明(ming)皇陵(ling)初建之時占地約2萬余(yu)畝,于元(yuan)至正二(er)十(shi)六年(公元(yuan)1366年)始建,洪武十(shi)二(er)年(公元(yuan)1379年)竣工。洪武二(er)年,薦號(hao)英(ying)陵(ling),后改稱皇陵(ling)。明(ming)皇陵(ling)主要有皇城(cheng)、磚城(cheng)、土城(cheng)三道(dao),殿(dian)宇(yu)、房(fang)舍(she)千(qian)余(yu)間,陵(ling)丘、石(shi)刻群(qun)等。明(ming)末(mo)以來,人為破壞(huai)和風雨侵蝕,宮闕(que)殿(dian)宇(yu)廢為遺址(zhi),現僅存陵(ling)丘及石(shi)刻群(qun)。明(ming)皇陵(ling)雖非帝王之陵(ling),但“宮闕(que)殿(dian)宇(yu)、壯麗森嚴”。
明(ming)(ming)(ming)皇(huang)(huang)陵(ling)(ling)有(you)三(san)重城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan),里為(wei)皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),周(zhou)(zhou)長251米,四門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)紅土(tu)泥飾,中(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)磚(zhuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),周(zhou)(zhou)長約3公里,外為(wei)土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),周(zhou)(zhou)長14公里。明(ming)(ming)(ming)皇(huang)(huang)陵(ling)(ling)總(zong)體布局(ju)(ju)采用“三(san)套方城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,把陵(ling)(ling)園展成(cheng)三(san)重城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)的(de)(de)格局(ju)(ju),將石(shi)(shi)刻列(lie)置于皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)前,陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)在皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)后,享(xiang)殿居皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),華表置于石(shi)(shi)獸(shou)與石(shi)(shi)人石(shi)(shi)馬之(zhi)間。明(ming)(ming)(ming)皇(huang)(huang)陵(ling)(ling)由于陵(ling)(ling)向(xiang)坐南(nan)朝北(bei)偏東(dong),因(yin)此(ci)坐落(luo)在南(nan)北(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線上的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)物均是面對(dui)(dui)北(bei)向(xiang),且以外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)正門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯的(de)(de)斜向(xiang)東(dong)北(bei)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。由北(bei)而南(nan)進土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正紅門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),依次為(wei)紅橋、欞星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、磚(zhuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)樓、神道、御(yu)橋、皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)金門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、皇(huang)(huang)堂、皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后紅門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、墳丘、磚(zhuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)明(ming)(ming)(ming)樓、土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。在這條(tiao)3.4公里長的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線兩旁,對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)建(jian)有(you)東(dong)角(jiao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)角(jiao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),左右兩排(pai)石(shi)(shi)像生,皇(huang)(huang)陵(ling)(ling)碑(bei)和(he)無(wu)字碑(bei),東(dong)廡和(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)廡,東(dong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)樓和(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)樓,東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。陵(ling)(ling)垣(yuan)內外的(de)(de)其他建(jian)筑(zhu),也(ye)大體是東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)或南(nan)北(bei)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)。
皇城
皇陵修建(jian)時建(jian)皇城一(yi)座(zuo),磚(zhuan)壘(lei),高二丈,周七十(shi)五(wu)丈五(wu)尺(chi),紅土泥飭。正殿九間,丹陛三級,黃(huang)琉璃瓦(wa)、青(qing)碧(bi)(bi)繪彩。金(jin)門五(wu)間。左右廡,各十(shi)一(yi)間。燎爐一(yi)座(zuo)。角門左右各一(yi)座(zuo)。后紅門五(wu)座(zuo)。碑亭左右各一(yi)座(zuo)。御橋(qiao)五(wu)座(zuo),跨金(jin)水(shui)河。華表(biao)并石人、石獸共三十(shi)六對,在北城門內,兩(liang)傍直(zhi)抵金(jin)門外(wai)御橋(qiao)北止。以上(shang)俱黃(huang)琉璃瓦(wa),青(qing)碧(bi)(bi)彩繪,二十(shi)家人戶輪(lun)流直(zhi)守。
