大上(shang)清(qing)宮(gong)在上(shang)清(qing)鎮東陲,距嗣(si)漢天師(shi)府(fu)約一(yi)公里(li)。古代這里(li)稱為仙源鄉(xiang)招賓里(li)。其街曰: “瓊林(lin)”。左擁(yong)象山(shan),右(you)注沂溪(xi)(xi)。溪(xi)(xi)山(shan)環拱,實乃仙靈都會也,古老(lao)相傳。這里(li)是九龍(long)聚(ju)會的寶地。民謠云: “九龍(long)集結(jie)上(shang)清(qing)宮(gong).天師(shi)擒妖顯(xian)神通。唯有一(yi)龍(long)不伏法.順水(shui)飄游(you)遇(yu)虎兇。”這九龍(long)指的是上(shang)清(qing)宮(gong)周(zhou)圍的天門山(shan)、臺(tai)山(shan)、烏(wu)劍(jian)山(shan)、獅子山(shan)、沖天峰、應天山(shan)、西華山(shan)、烏(wu)龜山(shan)和圣井山(shan)。
漢(han)末第四代天師(shi)(shi)張盛(sheng)承啟道(dao)教(jiao),在此建(jian)“傳箓壇”.公(gong)元(yuan)841—846年(nian)(唐會昌年(nian)間),武宗召見(jian)第20代天師(shi)(shi)張湛賜(si)帑銀于傳箓壇舊址建(jian)道(dao)觀(guan),并賜(si)額日“真仙觀(guan)”
1008—1016年(北(bei)宋大中(zhong)祥符年間),宋真(zhen)宗(zong)敕改真(zhen)仙觀為(wei)上清觀,1105年(崇(chong)寧四年)第30代天師張繼先請(qing)于(yu)朝,宋徽(hui)宗(zong)命(ming)(ming)撥賜(si)米(mi)萬余斛(一(yi)(yi)斛一(yi)(yi)斗(dou)),由江東(dong)漕(cao)臣在龍虎山丈(zhang)量(liang)土地(di)重建(jian)上清觀,又于(yu)1113年(政(zheng)和三年)將上清觀升為(wei)“上清正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)宮(gong)”。“時宮(gong)中(zhong)學道(dao)者常數百人”:南宋時.經上清宮(gong)高道(dao)易如剛,毛允中(zhong)等不斷(duan)擴(kuo)建(jian),當時己有六殿(三清殿、真(zhen)風殿、昊天殿、南斗(dou)殿、北(bei)斗(dou)殿、瓊(qiong)章殿)二閣(ge)(ge)(即皇帝(di)景命(ming)(ming)閣(ge)(ge)、寶奎閣(ge)(ge))一(yi)(yi)樓(lou)(瓊(qiong)音樓(lou))三館(宿云(yun)、蓬海、云(yun)館)二堂(tang)(齋堂(tang)、正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)堂(tang)),堂(tang)之左為(wei)方丈(zhang),東(dong)西創道(dao)院數百楹(詳(xiang)見王(wang)與權記(ji))。景定年間,宋理宗(zong)命(ming)(ming)張聞詩建(jian)上清宮(gong)門樓(lou).榜日: “龍虎福(fu)地(di)”。
元朝1285年(nian)(世祖至元二(er)十(shi)二(er)年(nian))賜帑銀(yin)重修(xiu)上清宮,元武宗時敕政(zheng)“上清正一宮”為“大上清正一萬壽(shou)宮”。
1391年(明洪武二十四年)43代(dai)天師張宇初(chu)重修(xiu)大(da)上清宮(gong),太祖朱元(yuan)璋(zhang)親賜寶(bao)鈔5000貫。翰林編修(xiu)蘇(su)伯衡撰(zhuan)《重修(xiu)上清宮(gong)碑文》傳世.明朝(chao)統治276年,由朝(chao)延賜銀或(huo)監修(xiu)上清宮(gong)共有七(qi)次,故《明史(shi)》中說(shuo): “真人(ren)張氏道(dao)家孝流而世蒙恩澤(ze)、顧代(dai)相傳襲,閱世既久。卒(zu)莫廢去。
清(qing)(qing)朝.由皇(huang)(huang)帝賜(si)銀大規模修(xiu)建上(shang)(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)一次,零(ling)星修(xiu)建三(san)次以上(shang)(shang)。據1740年(清(qing)(qing)乾隆五(wu)年)妙正(zheng)真人婁近垣(yuan)編《龍(long)虎山(shan)志(zhi)大上(shang)(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)新制(zhi)》記載,當時的建制(zhi)為兩宮(gong)(gong)(上(shang)(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)、斗姆(mu)宮(gong)(gong))、十(shi)二殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(玉皇(huang)(huang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、后(hou)土殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、三(san)宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、三(san)省(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、五(wu)岳(yue)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、四瀆搬、文昌殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、天皇(huang)(huang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、關圣殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、紫微殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、斗姆(mu)前殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、斗姆(mu)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))二十(shi)四院(yuan)(三(san)華、東隱(yin)、仙(xian)隱(yin)、崇(chong)元、太素、十(shi)華、郁和(he)、清(qing)(qing)和(he)、崇(chong)福、崇(chong)清(qing)(qing)、繁禧、達(da)觀(guan)、明達(da)、洞觀(guan)、棲真、混同(tong)、紫中、清(qing)(qing)富、鳳棲、高深(shen)、精思、正(zheng)慶(qing)、玉華、迎華)其建制(zhi)規模不僅在江南(nan)稱為第一大觀(guan).