清泰(tai)陵是(shi)清世宗雍正(zheng)帝及其皇(huang)(huang)后的合葬陵墓,位于距易縣15公里(li)的永寧山(shan)下,海拔382米(mi),始建于1730年(雍正(zheng)八年),占地8.47公頃(qing),內葬世宗雍正(zheng)帝、孝敬(jing)憲皇(huang)(huang)后、敦肅皇(huang)(huang)貴妃。
清泰陵(ling)整個(ge)陵(ling)寢分前后(hou)兩個(ge)部(bu)(bu)分,前部(bu)(bu)分是(shi)門(men)、坊(fang)、碑(bei)、亭,后(hou)部(bu)(bu)分主要是(shi)殿(dian)宇和地下宮殿(dian)。五孔石拱橋是(shi)泰陵(ling)最(zui)前面的(de)(de)建筑,10.94米(mi)寬(kuan),87米(mi)長,拱高4.9米(mi),由(you)長方形(xing)青白石建成(cheng)。五孔橋北,有巍峨高大雕工精美(mei)的(de)(de)三座(zuo)石牌坊(fang),一座(zuo)居中(zhong)橫跨(kua)神道,二座(zuo)稍后(hou),分列左(zuo)右。大紅門(men)是(shi)西陵(ling)的(de)(de)總(zong)門(men)戶,門(men)有三洞,設東(dong)西便門(men)各(ge)一。
泰陵作為典型的(de)(de)清式(shi)宮殿式(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun),不但更(geng)注重以完美的(de)(de)融山(shan)水(shui)環境、人(ren)文景觀為一體的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國“風水(shui)”相法為選址依據,形成山(shan)形河流作為“風水(shui)”中(zhong)(zhong)強(qiang)調的(de)(de)靠山(shan)、案山(shan)、照山(shan),龍脈和水(shui)口,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)整(zheng)體布局也(ye)較為完整(zheng)與(yu)巧妙,更(geng)加(jia)注重實用(yong)性;建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格與(yu)規制更(geng)加(jia)精美豪華,使之更(geng)具有觀賞(shang)性。
由于雍正(zheng)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)在西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)首建(jian)(jian)(jian)泰陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),從(cong)而產生了“昭穆(mu)相間的兆葬(zang)(zang)(zang)之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)”。原由是因雍正(zheng)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)首先在西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建(jian)(jian)(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)后,其(qi)(qi)子乾隆認(ren)為如自己也(ye)(ye)隨其(qi)(qi)父(fu)在西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建(jian)(jian)(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),就會使已葬(zang)(zang)(zang)于清(qing)東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的圣祖(zu)康熙(xi)、世(shi)祖(zu)順治帝(di)(di)受到(dao)冷落;如果在東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建(jian)(jian)(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),同(tong)樣又會使其(qi)(qi)父(fu)雍正(zheng)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)受到(dao)冷落。為解其(qi)(qi)難,乾隆皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)定(ding)下了“父(fu)東(dong)(dong)子西(xi)(xi),父(fu)西(xi)(xi)子東(dong)(dong)”的建(jian)(jian)(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)規制(zhi)(zhi),如父(fu)親葬(zang)(zang)(zang)東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),則(ze)兒皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),父(fu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),則(ze)兒皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),此稱之(zhi)為“昭穆(mu)相間的兆葬(zang)(zang)(zang)之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)”。也(ye)(ye)正(zheng)是由于這種墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)才形成(cheng)了清(qing)東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、清(qing)西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)現有的格局,造成(cheng)了清(qing)東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、清(qing)西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)兩大陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓群(qun)與中(zhong)國明(ming)朝以(yi)前(qian)歷代(dai)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)家陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢(qin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的根(gen)本(ben)不同(tong)之(zhi)處。
清泰(tai)陵(ling)(ling)東面,雍正為其(qi)21個妃嬪建造了(le)泰(tai)妃園寢(qin)。乾隆為其(qi)母(mu)孝圣憲皇太后修建了(le)泰(tai)東陵(ling)(ling)。主體建筑自最南端的(de)火焰牌樓開始(shi),過一座五孔石拱(gong)橋,便開始(shi)了(le)西(xi)陵(ling)(ling)最長(chang)的(de)神(shen)路——2.5公里長(chang)的(de)泰(tai)陵(ling)(ling)神(shen)路,沿神(shen)路往北至寶頂(ding),首(shou)先映入眼(yan)簾的(de)是著名的(de)石牌坊和大(da)紅門(men)。
清(qing)(qing)世宗(zong),名愛(ai)新(xin)覺羅·胤禛(公元1678年(nian)(nian)12月13日-1735年(nian)(nian)10月28日),康(kang)熙(xi)皇帝(di)第(di)四子,康(kang)熙(xi)病死后繼位(wei),為清(qing)(qing)代入(ru)關第(di)3帝(di)。雍正(zheng)是一(yi)位(wei)十(shi)分復(fu)雜而矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史人(ren)(ren)物,他(ta)是勇(yong)于(yu)(yu)革(ge)新(xin)、勤于(yu)(yu)理(li)政的(de)(de)(de)(de)杰出政治(zhi)(zhi)家,對康(kang)熙(xi)晚年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)積弊(bi)進行改革(ge)整(zheng)頓,一(yi)掃頹(tui)風,使吏(li)治(zhi)(zhi)澄清(qing)(qing)、統治(zhi)(zhi)穩(wen)定(ding)、國庫充(chong)盈、人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)負擔減輕。但他(ta)畢竟是封建皇帝(di),有(you)(you)著重大(da)過失(shi)和(he)種種局限。在功績(ji)上:雍正(zheng)首先(xian)取(qu)消了(le)千(qian)百年(nian)(nian)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)“人(ren)(ren)丁(ding)稅(shui)”,實行了(le)有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)貧農的(de)(de)(de)(de)“攤丁(ding)入(ru)畝”,這個中(zhong)國賦稅(shui)制度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)變革(ge);創立(li)軍(jun)機(ji)(ji)(ji)處,推(tui)廣奏折制度(du)(du)。明代權(quan)力(li)集于(yu)(yu)內閣,故有(you)(you)權(quan)相產(chan)生。清(qing)(qing)雍正(zheng)把權(quan)力(li)進一(yi)步集中(zhong)在皇帝(di)手(shou)中(zhong),創立(li)軍(jun)機(ji)(ji)(ji)處,軍(jun)機(ji)(ji)(ji)大(da)臣直(zhi)接與各(ge)地(di)(di)、各(ge)部打(da)交道(dao),了(le)解地(di)(di)方(fang)情(qing)形,傳達皇帝(di)意(yi)旨;在少數民(min)(min)族地(di)(di)區(qu)實行改土歸流(liu),打(da)擊和(he)限制了(le)土司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)割據和(he)特權(quan),對民(min)(min)族地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟文(wen)化發展有(you)(you)利(li)。此外,雍正(zheng)還(huan)有(you)(you)許(xu)多值得(de)稱道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政績(ji),如懲治(zhi)(zhi)貪污(wu)、解放賤民(min)(min)、平定(ding)羅卜藏丹津、始派駐藏大(da)臣等,為中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)與發展做出了(le)貢獻。