磚城
皇陵建(jian)磚城(cheng)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),里外磚筑,高二(er)(er)(er)丈,周六里一(yi)百(bai)一(yi)十(shi)八步(bu),開四(si)門(men)(men)(men)(men),俱(ju)有樓。城(cheng)樓四(si)門(men)(men)(men)(men)四(si)座(zuo)(zuo),五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)重檐(yan)。具服(fu)殿六間(jian)(jian)。膳廚(chu)二(er)(er)(er)間(jian)(jian)。官(guan)廳六間(jian)(jian)。直(zhi)(zhi)房(fang)(fang)為四(si)門(men)(men)(men)(men)直(zhi)(zhi)房(fang)(fang)左(zuo)右(you)各(ge)五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian),欞星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外直(zhi)(zhi)房(fang)(fang)左(zuo)右(you)各(ge)十(shi)一(yi)間(jian)(jian)。以上俱(ju)阜(fu)瓦(wa)。欞星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)座(zuo)(zuo),綠琉(liu)璃飭(chi)。紅橋(qiao)共(gong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)座(zuo)(zuo)。以上十(shi)一(yi)社人戶(hu)(hu)輪流(liu)看(kan)守。神廚(chu)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),在(zai)北城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外東(dong)。二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)家(jia)廚(chu)役人戶(hu)(hu)直(zhi)(zhi)守。神廚(chu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。神庫南北各(ge)五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)。宰牲廚(chu)六間(jian)(jian)。酒房(fang)(fang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)間(jian)(jian)。天池(chi)一(yi)口。鼓(gu)房(fang)(fang)一(yi)間(jian)(jian),遇祭支(zhi)更。齋(zhai)宮(gong)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),去北城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)東(dong)北一(yi)里,新收入戶(hu)(hu)輪流(liu)直(zhi)(zhi)日看(kan)守。正(zheng)殿五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)。穿堂(tang)三(san)間(jian)(jian)。寢殿五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)。膳廚(chu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)。左(zuo)右(you)廡(wu)各(ge)五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)。紅門(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)間(jian)(jian)。中門(men)(men)(men)(men)五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)。廂房(fang)(fang)東(dong)西各(ge)五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)。角門(men)(men)(men)(men)二(er)(er)(er)座(zuo)(zuo)。直(zhi)(zhi)房(fang)(fang)東(dong)西各(ge)三(san)間(jian)(jian)。紅橋(qiao)三(san)座(zuo)(zuo),已(yi)阜(fu)瓦(wa)蓋建(jian)。混堂(tang)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),去北城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)東(dong)北二(er)(er)(er)里,新收入戶(hu)(hu)直(zhi)(zhi)守。正(zheng)房(fang)(fang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)。水池(chi)二(er)(er)(er)座(zuo)(zuo)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)一(yi)間(jian)(jian)。
土城
皇(huang)陵(ling)建土(tu)城(cheng)一座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),周二(er)十(shi)八里(li),四十(shi)四社(she)人(ren)戶輪流直(zhi)守(shou),撥設(she)(she)皇(huang)陵(ling)衛巡綽(chuo)。正紅門(men)(men)三座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),在北(bei),向東(dong)(dong)北(bei)。神路(lu)長三里(li),傍植松(song)柏,路(lu)達(da)都城(cheng),亦設(she)(she)本衛巡守(shou)。東(dong)(dong)西角(jiao)門(men)(men)二(er)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。官廳(ting)二(er)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),即祠祭署衙門(men)(men),東(dong)(dong)、西、南門(men)(men)各(ge)三間(jian)。直(zhi)房(fang)東(dong)(dong)、西、南門(men)(men)外各(ge)三間(jian)。下馬牌八座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),在四門(men)(men)外。鋪舍十(shi)三座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。水關(guan)、大水關(guan)一座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),在土(tu)城(cheng)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)角(jiao)內,水從此流出入淮。小(xiao)水關(guan)四面共十(shi)九座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。皇(huang)堂(tang)橋一座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),在大水關(guan)之北(bei)。外直(zhi)房(fang)四十(shi)間(jian),在東(dong)(dong)角(jiao)門(men)(men)外,各(ge)衙門(men)(men)陪祭官駐(zhu)馬處。
