盛(sheng)京三(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),指早(zao)期的(de)三(san)個(ge)清(qing)(qing)朝皇(huang)家陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢,即福(fu)(fu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、昭陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)和永陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)。2004年7月1日,在中國(guo)蘇州召開的(de)第(di)28屆世界遺產委員會會議批準位于中國(guo)遼寧(ning)(ning)的(de)盛(sheng)京三(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)作為明(ming)清(qing)(qing)皇(huang)家陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢擴(kuo)展項(xiang)目列入(ru)世界文化遺產。位于遼寧(ning)(ning)的(de)盛(sheng)京三(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(永陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、昭陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、福(fu)(fu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)),也稱東(dong)北(bei)三(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),是(shi)開創(chuang)滿清(qing)(qing)皇(huang)室基業的(de)祖先陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓。盛(sheng)京三(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)加上已(yi)列入(ru)世界遺產名錄的(de)清(qing)(qing)東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、清(qing)(qing)西陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),構成了(le)一組清(qing)(qing)朝帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)體系,濃縮(suo)了(le)清(qing)(qing)朝的(de)歷史(shi)。
永(yong)(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)在盛京三陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)中規模最小,占地(di)(di)僅1.1萬多平方米,但(dan)列三陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之首。永(yong)(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)始建(jian)于(yu)公元(yuan)1598年,是滿(man)(man)清皇(huang)族的(de)(de)祖(zu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),坐(zuo)落于(yu)遼寧新賓滿(man)(man)族自治縣城(cheng)西21公里(li)處的(de)(de)永(yong)(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)鎮(zhen)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)內葬著努爾哈赤的(de)(de)六世祖(zu)猛(meng)哥帖木兒、曾祖(zu)福滿(man)(man)、祖(zu)父(fu)覺昌(chang)安、父(fu)親塔克世及伯(bo)父(fu)禮敦、叔父(fu)塔察篇古以及他們的(de)(de)福晉(jin)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宮由下馬碑、前宮院、方城(cheng)、寶(bao)城(cheng)、省牲所、冰窯、果(guo)樓等(deng)部(bu)分組成。啟(qi)運(yun)山(shan)(shan)如屏風(feng)矗立背(bei)后(hou),蘇子河如玉帶飄過(guo)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)前,河對岸的(de)(de)煙囪山(shan)(shan)與(yu)啟(qi)運(yun)山(shan)(shan)遙相呼應,使地(di)(di)處群山(shan)(shan)環繞中的(de)(de)永(yong)(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)顯得十分壯闊(kuo)。清皇(huang)室把永(yong)(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)視為“兆(zhao)基帝業(ye)欽龍興”之地(di)(di),所以終(zhong)年香火不(bu)斷。康熙、乾隆、嘉慶、道(dao)光等(deng)皇(huang)帝曾先后(hou)九(jiu)次親來永(yong)(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)祭祖(zu),使永(yong)(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)祭祖(zu)活動成為清代的(de)(de)國家典制。
福(fu)陵(ling)是清太(tai)祖努爾哈赤與皇(huang)后(hou)葉赫那(nei)拉·孟古的(de)陵(ling)墓,是清朝(chao)命名的(de)第一座皇(huang)陵(ling)。陵(ling)區占地近54萬平方米,現存古建筑(zhu)32座(組)。福(fu)陵(ling)始建于后(hou)金天聰三年(公元1629年),竣工(gong)于清順治(zhi)八年(公元1651年),經康熙(xi)、乾(qian)隆兩帝增建,方具今日規模。陵(ling)墓面(mian)臨渾河,背(bei)依天柱山,水繞(rao)山環,草深林(lin)密(mi),景色(se)清幽。晉謁此陵(ling)時,由(you)正紅門(men)到碑樓,須登108級石(shi)階;建筑(zhu)物隨坡勢起伏而(er)顯得更(geng)加錯落有(you)致(zhi)、高大雄偉。
