盛京(jing)三(san)(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling),指早期的三(san)(san)個清(qing)朝皇(huang)家(jia)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)寢(qin),即福(fu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)、昭陵(ling)(ling)(ling)和永陵(ling)(ling)(ling)。2004年7月1日,在(zai)中(zhong)國蘇州召開的第28屆世(shi)界(jie)遺(yi)產委員會會議批準位于中(zhong)國遼寧的盛京(jing)三(san)(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)作為明清(qing)皇(huang)家(jia)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)寢(qin)擴展項目列(lie)入世(shi)界(jie)文化遺(yi)產。位于遼寧的盛京(jing)三(san)(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(永陵(ling)(ling)(ling)、昭陵(ling)(ling)(ling)、福(fu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)),也稱東(dong)北三(san)(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling),是開創滿清(qing)皇(huang)室基業的祖先(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)墓。盛京(jing)三(san)(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)加上已列(lie)入世(shi)界(jie)遺(yi)產名(ming)錄的清(qing)東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)、清(qing)西(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling),構成了一組清(qing)朝帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)體系,濃縮了清(qing)朝的歷史。
永(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)在(zai)盛(sheng)京三陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)中規(gui)模最小,占地僅1.1萬多平(ping)方米(mi),但列三陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之(zhi)首。永(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)始(shi)建于(yu)公(gong)(gong)元1598年,是滿清(qing)皇(huang)族的祖陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),坐落(luo)于(yu)遼寧新賓滿族自治(zhi)縣城西21公(gong)(gong)里處(chu)的永(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)鎮。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)內葬著努爾(er)哈赤的六世祖猛哥帖木(mu)兒(er)、曾(ceng)祖福滿、祖父(fu)(fu)覺(jue)昌安、父(fu)(fu)親塔(ta)克(ke)世及伯父(fu)(fu)禮敦、叔父(fu)(fu)塔(ta)察篇古以(yi)及他們的福晉。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宮(gong)由下馬碑、前宮(gong)院、方城、寶(bao)城、省牲所、冰(bing)窯(yao)、果樓(lou)等部分組成(cheng)。啟運(yun)山如屏風矗立背后,蘇(su)子(zi)河如玉(yu)帶飄過陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)前,河對岸(an)的煙囪山與(yu)啟運(yun)山遙相呼應,使(shi)地處(chu)群(qun)山環繞中的永(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)顯得十分壯闊。清(qing)皇(huang)室把永(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)視為“兆基帝業欽(qin)龍興(xing)”之(zhi)地,所以(yi)終年香(xiang)火不斷(duan)。康(kang)熙、乾隆、嘉慶、道(dao)光等皇(huang)帝曾(ceng)先后九次親來永(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)祭祖,使(shi)永(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)祭祖活動成(cheng)為清(qing)代的國家典(dian)制。
福(fu)陵是清太(tai)祖努爾哈赤與皇后(hou)葉赫那拉·孟古(gu)的陵墓,是清朝命名的第一座皇陵。陵區占地近54萬平方米,現(xian)存古(gu)建(jian)筑32座(組)。福(fu)陵始(shi)建(jian)于后(hou)金天(tian)聰三年(nian)(公(gong)元1629年(nian)),竣工(gong)于清順治八年(nian)(公(gong)元1651年(nian)),經康熙、乾隆(long)兩帝增建(jian),方具(ju)今(jin)日(ri)規(gui)模。陵墓面臨(lin)渾河,背依天(tian)柱山,水繞山環,草深林密,景色清幽。晉(jin)謁此陵時,由正紅門到(dao)碑樓,須登108級石階;建(jian)筑物隨坡勢起(qi)伏(fu)而顯得更加錯落有致、高大雄偉。
