(ke)立了德政碑，盛贊她(ta)“寬以(yi)待民，撫(fu)民亦(yi)如赤子，其(qi)(qi)立心(xin)也(ye)(ye)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，其(qi)(qi)立政也(ye)(ye)明”。民間傳說(shuo)恪(ke)靖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)也(ye)(ye)叫“靜宜(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)”，民間還(huan)稱“海(hai)(hai)蚌公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)”、“四公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)”。“海(hai)(hai)蚌”是滿語音譯，“參謀”之(zhi)意(yi)。當時(shi)恪(ke)靖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)在(zai)呼和浩特(te)地區“事(shi)事(shi)過(guo)(guo)問”，權力很(hen)大，歸(gui)化城各級官(guan)吏政事(shi)的(de)處理都要請她(ta)參政議事(shi)。傳說(shuo)恪(ke)靖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)雖然排(pai)行老六(liu)，但因她(ta)之(zhi)前的(de)兩(liang)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)早夭，所以(yi)也(ye)(ye)稱“四公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)”。史學家經過(guo)(guo)研(yan)究認為(wei)這些說(shuo)法是可信的(de)。有人甚至從側面提出(chu)了實物證據(ju)，即(ji)在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)府院(yuan)第一進院(yuan)“轎廳(ting)”檐下的(de)“左戧檐花(hua)磚雕(diao)刻(ke)圖”，也(ye)(ye)稱“吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)富貴(gui)圖”，它采用(yong)雙層插磚鏤空雕(diao)刻(ke)工(gong)藝，松梅圍簇四周，4只肥美的(de)綿羊(yang)怡(yi)然自得，又點綴(zhui)以(yi)4只出(chu)殼的(de)海(hai)(hai)螺，寓意(yi)恪(ke)靖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)生肖(xiao)屬(shu)羊(yang)，排(pai)行第四，吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)富貴(gui)。

“和碩恪靖(jing)公主”或稱(cheng)“固(gu)倫恪靖(jing)公主”，與蒙古草(cao)原(yuan)的(de)(de)和平安(an)寧(ning)息息相關，她的(de)(de)品級(ji)封(feng)號以及金冊訴說著(zhu)她非同尋常的(de)(de)一生。

清(qing)朝對(dui)蒙(meng)古實(shi)行懷(huai)柔政策，將恪靖公(gong)主下嫁給喀爾喀蒙(meng)古部土謝圖汗的兒(er)子敦多(duo)布多(duo)爾濟(ji)，初(chu)封(feng)為和(he)碩公(gong)主，又封(feng)為恪靖公(gong)主，再封(feng)為固倫恪靖公(gong)主。公(gong)主府曾三遷(qian)，初(chu)居清(qing)水河縣(xian)花園巷，后(hou)遷(qian)呼和(he)浩(hao)特(te)市舊城西北的扎達海(hai)河西岸，雍(yong)正年(nian)間（1723-1735）又修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)了現存的這座府第。公(gong)主府建(jian)(jian)筑5進，有大(da)門、過廳、大(da)廳和(he)內院(yuan)，門前(qian)立(li)有大(da)照壁，宅院(yuan)東(dong)部有假山和(he)池沼。

恪靖公(gong)主死后(hou)葬東郊美岱村，美岱村附(fu)近(jin)的大黑河上四村水澆地盡(jin)屬公(gong)主府(fu)(fu)，其后(hou)裔多(duo)居住在這里。公(gong)主府(fu)(fu)附(fu)近(jin)為其牧場，后(hou)建村落(luo)命為小府(fu)(fu)、府(fu)(fu)興營等。府(fu)(fu)第雖經(jing)近(jin)現(xian)代(dai)利用(yong)改建，原來(lai)布局基本未變，現(xian)已(yi)辟為呼和浩特市博物(wu)館(guan)，利用(yong)古(gu)代(dai)建筑舉辦文物(wu)陳列和展覽(lan)，供(gong)游人參觀。