【皇陵城垣】
土城遺址
皇陵土城(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)外城(cheng)(cheng),開六(liu)個門(men),以所(suo)朝(chao)的方向(xiang)稱東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)、南、北(bei)四門(men),北(bei)門(men)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)各有(you)一角門(men)。土城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址周(zhou)長15.44公里。據當地群眾(zhong)(zhong)反映(ying),抗日戰(zhan)爭(zheng)期間土埂高出周(zhou)圍農田(tian)。建(jian)國后(hou)群眾(zhong)(zhong)多于(yu)此取碎磚,土埂被(bei)夷(yi)平。今遺(yi)址依稀(xi)可見。
磚城遺址
皇陵磚城(cheng)為二道城(cheng),《鳳陽新書》載:“里(li)外磚筑,高二丈,周六里(li)一(yi)(yi)百一(yi)(yi)十八步(bu),開(kai)四門(men),俱有樓(lou)”。門(men)名以所朝方(fang)向,稱為東、西、南(nan)、北(bei)明樓(lou)。明亡后,磚城(cheng)及明樓(lou)毀圮,現(xian)僅存遺(yi)址。
皇城遺址
皇(huang)城(cheng)為(wei)皇(huang)陵最里一道城(cheng),《鳳(feng)陽新書》載:“磚(zhuan)壘,高二(er)丈,周七十五(wu)丈五(wu)尺(chi)”。北城(cheng)墻正中(zhong)為(wei)金門(men)(men),五(wu)間(jian),南城(cheng)墻正中(zhong)為(wei)后紅門(men)(men),五(wu)座。今門(men)(men)及城(cheng)墻久(jiu)毀(hui)。
【皇(huang)城正殿遺址】
皇城正殿
正殿(dian)又稱“祭(ji)殿(dian)”、“享殿(dian)”、“皇堂”。明洪武十一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)夏(xia)四月始建,十二年(nian)(nian)閏五月丁已(yi)落(luo)成。《鳳陽新書》載:“正殿(dian)九間,丹陛三級,黃琉(liu)璃,青碧(bi)繪彩”。東西(xi)廡,各(ge)(ge)十一(yi)(yi)間。崇(chong)禎八年(nian)(nian)正月丙寅,毀于(yu)兵火。今遺址尚在,仍高出附近地(di)面。西(xi)部遺存1.6米和1.3米見方柱礎石(shi)各(ge)(ge)1塊(kuai)、螭首石(shi)構件1塊(kuai)。原(yuan)有蟠龍欄桿柱石(shi)一(yi)(yi)個,已(yi)運至龍興(xing)寺陳列于(yu)《明皇陵文物陳列室》內。
【皇陵陵丘】
皇陵石像生
皇陵(ling)石(shi)(shi)像(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)列(lie)于皇陵(ling)磚(zhuan)城北門內神道兩側(ce),為(wei)(wei)32對(dui),自北向南(nan)順序為(wei)(wei)麒麟2對(dui)、石(shi)(shi)獅8對(dui)、華表2對(dui)、石(shi)(shi)馬(ma)及控馬(ma)者6對(dui)、石(shi)(shi)虎4對(dui)、石(shi)(shi)羊4對(dui)、文(wen)臣、武將、內侍(shi)各2對(dui)。民國22年(nian)(1933年(nian))曾對(dui)石(shi)(shi)像(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)作(zuo)過一次(ci)整(zheng)(zheng)修。1對(dui)內侍(shi)和1對(dui)控馬(ma)人(ren)(ren)缺頭(tou),均從(cong)頸端啟(qi)槽補上,一組石(shi)(shi)馬(ma)及控馬(ma)人(ren)(ren)身(shen)部開裂(lie),也鑿洞(dong)眼以鐵扒加固。“文(wen)化大革命”初(chu)期,石(shi)(shi)像(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)遭到(dao)破壞。17對(dui)石(shi)(shi)獸被推倒(dao)4對(dui),32條獸腿(tui)斷(duan)缺,4對(dui)底座殘損,6對(dui)石(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren),1人(ren)(ren)倒(dao)地(di),1人(ren)(ren)上部斷(duan)裂(lie),華表均被推倒(dao),斷(duan)成2至3截(jie),石(shi)(shi)馬(ma)及控馬(ma)人(ren)(ren)被砸得(de)殘缺不全,僅存1人(ren)(ren)3馬(ma)完好(hao)。1981年(nian)7月(yue)(yue)、1983年(nian)4月(yue)(yue)和1985年(nian)6月(yue)(yue)相繼修復,除1馬(ma)及1個(ge)控馬(ma)人(ren)(ren)外,余(yu)皆(jie)恢復原貌。石(shi)(shi)像(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)均系整(zheng)(zheng)塊石(shi)(shi)料琢成,質(zhi)地(di)堅(jian)硬,呈黑色,有紅筋,皇陵(ling)石(shi)(shi)像(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)歷經600余(yu)年(nian),至今石(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)衣著、扣帶、石(shi)(shi)獸毛發等纖(xian)細部分,仍如新刻(ke),極為(wei)(wei)清晰。石(shi)(shi)像(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)造型逼真,刻(ke)工精(jing)細。
皇陵碑
皇陵(ling)碑(bei)乃“大明皇陵(ling)之碑(bei)”的簡稱,位于皇陵(ling)神道南端西側(ce),洪武十一(yi)年七月建。該碑(bei)由碑(bei)首、云(yun)盤、碑(bei)身、駝峰和鰲坐五部分(fen)組成,通高6.87米。歷經600余(yu)年,仍屹立(li)原(yuan)處(chu),完好無損。原(yuan)有碑(bei)亭(ting),久毀,柱礎石尚在。洪武十一(yi)年,命江陰侯吳良督工新造皇堂,朱元(yuan)璋(zhang)嫌原(yuan)碑(bei)記皆儒臣粉(fen)飾之文,恐不足為后(hou)世子孫戒,乃親撰碑(bei)文,重立(li)新碑(bei),全文1105字,追(zhui)述其家庭出身,本(ben)人經歷,元(yuan)末農民起義和他參(can)加起義軍的情(qing)況,以及東渡大江,統一(yi)全國的簡略(lve)過程。
