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基本介紹

湖南衡山萱洲(zhou)國(guo)家(jia)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)（以下稱濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)），是指(zhi)經國(guo)家(jia)林業局批準，以保護萱洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)生態(tai)系統、合理利(li)用濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)資源為目的，可供開展濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)保護、恢復、宣傳、教育、科研、監測(ce)、生態(tai)旅游(you)等活(huo)動的特定區域。

濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園范圍包括湘江大(da)源渡(du)航電樞紐工程(cheng)(cheng)主庫區(qu)和洪(hong)泛淹沒(mei)區(qu)，入庫河流龍(long)蔭(yin)港、黃(huang)泥港、大(da)源江及其周(zhou)邊的(de)洪(hong)泛平原區(qu)、部分水稻田和山地(di)(di)。最北(bei)端至湘江河道洣水入江口，最南端至湘江大(da)源渡(du)航電樞紐工程(cheng)(cheng)庫區(qu)衡(heng)山縣與衡(heng)陽市珠暉區(qu)交(jiao)界處(chu)，地(di)(di)理坐標介于(yu)東經112°41′36″～112°51′49″，北(bei)緯26°58′33″～27°11′20″之間，總(zong)面(mian)積2849.8公頃。

濕(shi)地(di)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)屬于(yu)水(shui)域生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)。其生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)群落由(you)水(shui)生(sheng)和(he)陸生(sheng)兩(liang)種種類組成，其物(wu)(wu)質循環、能量流動和(he)物(wu)(wu)種遷移與演變活躍，具有較高的生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)多(duo)樣性(xing)、物(wu)(wu)種多(duo)樣性(xing)和(he)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)產力。經過監測，衡山萱洲國家濕(shi)地(di)公園生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)非常豐富。

（1）鳥類資源

目(mu)前，衡山萱(xuan)洲國(guo)家(jia)(jia)濕地公園發(fa)現各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)85種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 濕地鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數占全(quan)國(guo)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的 6.39%,占湖南省的19.45%。2016年10月27日首(shou)次在湘江流域(yu)監(jian)測發(fa)現國(guo)家(jia)(jia)I級保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)中華秋(qiu)沙鴨；據調(diao)查，公園內有(you)白琵鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、青(qing)腳鷸等(deng)(deng)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)II級保(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中日候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)保(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中澳候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)保(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，湖南省地方重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。人們(men)經常(chang)可以(yi)見到的鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)有(you)、小(xiao)(xiao)白鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、大白鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、蒼(cang)鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、牛背(bei)鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、夜鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、池鷺(lu)(lu)(lu)、小(xiao)(xiao)鷿鷈、黑水雞(ji)、普通翠鳥(niao)(niao)、斑(ban)魚狗、紅腳苦惡(e)鳥(niao)(niao)、八哥、絲光掠鳥(niao)(niao)、斑(ban)嘴鴨、綠頭(tou)鴨等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。

（2）魚類資源

衡山萱洲國家濕地公(gong)園現已監測到魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)有(you)42種(zhong),隸屬于4目12科(ke)，魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)種(zhong)類(lei)占全(quan)國魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)種(zhong)類(lei)的1.28%,占湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)種(zhong)類(lei)的23.07%。其中(zhong)，有(you)8種(zhong)為(wei)中(zhong)國所特有(you)，3種(zhong)為(wei)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)地方重(zhong)點(dian)保護物(wu)種(zhong)。除了青、草、鰱、鳙四大家魚(yu)(yu)以外(wai)，常見的魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)有(you)鯉(li)魚(yu)(yu)、鯽魚(yu)(yu)、赤眼鱒、馬(ma)口魚(yu)(yu)、黃鱔、泥鰍等等。

（3）植物資源

萱洲濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園及(ji)周邊地(di)(di)(di)區植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)較多(duo),濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)豐(feng)富。區內有種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu) 828 種(zhong),其中裸子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)9 種(zhong),被(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)819 種(zhong)。屬于濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有258 種(zhong),濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中,裸子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)1 種(zhong),被(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)257 種(zhong)。除(chu)去栽培種(zhong),濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園內共有土(tu)著種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)750 種(zhong); 其中濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有241 種(zhong)。濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園內的濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分別(bie)為(wei)我國濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)數的17.01%;為(wei)湖(hu)南省濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)數的52.76%。比(bi)較常見的濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有楓楊、烏(wu)桕、野大豆（國家二級保護植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)）、荷花、菖蒲、蘆竹(zhu)、水芹(qin)、水蔥、野菱、狐尾藻(zao)、黑藻(zao)、苦草等等。

除了(le)豐富的(de)鳥類、魚(yu)類、植物資源以外，衡山(shan)萱洲國(guo)家濕(shi)地公(gong)園的(de)底(di)細(xi)動(dong)物、浮游(you)生物、兩棲動(dong)物、爬行動(dong)物、哺(bu)乳動(dong)物也(ye)很(hen)多，充分體現(xian)了(le)衡山(shan)萱洲國(guo)家濕(shi)地公(gong)園良好的(de)濕(shi)地生態環境(jing)，建設和保護萱洲濕(shi)地，意義重大。