保存現狀

固(gu)倫恪(ke)靖公主府(fu)，是(shi)康熙皇帝六女兒恪(ke)靖公主下嫁漠(mo)北喀(ka)爾(er)喀(ka)蒙古(gu)土謝圖汗部多(duo)布多(duo)爾(er)濟后所建府(fu)邸(di)，是(shi)清朝滿蒙聯姻國(guo)策(ce)的(de)產物。府(fu)邸(di)以大青山為屏，札達河(he)(he)與(yu)艾(ai)不蓋(gai)河(he)(he)環(huan)抱(bao)，素有二龍戲珠之美稱。公主府(fu)現(xian)占地面積18000平方米，分四進(jin)五重院落，為親王(wang)級建筑品級。前(qian)有影(ying)壁御道(dao)，后有花園(yuan)馬(ma)場(chang)，府(fu)門，儀門，靜宜堂，寢宮，耳房，廂房，配房，后罩房依列分布，風(feng)雨(yu)滄桑三百年(nian)，至今(jin)保存完好，是(shi)目前(qian)國(guo)內(nei)唯(wei)一(yi)保留完整的(de)清代(dai)公主府(fu)邸(di)，是(shi)古(gu)代(dai)建筑藝(yi)術重要的(de)文化載體。

和碩(shuo)恪(ke)靖(jing)公(gong)主府(fu)，建于清代(dai)康熙(xi)年(nian)間，距今已有三百多年(nian)的歷(li)史(shi)，是(shi)(shi)康熙(xi)皇帝的六女(nv)兒和碩(shuo)恪(ke)靖(jing)公(gong)主居住過(guo)的府(fu)邸(di)，公(gong)主府(fu)占地(di)18000m2，是(shi)(shi)賽(sai)外保存最完整(zheng)的一處清代(dai)四合院(yuan)群體(ti)(ti)建筑(zhu)。總(zong)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)4座四合小院(yuan)構成，共有房(fang)屋69間，為(wei)一套四進(jin)六院(yuan)的府(fu)第，被列為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)重點文物保護單位，內藏文物精(jing)品1200余件，具有較(jiao)高的歷(li)史(shi)、藝術和觀賞價值。

公主(zhu)府院落由(you)南向北分組排列為大照壁、前殿(dian)(dian)、大殿(dian)(dian)、儀門、寢殿(dian)(dian)5 重。

現(xian)規劃(hua)在此基礎上(shang)擴大保護區范圍，連(lian)接展館(guan)部分和(he)公園部分，使公主府按(an)原貌(mao)形成一(yi)個獨(du)立的整體，恢復原公主府歷史(shi)(shi)風貌(mao)，挖掘(jue)滿蒙歷史(shi)(shi)文(wen)化淵(yuan)源，以及恪(ke)靖公主與喀爾喀蒙古土謝圖親王的奇聞軼事。

保護工程

公(gong)主府(fu)(fu)不僅是(shi)(shi)民族美(mei)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征，府(fu)(fu)內(nei)景(jing)色(se)更加別具一格， 2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)獲批全(quan)國重點文(wen)物保護(hu)單位。為保護(hu)這一稀有(you)歷史文(wen)化遺產，從2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)起(qi)市委，市政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)投入數千萬用于修繕公(gong)主府(fu)(fu)，歷時5年(nian)(nian)(nian)，才有(you)了今天煥然一新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)面(mian)貌，公(gong)主府(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造全(quan)部按照皇家督造，油飾(shi)工程全(quan)部使用礦物質顏(yan)料，所有(you)彩畫可(ke)以保持20年(nian)(nian)(nian)至30年(nian)(nian)(nian)不會褪(tun)色(se)，府(fu)(fu)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)碧輝(hui)煌之處全(quan)都是(shi)(shi)用98金(jin)(jin)泊做成，在(zai)陽光(guang)底下光(guang)彩奪目，熠熠生輝(hui)，處處體現(xian)著公(gong)主府(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)尊貴等級。公(gong)主府(fu)(fu)制作工藝(yi)考究，是(shi)(shi)呼和浩特市所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)古建(jian)筑當中，公(gong)主府(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)級別是(shi)(shi)最高的(de)(de)(de)。