紹興城(cheng)北(bei)(bei)?犭(quan)茶(cha)湖(hu)(hu)上一(yi)處古代舟楫往來的傍(bang)岸(an)避(bi)風設施。?犭(quan)茶(cha)湖(hu)(hu)避(bi)塘,明代建筑,位于(yu)越城(cheng)區鏡湖(hu)(hu)新(xin)區?犭(quan)茶(cha)湖(hu)(hu)上,地處紹興古城(cheng)北(bei)(bei)約(yue)9.5公(gong)里。
?犭(quan)茶(cha)湖是(shi)(shi)紹(shao)興(xing)城北的一處湖泊,因出產?犭(quan)茶(cha)(讀作“昂桑”)而(er)得名(ming)(ming)(ming)。?犭(quan)茶(cha)是(shi)(shi)紹(shao)興(xing)方言中對黃顙魚的稱(cheng)謂。?犭(quan)茶(cha)湖面積較大,南北長3000米,東(dong)西(xi)(xi)寬(kuan)2500米,總面積6425畝,其(qi)四周(zhou)與數條河流相(xiang)通(tong),是(shi)(shi)紹(shao)興(xing)城北的水路交通(tong)要道(dao)。據(ju)清《嘉(jia)慶山陰縣志》卷(juan)二(er)十(shi)記載:“湖周(zhou)回(hui)四十(shi)里,傍湖居者(zhe)二(er)十(shi)余村。湖西(xi)(xi)尤(you)子午之(zhi)沖,舟(zhou)楫往來(lai),遇風輒遭覆溺。明天(tian)啟中,有(you)石(shi)工覆舟(zhou),遇救,得免,遂為(wei)(wei)僧(seng),發愿誓筑(zhu)石(shi)塘(tang),十(shi)余年(nian)(nian)不成,抑郁以死(si)。會稽(ji)張賢(xian)臣聞而(er)憫(min)之(zhi),于崇禎十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)建塘(tang)六里,為(wei)(wei)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)者(zhe)三(san),名(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)‘天(tian)濟(ji)’。蓋罄資(zi)產為(wei)(wei)之(zhi),五年(nian)(nian)而(er)工始(shi)竣。”從此,舟(zhou)行(xing)塘(tang)內(nei),可以避風濤之(zhi)險(xian),亦免受浪濤激岸(an),捍衛沿湖田園。其(qi)后(hou),清道(dao)光(guang)、咸豐(feng)、同治(zhi)和宣統年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian),均曾修(xiu)繕。塘(tang)上原有(you)六座(zuo)石(shi)梁橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),分(fen)別取名(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)濟(ji)、永(yong)濟(ji)、中濟(ji)、平(ping)濟(ji)、通(tong)濟(ji)、普濟(ji)。1969年(nian)(nian),當地(di)圍湖造田時(shi),永(yong)濟(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)被拆除。“文革”期間(jian)(jian),天(tian)濟(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)遭拆毀(hui),后(hou)改成鋼筋混凝土拱橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao);永(yong)濟(ji)、中濟(ji)、通(tong)濟(ji)三(san)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)分(fen)別改名(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)群(qun)建橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、金光(guang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)和朝陽(yang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao);只有(you)普濟(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)未改名(ming)(ming)(ming)。1975年(nian)(nian),當地(di)政府對群(qun)建橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、金光(guang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、朝陽(yang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)進行(xing)了(le)整(zheng)修(xiu)。1991年(nian)(nian)以來(lai),文物部門(men)對石(shi)亭和塘(tang)堤(di)又(you)作了(le)局部維(wei)修(xiu)。
?犭(quan)茶湖避(bi)塘(tang)現長(chang)約3.5公里,呈(cheng)南(nan)北(bei)走向,橫亙(gen)于湖上,由實體塘(tang)堤、石(shi)(shi)(shi)橋(qiao)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)亭(ting)相間(jian)組成(cheng)(cheng)。實體塘(tang)堤是避(bi)塘(tang)的主體,平面(mian)略呈(cheng)“S”形(xing),塘(tang)堤用(yong)長(chang)約2—2.3米(mi)(mi)、寬為(wei)(wei)0.4—0.5米(mi)(mi)的條石(shi)(shi)(shi)或順丁疊砌,或順疊而成(cheng)(cheng),自下至(zhi)上逐層收分。塘(tang)頂鋪設石(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban),石(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)之(zhi)間(jian)用(yong)榫卯(mao)銜接。塘(tang)上現有群建、金光、朝陽、普濟(ji)四(si)座石(shi)(shi)(shi)梁(liang)(liang)橋(qiao)。其中,群建、金光、朝陽三(san)(san)(san)橋(qiao)均為(wei)(wei)單孔石(shi)(shi)(shi)梁(liang)(liang)橋(qiao),普濟(ji)橋(qiao)為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)孔石(shi)(shi)(shi)梁(liang)(liang)橋(qiao)。四(si)座梁(liang)(liang)橋(qiao)長(chang)20至(zhi)30米(mi)(mi)不等(deng),是舟楫往來塘(tang)堤內外的主要(yao)通道。石(shi)(shi)(shi)亭(ting)為(wei)(wei)行人休息之(zhi)處,平面(mian)呈(cheng)長(chang)方形(xing),坐東朝西,三(san)(san)(san)柱(zhu)兩(liang)間(jian),梁(liang)(liang)柱(zhu)結構,石(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)屋面(mian),亭(ting)頂為(wei)(wei)硬(ying)山(shan)造。南(nan)、北(bei)山(shan)墻各刻(ke)《募修備塘(tang)碑(bei)》、《修塘(tang)捐(juan)碑(bei)》一方,俱楷(kai)書陰刻(ke)。
?犭茶湖避(bi)塘(tang)于2013年公布為(wei)全國重點文物保護(hu)單位。