頌簋,西周時期(qi)的(de)青銅器。高30.1厘米(mi)、口徑(jing)24.2厘米(mi)。斂口,鼓腹,圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)下另有(you)三小(xiao)足(zu);口上(shang)有(you)高隆(long)蓋(gai),蓋(gai)與(yu)器母子合口,蓋(gai)頂有(you)圈(quan)(quan)狀(zhuang)捉手(shou);腹部(bu)兩側(ce)有(you)獸首半環耳并(bing)垂珥。在裝飾上(shang),頌簋的(de)器口和蓋(gai)沿各飾一(yi)周獸目交(jiao)連紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(或稱(cheng)竊曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)),中(zhong)間像(xiang)眼,兩側(ce)各連接一(yi)回勾狀(zhuang)曲(qu)線(xian)。這種(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾是從動(dong)物形象,確切地說(shuo)是從一(yi)種(zhong)卷曲(qu)的(de)龍紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)變化(hua)而來的(de),主要(yao)流行(xing)于(yu)西周中(zhong)晚期(qi),也是當時青銅器上(shang)的(de)主要(yao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾之一(yi)。腹部(bu)和蓋(gai)面(mian),裝飾著數道平行(xing)的(de)凹槽狀(zhuang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾,稱(cheng)橫條溝(gou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),因(yin)像(xiang)老式房(fang)子上(shang)的(de)瓦(wa)溝(gou),所以也稱(cheng)瓦(wa)棱紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、瓦(wa)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),這種(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾,在西周后(hou)期(qi)至春秋時期(qi)非(fei)常盛行(xing)。頌簋蓋(gai)頂的(de)捉手(shou)內,飾團龍紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)飾垂鱗紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。
通(tong)高30.1厘米,口(kou)徑24.2厘米,重13.2千克。西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)后期盛(sheng)食器。隆蓋,頂有(you)圈形把手(shou)。圓(yuan)腹,圈足,下附三獸足。腹部兩側有(you)一對獸首耳。口(kou)沿(yan)上下各(ge)飾(shi)竊曲紋(wen)(wen)一周(zhou)(zhou),蓋與腹均飾(shi)橫條脊紋(wen)(wen),圈足飾(shi)重環(huan)紋(wen)(wen)。形制莊重。蓋器同銘,各(ge)鑄(zhu)十五行(xing)一百(bai)五十二(er)字,銘文(wen)大(da)意為:周(zhou)(zhou)王冊(ce)(ce)命頌(song)掌管成(cheng)周(zhou)(zhou)貯(zhu)(匿)甘家,監督新造,積貯(zhu)貨物(wu),以為宮御之用。周(zhou)(zhou)王賞賜(si)頌(song)玄衣、省純、赤市、朱黃(huang)、攸勒等物(wu)品。頌(song)接受命冊(ce)(ce),退出中廷,然后再回返,向周(zhou)(zhou)王獻納瑾璋。比較(jiao)完整地反映了西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)王室(shi)策命官員(yuan)的制度。銘文(wen)與頌(song)鼎同。現藏山(shan)東省博物(wu)館(guan)(guan)。為山(shan)東省博物(wu)館(guan)(guan)十大(da)鎮館(guan)(guan)之寶(bao)之一。
