簡介
1713年(清康(kang)熙(xi)五十二年),諸蒙古王公為慶(qing)賀康(kang)熙(xi)帝60壽(shou)辰,上書“奏請”在(zai)承德避暑(shu)山莊外,圍建一(yi)寺(si)院作慶(qing)壽(shou)盛會之所。康(kang)熙(xi)帝欣然“恩準”,遂建造(zao)了溥仁(ren)、溥善二寺(si)。溥善寺(si)早已荒廢,溥仁(ren)寺(si)便成康(kang)熙(xi)年間僅存的(de)廟宇(yu)。溥通普(pu),普(pu)遍、廣大意,有(you)皇帝深仁(ren)厚(hou)愛普(pu)及天下之意。慈云普(pu)陰殿,單檐歇山頂,描金彩(cai)繪,雕梁畫棟,光彩(cai)奪目。殿內供過去佛(fo)(fo)迦(jia)葉(xie)(xie)佛(fo)(fo)、如今佛(fo)(fo)釋迦(jia)牟尼佛(fo)(fo)、未來佛(fo)(fo)彌勒佛(fo)(fo)。釋迦(jia)佛(fo)(fo)兩側為其兩大弟子迦(jia)葉(xie)(xie)和阿難。東(dong)西壇上供姿態(tai)各(ge)異的(de)十八羅漢。天花板上有(you)密(mi)宗六字真言。寶相長新殿,單檐硬山布瓦頂,檐柱描金彩(cai)繪。內供9尊無(wu)量(liang)壽(shou)佛(fo)(fo)。
溥仁寺
歷史背景
溥(pu)仁(ren)寺、溥(pu)善(shan)寺位(wei)避暑山莊東,武烈河(he)(he)東岸。溥(pu)仁(ren)寺在(zai)前,占(zhan)地3.4公(gong)頃,俗稱前寺;溥(pu)善(shan)寺在(zai)后(hou),占(zhan)地1.1公(gong)頃,俗稱后(hou)寺。溥(pu)仁(ren)、溥(pu)善(shan)是(shi)外(wai)八(ba)廟中康(kang)(kang)熙年(nian)(nian)(nian)間建造的(de)兩座(zuo)寺廟。1690年(nian)(nian)(nian)(康(kang)(kang)熙二十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian))取得(de)了平(ping)息(xi)厄魯特蒙(meng)古(gu)準(zhun)葛爾部(bu)(bu)民族分裂(lie)分子噶爾丹的(de)判亂勝利。到(dao)1713年(nian)(nian)(nian)(康(kang)(kang)熙五十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)),漠北(bei)、漠南(nan)、喀爾喀等蒙(meng)古(gu)地區(qu)出現了20余年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)安定局面,發展了這些地區(qu)的(de)牧(mu)業生(sheng)產,密切了蒙(meng)古(gu)各部(bu)(bu)與清中央政(zheng)府(fu)的(de)關系(xi)。這一年(nian)(nian)(nian)是(shi)康(kang)(kang)熙的(de)60壽辰,“眾(zhong)蒙(meng)古(gu)部(bu)(bu)落(luo),咸至闕廷,奉行朝(chao)賀,不謀同辭(ci),具疏陳墾(ken),愿建剎宇,為聯祝(zhu)厘”,康(kang)(kang)熙允其所請,于(yu)是(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)熱(re)河(he)(he)建造了這兩座(zuo)寺廟,供蒙(meng)古(gu)諸部(bu)(bu)大聚會使(shi)用,取“寓施(shi)仁(ren)政(zheng)于(yu)遠荒”之意分別題名“溥(pu)仁(ren)寺”、“溥(pu)善(shan)寺”。
建筑特色
溥仁寺
溥仁寺按標(biao)準的(de)漢(han)式迦藍(lan)七(qi)堂規(gui)制(zhi)建造,山門面(mian)闊(kuo)三(san)楹,進深(shen)(shen)兩(liang)(liang)間(jian),兩(liang)(liang)側設(she)腰(yao)門。進山門東西(xi)兩(liang)(liang)側立幢桿各一,幢桿北擺鐘(zhong)、鼓樓。山門正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)北為(wei)天(tian)王殿(dian)(dian)(dian),面(mian)闊(kuo)三(san)楹,進深(shen)(shen)兩(liang)(liang)間(jian),兩(liang)(liang)側設(she)腰(yao)墻。腰(yao)門與后(hou)(hou)部相(xiang)(xiang)隔,形成(cheng)(cheng)一進院(yuan)落(luo)(luo)。