新石器(qi)時代良(liang)渚(zhu)(zhu)文化玉(yu)琮,良(liang)渚(zhu)(zhu)文化玉(yu)琮之(zhi)首。中國首批禁止(zhi)出國(境(jing))展覽文物,收藏于(yu)浙江省博(bo)物館。
此玉(yu)(yu)琮(cong)(cong)通(tong)高8.9厘(li)米(mi)、上射徑17.1—17.6厘(li)米(mi)、下射徑16.5—17.5厘(li)米(mi)、孔外徑5厘(li)米(mi)、孔內徑3.8厘(li)米(mi)。是已發現的(de)良渚玉(yu)(yu)琮(cong)(cong)中最大、最重、做工最精(jing)美的(de)一件,被(bei)譽為“琮(cong)(cong)王(wang)”。
形(xing)(xing)(xing)體(ti)(ti)寬闊(kuo)碩大,紋(wen)(wen)飾獨(du)特繁(fan)縟,為(wei)(wei)良渚文化(hua)玉(yu)琮(cong)之首。琮(cong)體(ti)(ti)四面(mian)各琢刻一(yi)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)獸(shou)(shou)面(mian)神(shen)人圖(tu)像。獸(shou)(shou)面(mian)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側各淺浮雕(diao)鳥(niao)紋(wen)(wen)。器形(xing)(xing)(xing)呈(cheng)扁矮的(de)(de)方(fang)柱體(ti)(ti),內(nei)圓外方(fang),上(shang)下端為(wei)(wei)圓面(mian)的(de)(de)射,中(zhong)有(you)(you)對鉆圓孔,留有(you)(you)臺痕。下端有(you)(you)取(qu)料(liao)時形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)凹缺。琮(cong)體(ti)(ti)四面(mian)由中(zhong)間的(de)(de)直槽(cao)一(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)二,又(you)由橫槽(cao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)節(jie)(jie),每節(jie)(jie)再分(fen)(fen)(fen)上(shang)下兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個組成(cheng)(cheng)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)。四面(mian)直槽(cao)內(nei)上(shang)下各琢刻一(yi)神(shen)人獸(shou)(shou)面(mian)紋(wen)(wen)圖(tu)像,共八個,用(yong)淺浮雕(diao)和(he)細(xi)線(xian)刻兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種技法雕(diao)琢而成(cheng)(cheng)。在分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)節(jie)(jie)作角尺形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)凸面(mian)上(shang),以轉角為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)軸線(xian)向兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側展開,每兩(liang)(liang)(liang)節(jie)(jie)琢刻一(yi)組簡(jian)化(hua)的(de)(de)象征性的(de)(de)神(shen)人獸(shou)(shou)面(mian)紋(wen)(wen)圖(tu)案,四角相同(tong),左右(you)對稱。這(zhe)一(yi)種人與獸(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)組合圖(tu)是良渚文化(hua)玉(yu)琮(cong)紋(wen)(wen)飾的(de)(de)基本特征。另外,在獸(shou)(shou)面(mian)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側各雕(diao)刻一(yi)鳥(niao)紋(wen)(wen),鳥(niao)的(de)(de)頭、翼(yi)、身均(jun)變形(xing)(xing)(xing)夸張。整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)紋(wen)(wen)飾中(zhong)大量填充(chong)卷(juan)云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)、直線(xian)、弧(hu)線(xian),刻畫(hua)及其繁(fan)縟細(xi)致。
良渚玉(yu)器線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)雕刻,和紅山文化(hua)截然不同,它琢磨細(xi)(xi)(xi)致,其細(xi)(xi)(xi)如(ru)毫發的(de)“細(xi)(xi)(xi)曲線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)由(you)短而(er)細(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)錯落連(lian)接(jie)而(er)成,其直線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)由(you)筆(bi)直的(de)陰(yin)線(xian)(xian)構成。這(zhe)種(zhong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)曲線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)的(de)錯落連(lian)接(jie)和筆(bi)直的(de)陰(yin)線(xian)(xian),構成了良渚文化(hua)玉(yu)器特有的(de)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)美。在的(de)良渚玉(yu)琮(cong)上可以(yi)清楚地看到這(zhe)種(zhong)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)所雕刻的(de)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)如(ru)松如(ru)緊,如(ru)斷如(ru)聯,挺拔中又不乏柔軟,緊密中又略顯松馳,這(zhe)種(zhong)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao),是(shi)(shi)現代工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)絕然難(nan)以(yi)模仿(fang)的(de)。
