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基本介紹

湖南衡山萱洲國(guo)家濕(shi)地(di)公園（以下稱濕(shi)地(di)公園），是指經國(guo)家林業局批準，以保護萱洲濕(shi)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統、合理利用濕(shi)地(di)資源為(wei)目的，可供開(kai)展濕(shi)地(di)保護、恢復、宣傳(chuan)、教育(yu)、科研、監測、生(sheng)(sheng)態旅游等活(huo)動(dong)的特定(ding)區(qu)域。

濕地(di)(di)公園范圍包括(kuo)湘江大源渡(du)航(hang)電樞紐工程主庫區和(he)洪(hong)泛淹沒區，入庫河流龍蔭港、黃泥港、大源江及(ji)其(qi)周邊的(de)洪(hong)泛平原區、部分水(shui)稻田和(he)山地(di)(di)。最北(bei)端至湘江河道洣水(shui)入江口，最南(nan)端至湘江大源渡(du)航(hang)電樞紐工程庫區衡山縣(xian)與衡陽市珠(zhu)暉區交界處(chu)，地(di)(di)理坐標介于(yu)東經112°41′36″～112°51′49″，北(bei)緯26°58′33″～27°11′20″之間，總面積(ji)2849.8公頃。

濕(shi)(shi)地生態(tai)系(xi)統屬于水域生態(tai)系(xi)統。其生物群(qun)落(luo)由水生和(he)陸生兩(liang)種(zhong)種(zhong)類組成，其物質循環、能(neng)量流動和(he)物種(zhong)遷移與演變(bian)活(huo)躍，具有較高的生態(tai)多樣性、物種(zhong)多樣性和(he)生物生產力。經過監測，衡山萱洲國家(jia)濕(shi)(shi)地公園(yuan)生物多樣性非常豐(feng)富。

（1）鳥類資源

目前，衡山萱洲(zhou)國家(jia)濕地公園(yuan)發現(xian)各種鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)85種。 濕地鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)種數占全國鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)種數的 6.39%,占湖南(nan)省的19.45%。2016年10月27日首次在湘(xiang)江流域(yu)監(jian)測(ce)發現(xian)國家(jia)I級(ji)保(bao)護鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)中(zhong)華(hua)秋沙鴨；據調查，公園(yuan)內有(you)(you)白(bai)琵鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、青腳(jiao)鷸(yu)等國家(jia)II級(ji)保(bao)護物種有(you)(you)8種，中(zhong)日候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)保(bao)護物種26種，中(zhong)澳(ao)候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)保(bao)護物種8種，湖南(nan)省地方(fang)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護物種46種。人們經常可以(yi)見(jian)到的鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)有(you)(you)、小白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、大白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、蒼鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、牛(niu)背(bei)鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、夜(ye)鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、池鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、小鷿鷈(ti)、黑水雞、普通翠鳥(niao)(niao)、斑魚狗、紅腳(jiao)苦惡(e)鳥(niao)(niao)、八哥(ge)、絲光(guang)掠鳥(niao)(niao)、斑嘴鴨、綠頭鴨等等。

（2）魚類資源

衡山萱洲國(guo)家(jia)濕地(di)公園現已監測到魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)42種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬于4目12科，魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)占(zhan)全國(guo)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的1.28%,占(zhan)湖南省魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的23.07%。其中(zhong)，有(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)為中(zhong)國(guo)所特有(you)，3種(zhong)(zhong)為湖南省地(di)方重點保護物種(zhong)(zhong)。除了(le)青、草(cao)、鰱、鳙(yong)四(si)大(da)家(jia)魚(yu)(yu)以(yi)外，常見(jian)的魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)鯉(li)魚(yu)(yu)、鯽魚(yu)(yu)、赤(chi)眼鱒、馬口魚(yu)(yu)、黃鱔、泥鰍等等。

（3）植物資源

萱洲濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園及周邊地(di)(di)(di)(di)區植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類較(jiao)多,濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)豐富(fu)。區內(nei)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu) 828 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)裸子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)9 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)819 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。屬(shu)于濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)258 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong),裸子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)257 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。除去栽培種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園內(nei)共有(you)土著種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)750 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong); 其中(zhong)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)241 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園內(nei)的濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)別為我國濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的17.01%;為湖南省濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的52.76%。比(bi)較(jiao)常(chang)見的濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)楓楊(yang)、烏桕、野(ye)大豆（國家二級保(bao)護植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)）、荷花、菖蒲、蘆竹、水(shui)芹、水(shui)蔥、野(ye)菱、狐尾藻、黑藻、苦草等(deng)等(deng)。

除(chu)了豐富的鳥(niao)類、魚類、植物資源以外，衡山萱(xuan)洲(zhou)國家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園的底細動物、浮游(you)生(sheng)物、兩棲動物、爬(pa)行(xing)動物、哺乳動物也很多(duo)，充(chong)分體現(xian)了衡山萱(xuan)洲(zhou)國家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園良好(hao)的濕(shi)(shi)地(di)生(sheng)態環境，建設(she)和保護萱(xuan)洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)，意(yi)義(yi)重大。