昭(zhao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)是清太(tai)(tai)宗皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)極及其皇(huang)后的陵(ling)(ling)(ling)墓,因(yin)坐落(luo)在(zai)沈陽市北(bei)端(duan),故(gu)又(you)稱北(bei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)。昭(zhao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)始建(jian)(jian)于清崇德八年(公元(yuan)1643年),與福陵(ling)(ling)(ling)同年竣工,經康熙、嘉慶(qing)增建(jian)(jian),陵(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)占(zhan)地(di)面積(ji)近48萬平方米,現存古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)38座(zuo)(組)。昭(zhao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)建(jian)(jian)在(zai)平地(di)上(shang)(shang),四周護以繚墻,極似一座(zuo)小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。主(zhu)體建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)都建(jian)(jian)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)上(shang)(shang),由南至北(bei)依次(ci)為:神(shen)橋、牌(pai)樓(lou)、正紅門、碑亭、隆恩(en)(en)門、隆恩(en)(en)殿(dian)(dian)、明(ming)樓(lou)、寶(bao)頂(ding)(ding)。方城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)心的隆恩(en)(en)殿(dian)(dian)以雕刻精(jing)美的花崗巖臺階為底座(zuo),黃琉璃瓦(wa)頂(ding)(ding),再加(jia)上(shang)(shang)畫棟雕梁(liang)、金匾紅墻,前有(you)(you)隆恩(en)(en)門,后有(you)(you)明(ming)樓(lou),左右有(you)(you)配殿(dian)(dian),四隅有(you)(you)角樓(lou),猶(you)如眾星拱(gong)月(yue)(yue)一般,故(gu)顯得異常雄偉。方城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)端(duan)為寶(bao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),寶(bao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為月(yue)(yue)牙形,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)稱寶(bao)頂(ding)(ding),其下即(ji)地(di)宮墓室。登上(shang)(shang)寶(bao)頂(ding)(ding)四望,綠(lv)樹環合,景色(se)清幽,宛若置身于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市山林中(zhong)(zhong)。
清(qing)盛京(jing)三陵(ling)(ling)是(shi)明清(qing)帝(di)王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)墓的(de)重要組成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen),無論是(shi)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)營建(jian)法(fa)式(shi)、完備的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規制(zhi)(zhi),還(huan)是(shi)繁縟的(de)祭祀典制(zhi)(zhi)、管(guan)理陵(ling)(ling)墓的(de)職官體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)等都與明清(qing)帝(di)王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)墓一脈相(xiang)承(cheng)。同(tong)時,清(qing)盛京(jing)三陵(ling)(ling)還(huan)是(shi)中(zhong)國東北少(shao)數民族帝(di)王(wang)在興(xing)起過程(cheng)中(zhong)一個(ge)特定歷史時期(qi)的(de)產(chan)物(wu),因此,它又(you)保留了(le)大量該時期(qi)一個(ge)民族從思想(xiang)理念到(dao)審美情趣以(yi)及(ji)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)水(shui)平、風俗習慣等諸多的(de)文化信息(xi)。清(qing)盛京(jing)三陵(ling)(ling)每座(zuo)陵(ling)(ling)墓自成(cheng)體(ti)(ti)系,雖規模較小但規制(zhi)(zhi)完備,禮制(zhi)(zhi)設施(shi)齊全,陵(ling)(ling)寢建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規制(zhi)(zhi)將中(zhong)國古(gu)代環境地(di)理學中(zhong)宗教、信仰、習俗同(tong)周(zhou)圍自然(ran)環境相(xiang)結合(he)(he),使其達到(dao)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)選址、規劃(hua)、設計的(de)統一,并成(cheng)為中(zhong)國古(gu)代建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形式(shi)、雕刻(ke)、繪畫以(yi)及(ji)綜合(he)(he)理念的(de)歷史依據和現代鑒(jian)賞者的(de)實物(wu)資料(liao)。
清(qing)盛京三(san)陵(ling)分布(bu)在(zai)中國(guo)的遼(liao)寧(ning)省(sheng)境內,它(ta)們避過了(le)朝代更迭、社會動亂等人為(wei)的破壞,地面建(jian)筑與(yu)(yu)地下宮殿保(bao)存完整。中華人民(min)共和國(guo)成立(li)后,它(ta)們陸續作(zuo)為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)點文物保(bao)護單(dan)位而受到妥善地保(bao)護,今天,也理應受到全(quan)人類(lei)的重(zhong)視與(yu)(yu)保(bao)護。綜合考慮本身價值與(yu)(yu)管理水平,中國(guo)政府推薦清(qing)盛京三(san)陵(ling)即清(qing)永陵(ling)、清(qing)福(fu)陵(ling)、清(qing)昭陵(ling)作(zuo)為(wei)"明清(qing)皇家陵(ling)寢擴展項目"列入《世界遺產名錄(lu)》。