良(liang)渚玉器上的直線是筆直的,卻(que)又是有粗(cu)細(xi)的,還(huan)可能有分叉和重疊。
良渚玉器的弧線(xian)是由(you)短而細的線(xian)條錯落(luo)連接的。
良渚玉器(qi)的(de)圓(yuan),加工方式有兩(liang)種(zhong),一是(shi)(shi)直接(jie)用(yong)管(guan)鉆(zhan)鉆(zhan)圓(yuan),二(er)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)弧(hu)線連接(jie)。用(yong)弧(hu)線連接(jie)的(de)圓(yuan),有明顯(xian)的(de)接(jie)痕(hen),圓(yuan)也顯(xian)得(de)不(bu)規整(zheng),往(wang)往(wang)帶有棱角;而用(yong)管(guan)鉆(zhan)鉆(zhan)的(de)圓(yuan),雖然比(bi)較規整(zheng),圓(yuan)象個圓(yuan),卻往(wang)往(wang)偏心,顯(xian)然是(shi)(shi)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)時定(ding)(ding)位不(bu)正所致。一般來說,比(bi)較小的(de)圓(yuan)往(wang)往(wang)用(yong)弧(hu)線連接(jie)工藝制成,而稍大的(de)圓(yuan)則(ze)用(yong)管(guan)鉆(zhan)工藝鉆(zhan)成。這兩(liang)種(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)圓(yuan),它(ta)們在良渚玉器(qi)上的(de)出現也是(shi)(shi)鑒定(ding)(ding)者必須掌握的(de)基(ji)本要素。
良渚(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)琮(cong)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)管、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)三叉形器(qi)和玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冠狀器(qi)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng),都有穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong),這些(xie)穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)一般對穿(chuan)(chuan)而成,對穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)的(de)(de)基本(ben)情況如圖(tu)(tu)(tu)24至圖(tu)(tu)(tu)27所示,由(you)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)可知,不管是(shi)(shi)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)24的(de)(de)龍首紋(wen)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)圓牌、圖(tu)(tu)(tu)25的(de)(de)良渚(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞和圖(tu)(tu)(tu)26的(de)(de)良渚(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璧這些(xie)厚(hou)度不大的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi),還是(shi)(shi)如圖(tu)(tu)(tu)27這樣有相當厚(hou)度的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)琮(cong),它們都采用對穿(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)方式(shi)來鉆孔(kong)。從這些(xie)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)上可以看出,這些(xie)孔(kong)的(de)(de)加工工藝,都是(shi)(shi)對穿(chuan)(chuan)而成,中間(jian)往往留(liu)下臺階。這些(xie)對穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)就成了(le)鑒定良渚(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)真(zhen)偽的(de)(de)表(biao)象特征。
