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基本介紹

湖南衡山萱洲(zhou)國(guo)家濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)（以(yi)下稱濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)），是指(zhi)經國(guo)家林業局(ju)批準，以(yi)保護萱洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)生態系(xi)統(tong)、合理利用(yong)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)資源為目(mu)的，可(ke)供(gong)開(kai)展濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)保護、恢復(fu)、宣傳、教育、科研、監測、生態旅游等(deng)活動(dong)的特(te)定區(qu)域。

濕地公(gong)園范圍包括湘江(jiang)大源(yuan)(yuan)渡(du)航電(dian)樞紐工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)主庫區和洪(hong)泛(fan)淹沒區，入庫河(he)流龍蔭港(gang)、黃泥港(gang)、大源(yuan)(yuan)江(jiang)及(ji)其周邊的洪(hong)泛(fan)平原區、部分水稻田(tian)和山地。最北(bei)端(duan)(duan)至(zhi)湘江(jiang)河(he)道洣(mi)水入江(jiang)口，最南端(duan)(duan)至(zhi)湘江(jiang)大源(yuan)(yuan)渡(du)航電(dian)樞紐工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)庫區衡山縣與衡陽市珠(zhu)暉區交界處(chu)，地理坐標介于東經112°41′36″～112°51′49″，北(bei)緯26°58′33″～27°11′20″之間，總面積2849.8公(gong)頃(qing)。

濕地生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)屬于水域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)。其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群落由水生(sheng)(sheng)和陸生(sheng)(sheng)兩種(zhong)種(zhong)類組成，其(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質循環(huan)、能量流動(dong)和物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)遷移與演(yan)變(bian)活躍，具(ju)有較高的生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)多樣性(xing)、物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)多樣性(xing)和生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)產力。經(jing)過監測(ce)，衡山萱(xuan)洲國家濕地公(gong)園生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多樣性(xing)非(fei)常豐(feng)富。

（1）鳥類資源

目前，衡山萱洲國(guo)家(jia)濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)發現各種鳥(niao)類85種。 濕地(di)鳥(niao)類種數占全國(guo)鳥(niao)類種數的(de) 6.39%,占湖南省的(de)19.45%。2016年10月27日首次在湘江流域(yu)監測發現國(guo)家(jia)I級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)鳥(niao)類中(zhong)華(hua)秋沙鴨(ya)(ya)；據調查，公(gong)園(yuan)內(nei)有白琵鷺(lu)(lu)、青腳鷸(yu)等(deng)(deng)國(guo)家(jia)II級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)物(wu)種有8種，中(zhong)日候鳥(niao)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)物(wu)種26種，中(zhong)澳候鳥(niao)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)物(wu)種8種，湖南省地(di)方重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)物(wu)種46種。人(ren)們經(jing)常可以見到(dao)的(de)鳥(niao)類有、小白鷺(lu)(lu)、大白鷺(lu)(lu)、蒼鷺(lu)(lu)、牛背鷺(lu)(lu)、夜鷺(lu)(lu)、池鷺(lu)(lu)、小鷿(pi)鷈、黑水雞、普通翠鳥(niao)、斑魚狗、紅腳苦(ku)惡鳥(niao)、八哥、絲(si)光掠鳥(niao)、斑嘴鴨(ya)(ya)、綠頭鴨(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。

（2）魚類資源

衡山萱洲(zhou)國(guo)家濕地公(gong)園現(xian)已監(jian)測到(dao)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)有42種,隸屬(shu)于4目12科，魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)種類(lei)占全國(guo)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)種類(lei)的1.28%,占湖南(nan)省魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)種類(lei)的23.07%。其(qi)中，有8種為(wei)中國(guo)所特有，3種為(wei)湖南(nan)省地方(fang)重點保(bao)護物種。除了(le)青、草、鰱、鳙四(si)大家魚(yu)(yu)以外，常見的魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)有鯉(li)魚(yu)(yu)、鯽(ji)魚(yu)(yu)、赤眼鱒、馬口魚(yu)(yu)、黃(huang)鱔(shan)、泥鰍(qiu)等(deng)等(deng)。

（3）植物資源

萱洲濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園及周邊地(di)(di)(di)區植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類較多,濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)豐富。區內(nei)(nei)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu) 828 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)裸子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)9 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)819 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。屬于濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)258 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong),裸子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)1 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)257 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。除去栽培種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園內(nei)(nei)共有(you)土著種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)750 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong); 其中(zhong)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)241 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園內(nei)(nei)的(de)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分別為(wei)我國濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)17.01%;為(wei)湖(hu)南省濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)52.76%。比較常見的(de)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)楓楊、烏桕(jiu)、野大豆（國家(jia)二(er)級保護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)）、荷花、菖(chang)蒲、蘆竹、水芹、水蔥(cong)、野菱、狐尾(wei)藻(zao)、黑藻(zao)、苦草等等。

除了豐富的(de)鳥類、魚類、植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源以外(wai)，衡(heng)山(shan)萱洲國家濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)的(de)底(di)細動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)、浮游生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)、兩棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)、爬(pa)行動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)、哺乳(ru)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)也(ye)很(hen)多(duo)，充分體(ti)現(xian)了衡(heng)山(shan)萱洲國家濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)良好的(de)濕(shi)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境，建設和保護萱洲濕(shi)地(di)，意義重大。