隹(zhui)(唯)三年五月既死霸甲(jia)戌,王(wang)才(cai)(在)周(zhou)(zhou)康卲(昭)宮(gong)。旦,王(wang)各(ge)大(格太)室,即立(位(wei))。宰引(yin)右(佑(you))頌(song)(song)(song)入門(men),立(中(zhong))廷。尹氏受(授)王(wang)令(ling)(命(ming))書,王(wang)乎(呼)史(shi)虢生(sheng)冊令(ling)(命(ming))頌(song)(song)(song)。王(wang)曰:頌(song)(song)(song),令(ling)女(命(ming)汝(ru))官(司(si))成周(zhou)(zhou)貯,監(jian)(司(si))新?(造)貯用宮(gong)御。易女幺(賜汝(ru)玄)衣黹屯(純)、赤巿(fu)(韍)、朱黃(衡)、(鑾)旂(qi)、攸(鋚(tiao))勒。用事。頌(song)(song)(song)??(拜稽)首。受令(ling)(命(ming))冊,佩(pei)?(以(yi))出,反入堇(jin)章(返納覲璋)。頌(song)(song)(song)?(敢)對?(揚(yang))天子(zi)(zi)不(丕(pi))顯(xian)魯(lu)休,用乍(zha)?(作朕)皇(huang)考(kao)龏吊(恭叔(shu))、皇(huang)母龏始(恭姒(si))寶(bao)??(尊簋(gui))。用追孝,(祈(qi))匃康、屯右(純佑(you)),彔(通祿)、永令(ling)(命(ming))。頌(song)(song)(song)(其)萬年??(眉(mei)夀)無彊(疆),(畯)臣天子(zi)(zi)霝冬(dong)(靈(ling)終),子(zi)(zi)孫永寶(bao)用。
頌(song)(song)簋(gui)的(de)腹內(nei)和(he)(he)蓋(gai)內(nei)都鑄(zhu)有(you)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen),內(nei)容相同,各(ge)15行(xing)150字,另有(you)重文(wen)(wen)2字。銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)大(da)(da)意是:周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)三(san)年五月甲(jia)戌這一(yi)天,周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)周(zhou)的(de)京城康(kang)昭宮(gong)(“王(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)周(zhou)康(kang)昭宮(gong)”第(di)(di)(di)2行(xing))。清(qing)晨(chen),周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)來到太室就位(wei)(“旦(dan),王(wang)(wang)(wang)各(ge)大(da)(da)室即位(wei)”第(di)(di)(di)2至(zhi)3行(xing)),宰(zai)弘(hong)陪同頌(song)(song)進門站立在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)廷(ting)(“宰(zai)弘(hong)佑頌(song)(song)入門立中(zhong)(zhong)廷(ting)”第(di)(di)(di)3至(zhi)4行(xing)),史(shi)官之長尹氏授(shou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)命(ming)書(“尹氏受王(wang)(wang)(wang)命(ming)書”第(di)(di)(di)4行(xing))。周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)呼史(shi)官虢生冊命(ming)頌(song)(song)(“王(wang)(wang)(wang)乎(hu)史(shi)虢生冊命(ming)頌(song)(song)”第(di)(di)(di)4至(zhi)5行(xing))。周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)親自任命(ming)頌(song)(song)在(zai)成(cheng)周(zhou)洛(luo)陽擔(dan)任職(zhi)務(wu)(wu)(“王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue):頌(song)(song),命(ming)汝官司成(cheng)周(zhou)貯(zhu)”第(di)(di)(di)5至(zhi)6行(xing)),大(da)(da)概是宮(gong)廷(ting)負責雜務(wu)(wu)的(de)執事官,主管監(jian)造新(xin)宮(gong),或(huo)認為是掌管倉庫(“監(jian)司新(xin)造貯(zhu)用宮(gong)御”第(di)(di)(di)6至(zhi)7行(xing))。任命(ming)的(de)同時,還賜給他(ta)帶花邊的(de)黑色(se)絲質(zhi)禮(li)服(“玄衣黻純”第(di)(di)(di)7行(xing))、赤紅(hong)色(se)的(de)圍腰(“赤市(shi)”第(di)(di)(di)8行(xing))、拴著紅(hong)絲帶的(de)玉璜(huang)(“朱黃”第(di)(di)(di)8行(xing)),以(yi)及(ji)旗幟和(he)(he)馬具(ju)(“鑾旂(qi)、攸勒”第(di)(di)(di)8行(xing))等。