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基本介紹

湖(hu)南衡山萱(xuan)洲(zhou)國家濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)（以下稱(cheng)濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)），是指(zhi)經國家林業局(ju)批準，以保護(hu)萱(xuan)洲(zhou)濕(shi)地(di)(di)生態(tai)系統、合理利用濕(shi)地(di)(di)資源(yuan)為目的，可供開展濕(shi)地(di)(di)保護(hu)、恢復、宣傳、教育、科研(yan)、監測、生態(tai)旅游等(deng)活動的特定區(qu)域(yu)。

濕地(di)(di)公(gong)園范圍包(bao)括湘(xiang)江(jiang)大(da)(da)源(yuan)渡航電樞紐(niu)工(gong)程主庫區和洪泛淹沒(mei)區，入(ru)庫河(he)(he)流龍蔭港、黃泥港、大(da)(da)源(yuan)江(jiang)及其周(zhou)邊的洪泛平(ping)原區、部(bu)分(fen)水稻田和山(shan)地(di)(di)。最北端至湘(xiang)江(jiang)河(he)(he)道洣(mi)水入(ru)江(jiang)口(kou)，最南端至湘(xiang)江(jiang)大(da)(da)源(yuan)渡航電樞紐(niu)工(gong)程庫區衡山(shan)縣與(yu)衡陽市(shi)珠暉區交界(jie)處，地(di)(di)理坐標介于(yu)東經112°41′36″～112°51′49″，北緯26°58′33″～27°11′20″之(zhi)間(jian)，總面(mian)積2849.8公(gong)頃。

濕地(di)生(sheng)態系統屬于水域生(sheng)態系統。其生(sheng)物群落由水生(sheng)和(he)陸生(sheng)兩種種類組成(cheng)，其物質循環、能量(liang)流動(dong)和(he)物種遷移與(yu)演(yan)變(bian)活躍，具有較(jiao)高的生(sheng)態多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)、物種多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)和(he)生(sheng)物生(sheng)產力。經過監測，衡(heng)山萱(xuan)洲國家濕地(di)公園生(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)非(fei)常豐富(fu)。

（1）鳥類資源

目前，衡山萱(xuan)洲國(guo)家(jia)濕地(di)公(gong)園發(fa)現各(ge)種(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)85種(zhong)。 濕地(di)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)數占全國(guo)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)數的(de)(de) 6.39%,占湖南(nan)省的(de)(de)19.45%。2016年10月27日首次在湘江(jiang)流域(yu)監測發(fa)現國(guo)家(jia)I級保(bao)(bao)護鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)中華(hua)秋沙鴨；據調查，公(gong)園內有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)琵鷺(lu)(lu)、青腳鷸(yu)等國(guo)家(jia)II級保(bao)(bao)護物(wu)種(zhong)有(you)(you)8種(zhong)，中日候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)保(bao)(bao)護物(wu)種(zhong)26種(zhong)，中澳(ao)候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)保(bao)(bao)護物(wu)種(zhong)8種(zhong)，湖南(nan)省地(di)方重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護物(wu)種(zhong)46種(zhong)。人們經常可以見到的(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)、小白(bai)(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)、大白(bai)(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)、蒼鷺(lu)(lu)、牛背鷺(lu)(lu)、夜鷺(lu)(lu)、池鷺(lu)(lu)、小鷿鷈、黑(hei)水雞、普(pu)通(tong)翠鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)、斑(ban)魚(yu)狗、紅腳苦惡鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)、八哥、絲光(guang)掠鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)、斑(ban)嘴鴨、綠頭鴨等等。

（2）魚類資源

衡山萱(xuan)洲(zhou)國(guo)家濕地公園現(xian)已監測到魚類(lei)有42種(zhong),隸屬(shu)于4目12科，魚類(lei)種(zhong)類(lei)占全國(guo)魚類(lei)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)1.28%,占湖南省(sheng)魚類(lei)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)23.07%。其(qi)中，有8種(zhong)為(wei)中國(guo)所(suo)特有，3種(zhong)為(wei)湖南省(sheng)地方重(zhong)點保護物種(zhong)。除了青、草、鰱、鳙(yong)四大家魚以(yi)外，常(chang)見的(de)魚類(lei)有鯉魚、鯽魚、赤(chi)眼鱒(zun)、馬口魚、黃鱔(shan)、泥鰍等(deng)等(deng)。

（3）植物資源

萱洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園(yuan)及周(zhou)邊(bian)地(di)(di)(di)區植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類較多,濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)豐(feng)富。區內有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu) 828 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)9 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)819 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。屬于濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)258 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong),裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)1 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)257 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。除去(qu)栽培(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園(yuan)內共有(you)(you)(you)土著種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)750 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong); 其中(zhong)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)241 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園(yuan)內的濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分別為我國濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的17.01%;為湖(hu)南省濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的52.76%。比較常見的濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)楓楊、烏(wu)桕、野大(da)豆（國家(jia)二(er)級保護植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)）、荷花(hua)、菖蒲、蘆竹、水芹、水蔥、野菱、狐尾藻、黑(hei)藻、苦(ku)草等(deng)等(deng)。

除(chu)了豐富(fu)的鳥類、魚類、植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源以外(wai)，衡山萱(xuan)洲國家(jia)濕地公園(yuan)(yuan)的底細動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)、浮游(you)生物(wu)(wu)、兩棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)、爬行動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)、哺乳動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)也(ye)很多，充分體現了衡山萱(xuan)洲國家(jia)濕地公園(yuan)(yuan)良好的濕地生態環境，建設和保(bao)護萱(xuan)洲濕地，意義重大(da)。