昭(zhao)陵(ling)是清(qing)太宗(zong)皇(huang)(huang)太極及其(qi)皇(huang)(huang)后的(de)陵(ling)墓,因(yin)坐落在沈陽市北(bei)端,故又稱(cheng)北(bei)陵(ling)。昭(zhao)陵(ling)始建于(yu)清(qing)崇(chong)德八(ba)年(nian)(公(gong)元1643年(nian)),與福陵(ling)同年(nian)竣工,經康熙、嘉(jia)慶增建,陵(ling)區占地面積近48萬平方米,現存(cun)古(gu)建筑38座(組)。昭(zhao)陵(ling)建在平地上(shang),四(si)周(zhou)護以(yi)繚墻,極似(si)一(yi)座小城。主體建筑都建在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線上(shang),由南至(zhi)北(bei)依次(ci)為(wei)(wei):神橋、牌樓、正紅門(men)(men)、碑亭(ting)、隆恩(en)門(men)(men)、隆恩(en)殿、明樓、寶頂。方城中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)隆恩(en)殿以(yi)雕刻(ke)精美的(de)花(hua)崗(gang)巖臺階為(wei)(wei)底座,黃琉璃瓦頂,再加(jia)上(shang)畫棟雕梁、金匾紅墻,前(qian)有隆恩(en)門(men)(men),后有明樓,左右(you)有配殿,四(si)隅有角樓,猶如眾星拱月一(yi)般(ban),故顯得異常雄偉(wei)。方城北(bei)端為(wei)(wei)寶城,寶城為(wei)(wei)月牙形,城內稱(cheng)寶頂,其(qi)下即地宮墓室。登上(shang)寶頂四(si)望,綠樹環合,景色清(qing)幽,宛若置身于(yu)城市山(shan)林(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
清盛京三(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)是(shi)明清帝(di)王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)的(de)重(zhong)要組成部分,無論是(shi)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)營建(jian)(jian)法式、完備的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)(gui)制(zhi)(zhi),還是(shi)繁縟的(de)祭祀典制(zhi)(zhi)、管(guan)理陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)的(de)職(zhi)官體制(zhi)(zhi)等都與明清帝(di)王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)一脈相(xiang)承。同(tong)時(shi)(shi),清盛京三(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)還是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)東(dong)北少數民族帝(di)王(wang)在興起(qi)過程中(zhong)一個特(te)定歷史(shi)時(shi)(shi)期的(de)產(chan)物(wu),因此,它又(you)保留了大(da)量該時(shi)(shi)期一個民族從(cong)思(si)想(xiang)理念到審美情趣以(yi)及(ji)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)水平、風(feng)俗習(xi)慣等諸多(duo)的(de)文(wen)化信息。清盛京三(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)每(mei)座陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)自(zi)成體系,雖規(gui)(gui)模(mo)較小但規(gui)(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)完備,禮(li)制(zhi)(zhi)設(she)施齊全,陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)將中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代環境地(di)理學中(zhong)宗(zong)教(jiao)、信仰(yang)、習(xi)俗同(tong)周圍自(zi)然環境相(xiang)結合(he),使其達到建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)選址、規(gui)(gui)劃、設(she)計的(de)統一,并(bing)成為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)式、雕刻、繪畫(hua)以(yi)及(ji)綜合(he)理念的(de)歷史(shi)依據和現代鑒賞者的(de)實物(wu)資料。
清盛京三陵(ling)(ling)分布在中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)遼(liao)寧(ning)省境內,它們避過了朝代更(geng)迭(die)、社會動(dong)亂等(deng)人為(wei)的(de)破壞,地面(mian)建筑(zhu)與地下(xia)宮殿(dian)保(bao)(bao)存完整。中(zhong)華人民共和國(guo)成立后,它們陸(lu)續作為(wei)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)重點文物保(bao)(bao)護單位而受到妥善地保(bao)(bao)護,今天,也理(li)應受到全(quan)(quan)人類的(de)重視與保(bao)(bao)護。綜(zong)合(he)考慮本身價值與管(guan)理(li)水平,中(zhong)國(guo)政府推薦清盛京三陵(ling)(ling)即清永陵(ling)(ling)、清福陵(ling)(ling)、清昭陵(ling)(ling)作為(wei)"明清皇(huang)家陵(ling)(ling)寢擴展項目"列入(ru)《世界遺產名錄》。