頌(song)(song)向(xiang)天子(zi)(zi)行(xing)跪拜大(da)(da)禮(li)(“頌(song)(song)拜稽(ji)首(shou)”第(di)(di)(di)9行(xing)),并獻上玉璋表(biao)示感謝(xie)(“返入瑾章”第(di)(di)(di)10行(xing)),事后鑄(zhu)造了頌(song)(song)簋(gui)、頌(song)(song)鼎(ding)和(he)(he)頌(song)(song)壺,用來祭祀亡父(fu)龔叔和(he)(he)亡母(mu)龔姒(“用作朕皇考恭叔皇母(mu)恭姒寶尊(zun)簋(gui)”第(di)(di)(di)11至(zhi)第(di)(di)(di)12行(xing))。銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)“敢對揚天子(zi)(zi)丕顯魯休”(第(di)(di)(di)10至(zhi)11行(xing)),意思是感懷(huai)天子(zi)(zi)的(de)美(mei)德,它和(he)(he)末(mo)尾“子(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)孫孫永(yong)寶用”(第(di)(di)(di)15行(xing))的(de)辭句,常(chang)見于周(zhou)代(dai)的(de)青銅(tong)器上。
頌簋(gui)制作于(yu)西(xi)周(zhou)晚(wan)期,共和或宣(xuan)王時(shi)(shi)期。此時(shi)(shi),銅簋(gui)基本(ben)都配有對應的(de)(de)(de)器蓋,器蓋倒(dao)放就是一(yi)個盤子,也可以用來(lai)盛(sheng)食。器足為獸面象(xiang)鼻形,象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)題材(cai)在(zai)(zai)銅器中常見(jian),大概商周(zhou)時(shi)(shi)期象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)分布比現(xian)在(zai)(zai)要靠(kao)北,在(zai)(zai)當時(shi)(shi)交通如此不便的(de)(de)(de)情況下,人(ren)們也能(neng)見(jian)到。例如殷墟出土有完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)小象(xiang)骨(gu)骼,并且(qie)項戴銅鈴,可能(neng)是主人(ren)生前的(de)(de)(de)寵物。
器身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾是(shi)(shi)竊(qie)曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),竊(qie)曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)由兩(liang)端回鉤(gou)的(de)(de)(de)或“S”形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)線條(tiao)構(gou)(gou)成扁(bian)長(chang)(chang)形(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)案,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)中間填以目(mu)形(xing)(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),在銅器上(shang)往往連(lian)接成帶狀。《呂氏春秋·適威》:“周(zhou)鼎有(you)竊(qie)曲(qu)(一(yi)作窮曲(qu)),狀甚長(chang)(chang),上(shang)下皆曲(qu),以見極之(zhi)敗也(ye)。”盛行于(yu)西周(zhou)中、后期,春秋時仍沿(yan)用。竊(qie)曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)龍紋(wen)(wen)(wen)和饕餮紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)體(ti)(ti),竊(qie)曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)卷曲(qu)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)狀當(dang)是(shi)(shi)取(qu)形(xing)(xing)于(yu)夔紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、顧龍紋(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)身(shen)軀,但其構(gou)(gou)造、布局則(ze)不僅取(qu)形(xing)(xing)于(yu)諸種龍紋(wen)(wen)(wen),而(er)且(qie)借鑒(jian)了饕餮紋(wen)(wen)(wen)與上(shang)述(shu)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)饕餮紋(wen)(wen)(wen)圖(tu)(tu)案構(gou)(gou)形(xing)(xing)手法(fa)。