二(er)進院(yuan)落(luo)(luo)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)北為(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)名大雄寶殿(dian)(dian)(dian),門額“慈云普(pu)蔭(yin)”,面(mian)闊(kuo)七(qi)楹,進深(shen)(shen)五(wu)(wu)間(jian),周圍廊,前(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)檐(yan)明次間(jian)設(she)隔扇(shan)門,前(qian)(qian)據稍間(jian)設(she)檻窗(chuang),后(hou)(hou)檐(yan)稍間(jian)封(feng)實墻。檐(yan)下用重昂五(wu)(wu)踩斗(dou)拱,單檐(yan)歇山,黃琉(liu)璃瓦頂(ding)(ding)(ding)。中(zhong)三(san)間(jian)后(hou)(hou)老(lao)檐(yan)前(qian)(qian)增設(she)金柱(zhu)四根,柱(zhu)之(zhi)間(jian)封(feng)屏(ping)壁,形成(cheng)(cheng)夾道(dao)通后(hou)(hou)院(yuan)。屏(ping)壁前(qian)(qian)供主(zhu)尊三(san)世佛,左(zuo)右山墻置壇(tan),供十八(ba)羅漢(han),這些佛像均用昂貴的(de)髹漆夾擰塑造。墻壁不(bu)施(shi)彩繪,頂(ding)(ding)(ding)棚設(she)“六字(zi)真言”井(jing)口(kou)天(tian)花(hua)(hua)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)橫額“具大自在”,條幅(fu)“以(yi)清(qing)凈果證因(yin)護(hu)持斯(si)萬(wan)(wan),現廣(guang)長舌說法聲(sheng)震大千(qian)”。慈云普(pu)蔭(yin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)東西(xi)各立御制(zhi)石碑一通,記述建廟背景(jing),左(zuo)右有(you)配殿(dian)(dian)(dian),面(mian)闊(kuo)各五(wu)(wu)楹,進深(shen)(shen)三(san)間(jian)。過慈云普(pu)蔭(yin)為(wei)三(san)進院(yuan)落(luo)(luo),主(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)名寶相(xiang)(xiang)長新,面(mian)闊(kuo)九(jiu)楹,進深(shen)(shen)三(san)間(jian)。中(zhong)三(san)間(jian)設(she)廊,每(mei)間(jian)裝隔扇(shan),其余設(she)檻窗(chuang),檐(yan)下施(shi)三(san)踩單昂斗(dou)拱,布瓦硬山屋頂(ding)(ding)(ding)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)供9尊無量壽佛,表(biao)九(jiu)九(jiu)萬(wan)(wan)壽。井(jing)口(kou)天(tian)花(hua)(hua)為(wei)六字(zi)真言圖(tu)案。主(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)(qian)有(you)東西(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)各五(wu)(wu)間(jian),均由廊廡與后(hou)(hou)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)(xiang)連,形成(cheng)(cheng)三(san)面(mian)封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)院(yuan)落(luo)(luo)。三(san)進院(yuan)落(luo)(luo)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)有(you)大塊平地,廣(guang)植松、榆,今無存(cun)。
其他相關·溥(pu)善寺(si)形制大體(ti)與溥(pu)仁寺(si)相同,不(bu)同的是(shi)正殿(dian)北面,依山勢(shi)造佛(fo)樓七(qi)楹,同時在每進建筑之間都用(yong)腰墻加以(yi)隔斷,形成從山門以(yi)后是(shi)四進三合院的形式。今該廟已(yi)無存。
·2001年06月25日,溥仁(ren)寺作為清代古建筑,已被國務(wu)院批(pi)準(zhun)列(lie)入第(di)五(wu)批(pi)全國重點文物保護單位名單。