“琮(cong)(cong)(cong)”始見于《周禮》等古籍(ji)。其(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)《周禮·考工記·玉(yu)(yu)人》所(suo)釋(shi):“大琮(cong)(cong)(cong)十(shi)有(you)二(er)寸,射四(si)寸,厚(hou)寸”。《白虎(hu)通·文(wen)質(zhi)篇》曰:“圓(yuan)中牙身(shen)玄(xuan)外曰琮(cong)(cong)(cong)”。鄭(zheng)玄(xuan)補注《周禮》時(shi)說:“琮(cong)(cong)(cong),八方(fang)象(xiang)地(di)”。南唐(tang)徐鍇釋(shi)琮(cong)(cong)(cong)時(shi)講:“狀若八角而(er)中圓(yuan)”。后因后人難辨琮(cong)(cong)(cong)狀的(de)實體,以(yi)致南宋時(shi)稱為(wei)(wei)“鎮(zhen)圭(gui)”。至清乾隆按東漢(han)許慎(shen)《說文(wen)解字(zi)》,以(yi)“琮(cong)(cong)(cong),瑞玉(yu)(yu),大八寸,似車”的(de)說法為(wei)(wei)據,直呼“琮(cong)(cong)(cong)”為(wei)(wei):“輞頭(tou)(tou)、杠頭(tou)(tou)筆(bi)筒”等,當時(shi)連玉(yu)(yu)琮(cong)(cong)(cong)的(de)上(shang)下(xia)頭(tou)(tou)都(dou)不(bu)清楚,至光緒年,金石家吳大在《古玉(yu)(yu)圖考》中,引述了(le)嘉慶年文(wen)字(zi)學家錢坫(dian)說法,玉(yu)(yu)“琮(cong)(cong)(cong)”的(de)器形(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)得以(yi)確認。而(er)玉(yu)(yu)琮(cong)(cong)(cong)小(xiao)頭(tou)(tou)朝下(xia)大頭(tou)(tou)向(xiang)上(shang)的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)確擺放,也(ye)是現代人給(gei)予糾正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)。玉(yu)(yu)琮(cong)(cong)(cong)分扁圓(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)(包括鐲形(xing)(xing)(xing)琮(cong)(cong)(cong))和方(fang)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing),但還有(you)小(xiao)的(de)琮(cong)(cong)(cong)王勤(qin)子、琮(cong)(cong)(cong)管等飾(shi)品,凡是良渚玉(yu)(yu)琮(cong)(cong)(cong)類,不(bu)論大小(xiao)均屬(shu)珍貴文(wen)物。玉(yu)(yu)琮(cong)(cong)(cong)為(wei)(wei)無(wu)定價,在人們認識的(de)提高下(xia),收(shou)藏玉(yu)(yu)琮(cong)(cong)(cong)的(de)保值與升值體系,也(ye)會隨著市場經濟發展逐步完善起來(lai)。
經考證(zheng),玉“琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)”距今4000至5000年,其(qi)功能(neng)與意(yi)義有(you):一(yi)(yi)、祭祀用(yong)的(de)(de)大(da)禮器(qi)(qi)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),但材質(zhi)上有(you)優劣之(zhi)分(fen)。優質(zhi)的(de)(de)玉琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),應(ying)按《周(zhou)禮》“以蒼璧禮天,以黃琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)禮地”說法,那么玉琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)是(shi)祭祀蒼茫(mang)大(da)地的(de)(de)禮器(qi)(qi),或是(shi)巫師通(tong)神的(de)(de)法器(qi)(qi)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),似是(shi)印證(zheng)“璧圓象(xiang)天,琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)方象(xiang)地”等道理。劣質(zhi)的(de)(de)玉琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)、石琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),或被(bei)燒過的(de)(de)玉琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong),都是(shi)鎮墓(mu)壓邪、斂尸防腐、避兇驅鬼(gui)用(yong)的(de)(de)。二(er)、玉琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)既是(shi)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)具,也是(shi)權(quan)勢和財富的(de)(de)象(xiang)征(zheng)。從發(fa)掘現(xian)場可以看(kan)到(dao),墓(mu)主身(shen)份(fen)(fen)越顯赫,殉葬品中的(de)(de)琮(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)、璧就越多,似乎要(yao)顯示生前的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)切,用(yong)于隨葬恰好說明墓(mu)主原(yuan)有(you)身(shen)份(fen)(fen),及其(qi)在各部落中享用(yong)財富與權(quan)勢的(de)(de)程度,也代表良渚文化時期的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)葬制。
此玉琮是已發(fa)現的良渚(zhu)玉琮中(zhong)最大(da)、最重、做工最精美的一(yi)件(jian),被譽為(wei)“琮王”。
2002年(nian),此玉成為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)首批(pi)禁止出(chu)國(guo)(境)展覽(lan)文物(wu)。