然而(er)從總體(ti)(ti)看(kan),竊(qie)曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)出現使以往莊嚴、神秘的(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)解體(ti)(ti),進(jin)一(yi)步促(cu)進(jin)了青銅器紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾的(de)(de)(de)抽象化與幾何圖(tu)(tu)形(xing)(xing)化,因而(er)在青銅器紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾發展史中有(you)著重要(yao)作用。頌簋的(de)(de)(de)竊(qie)曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)中間是(shi)(shi)目(mu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),即眼睛的(de)(de)(de)樣子,整體(ti)(ti)呈“S”形(xing)(xing),兩(liang)端分叉,這是(shi)(shi)典型的(de)(de)(de)西周(zhou)晚期的(de)(de)(de)樣式(shi)。
頌簋的(de)流(liu)傳如同其(qi)他(ta)青銅重器(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣(yang),充滿(man)了(le)傳奇色彩。清(qing)嘉慶十九年(1814年)學(xue)者劉喜海在(zai)北京(jing)購得,并編入《清(qing)愛堂彝器(qi)(qi)款識》。劉喜海(1793—1853),諸城(cheng)人,劉墉從孫,是清(qing)道、咸間金石(shi)學(xue)家、古泉學(xue)家、藏(zang)書家,字(zi)燕庭(又作燕亭(ting)、硯庭)、吉甫(fu),山東(dong)諸城(cheng)人,別號三巴(ba)子。善(shan)鑒(jian)賞金石(shi),著有《海東(dong)金石(shi)苑補遺(yi)》等鑒(jian)賞書籍(ji),其(qi)所補編《古泉匯考》為(wei)當時(shi)古泉學(xue)集大(da)(da)成之(zhi)巨(ju)著,嘉惠后(hou)世泉學(xue)研究;《三巴(ba)金石(shi)苑》為(wei)巴(ba)蜀(shu)地區歷(li)代金石(shi)圖文并茂之(zhi)第(di)一(yi)部(bu)著錄,對后(hou)世影響頗大(da)(da)。
后(hou)來此(ci)簋歸(gui)李(li)宗岱。李(li)宗岱(?—1896),字山農,南(nan)海(今廣州)人(ren),道(dao)(dao)光二十(shi)九年(nian)(1849年(nian))副榜貢(gong)生。山東(dong)候補道(dao)(dao)員署山東(dong)鹽運使(shi)、布政使(shi),著名收藏家。1885年(nian),先(xian)后(hou)在(zai)平度、招遠開(kai)辦(ban)采(cai)金工場。1889年(nian),到牟平開(kai)辦(ban)礦務(wu)公司。其后(hou)代在(zai)玲瓏辦(ban)礦達(da)50年(nian)之久。
后轉手(shou)黃縣(xian)丁(ding)氏“泰來”號的丁(ding)樹貞(zhen)(一說原(yuan)為黃縣(xian)焦氏收藏)。丁(ding)樹貞(zhen)(1861—1915),字(zi)干圃,號仲(zhong)立(li)、煦農、陶齋,別號長年(nian)(nian),為山東(dong)(dong)(dong)著名的金石收藏家(jia)(jia)。齋號“海隅山館”,其(qi)數(shu)世(shi)亦官亦商(shang),家(jia)(jia)資(zi)巨富。丁(ding)氏為人慷(kang)慨大(da)方,并(bing)熱心社會公(gong)益,常有捐(juan)資(zi)之善舉,被清(qing)延加(jia)封三品銜,賞戴(dai)花翎,并(bing)候選知府。后丁(ding)氏家(jia)(jia)道破落(luo),弟兄分(fen)家(jia)(jia)時分(fen)割(ge)財(cai)產,使(shi)其(qi)器(qi)蓋(gai)分(fen)藏。20世(shi)紀40年(nian)(nian)代,器(qi)為膠東(dong)(dong)(dong)古物(wu)管理委員會黃縣(xian)文管分(fen)會收集,后轉入(ru)山東(dong)(dong)(dong)省博物(wu)館。20世(shi)紀50年(nian)(nian)代,丁(ding)氏后人張秀琳女士將所藏簋蓋(gai)捐(juan)獻給山東(dong)(dong)(dong)省博物(wu)館,頌(song)簋始成完(wan)璧(bi)。