無字碑
無(wu)字碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)因(yin)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)面無(wu)字而(er)俗稱(cheng),位(wei)于皇(huang)(huang)陵神道南端東側,西距皇(huang)(huang)陵碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)50米。無(wu)字碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的形制規格(ge)與(yu)皇(huang)(huang)陵碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)相同(tong),所(suo)不同(tong)的是皇(huang)(huang)陵碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)首與(yu)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)身以榫卯(mao)連結,而(er)無(wu)字碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)卻系一(yi)(yi)整(zheng)塊石料(liao)雕成。原(yuan)(yuan)有碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)亭,久圮(pi)。建國前碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)已倒臥在地,碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)身折斷為三(san)截(jie),碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)座(zuo)(zuo)仍在原(yuan)(yuan)位(wei)。1983年(nian)(nian)3月(yue),縣文物(wu)管理(li)所(suo)將碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)座(zuo)(zuo)向西移位(wei),同(tong)年(nian)(nian)4月(yue)配合省文物(wu)工作(zuo)隊,清理(li)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)座(zuo)(zuo)基(ji)礎。第(di)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)為承托碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)座(zuo)(zuo)的四(si)塊片石,第(di)二層(ceng)為石灰(hui)沙漿,第(di)三(san)層(ceng)為膠漿。根據清理(li)情況分析,此碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)傾倒原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin),系第(di)二層(ceng)基(ji)礎密(mi)度(du)松散(san),缺少強度(du)所(suo)致(zhi)。1985年(nian)(nian)春,碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)座(zuo)(zuo)復原(yuan)(yuan),同(tong)年(nian)(nian)6月(yue),粘(zhan)接重(zhong)新(xin)樹立。
明皇(huang)陵(ling)(ling)石(shi)像生是已知(zhi)明代最(zui)早(zao)、數(shu)(shu)量最(zui)多(duo)、刻(ke)(ke)工(gong)最(zui)精細(xi)的(de)皇(huang)家(jia)陵(ling)(ling)園,石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)具有(you)(you)很高的(de)石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)藝術(shu)(shu)價值。不僅數(shu)(shu)量居歷代帝(di)王陵(ling)(ling)墓之冠(guan),而且雕刻(ke)(ke)技(ji)藝上也有(you)(you)獨到(dao)之處。均用(yong)整塊石(shi)料(liao)雕琢(zhuo),無論是人像,還(huan)是動(dong)物,均造型生動(dong),刻(ke)(ke)琢(zhuo)精細(xi),具有(you)(you)高超(chao)的(de)技(ji)藝和強烈的(de)藝術(shu)(shu)感染(ran)力。它(ta)們(men)是宋(song)元(yuan)石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)藝術(shu)(shu)發展的(de)最(zui)早(zao)產物,對明清的(de)石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)造型藝術(shu)(shu)發展產生了(le)深遠影響。皇(huang)陵(ling)(ling)碑(bei)額篆(zhuan)有(you)(you)“大(da)(da)明皇(huang)陵(ling)(ling)之碑(bei)”6個大(da)(da)字(zi),因(yin)碑(bei)文系朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋親自撰寫,又名(ming)“御制皇(huang)陵(ling)(ling)碑(bei)”。朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋為了(le)讓子孫后代了(le)解艱辛家(jia)世和開創江山的(de)艱難,秉筆直(zhi)書(shu),歷述家(jia)世實情與戎馬生涯,一改(gai)歷代帝(di)陵(ling)(ling)碑(bei)刻(ke)(ke)粉飾夸功、諛墓不實的(de)惡習(xi)。碑(bei)文長達1105字(zi),是研究(jiu)朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋家(jia)史(shi)與元(yuan)末明初歷史(shi)的(de)珍貴史(shi)料(liao)。
自駕路(lu)線:鳳(feng)(feng)陽(yang)(yang)縣(xian)城南7公(gong)里,省(sheng)道(dao)307線:明(ming)光--亳州;省(sheng)道(dao)310線:鳳(feng)(feng)陽(yang)(yang)--淮南;省(sheng)道(dao)101線:鳳(feng)(feng)陽(yang)(yang)--蚌(bang)埠;省(sheng)道(dao)209梅(mei)市段。縣(xian)道(dao)總大路(lu):總鋪--大溪河;縣(xian)道(dao)鳳(feng)(feng)殷(yin)路(lu):鳳(feng)(feng)陽(yang)(yang)--殷(yin)澗(jian);縣(xian)道(dao)鳳(feng)(feng)周路(lu):鳳(feng)(feng)陽(yang)(yang)--周圩(wei)。
公交路線:鳳陽汽車(che)站(zhan)乘(cheng)往大廟鎮班(ban)車(che)可到(dao)景區。