在全國也是(shi)首屈一指,故(gu)素有“神仙(xian)所都”和(he)“百神受(shou)職(zhi)之(zhi)所”的稱譽。1930年幾個乞(qi)丐在宮(gong)(gong)內烤火,一時不慎,二宮(gong)(gong)慘遭火焚.二十(shi)四院(yuan)亦受(shou)株連。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)宇樓閣(ge)化為灰燼(jin)。
大上(shang)清宮(gong)在(zai)中國乃至全(quan)世界都有(you)很大的影響,因為在(zai)中國古典名著《水滸》第一(yi)回,寫的是“張天(tian)(tian)師祈禳瘟(wen)疫。洪太(tai)尉誤走妖魔。”就是講大上(shang)清宮(gong)的,由上(shang)清宮(gong)內(nei)的鎮(zhen)(zhen)妖井(jing),走出36天(tian)(tian)罡,72地(di)煞、演繹(yi)出一(yi)部驚天(tian)(tian)動地(di)的農民(min)起義的故事,在(zai)中國可謂(wei)婦孺(ru)皆知(zhi)。如今,伏(fu)(fu)魔殿仍(reng)在(zai)。鎮(zhen)(zhen)妖井(jing)仍(reng)存,游人信士絡繹(yi)而至,都忍不(bu)住要探一(yi)探伏(fu)(fu)魔殿的神奇(qi),鎮(zhen)(zhen)妖井(jing)的玄(xuan)秘。
2000年,龍虎山風景(jing)旅游區(qu)管委會(hui)啟動對大(da)上清宮(gong)進行重建,翌年完(wan)成一期工程已恢(hui)復的(de)有:福地門、龍街、下(xia)馬辜、欞星門、天一池、東隱院等,2009年3月,大(da)上清宮(gong)已恢(hui)復為宗教活動場所,熱烈歡迎廣大(da)信士游人(ren)來此朝拜(bai)圣真,領略《水(shui)滸》文(wen)化的(de)精髓。
上清宮初(chu)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)師(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)道陵(ling)的(de)(de)草堂(tang),第四代(dai)天(tian)師(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)盛在(zai)此置傳箓壇,逢(feng)三(san)元(yuan)(yuan)日升壇傳箓。唐(tang)代(dai)會(hui)昌(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(841--846)始(shi)于此處建(jian)(jian)(jian)真仙觀(guan),宋大(da)中祥符五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1012)改名上清觀(guan),仁宗天(tian)圣年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1023一(yi)(yi)(yi)1032),二十(shi)五(wu)(wu)代(dai)天(tian)師(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)乾曜(yao)曾觀(guan)于龍虎山南。哲宗元(yuan)(yuan)佑元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1086),二十(shi)八(ba)代(dai)天(tian)師(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)敦復又(you)重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian),但(dan)均已不可考。宋徽宗崇寧四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1105)于上清鎮東(dong)再(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian);政和三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1113)升觀(guan)為(wei)(wei)“上清正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)宮”。南宋高宗建(jian)(jian)(jian)炎年(nian)(nian)(nian)問,寧宗于慶元(yuan)(yuan)、嘉定年(nian)(nian)(nian)間均有(you)(you)修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian);理宗于端平二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1235)賜內(nei)努,并派太(tai)乙宮高士易如剛再(zai)次進行較大(da)規模的(de)(de)擴建(jian)(jian)(jian),時共興建(jian)(jian)(jian)二閣(ge)、三(san)館、六(liu)殿及東(dong)西道院(yuan)數(shu)百(bai)楹,不久又(you)創建(jian)(jian)(jian) 門樓(lou)(lou),增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)紫微(wei)閣(ge)。元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)曾有(you)(you)三(san)建(jian)(jian)(jian)二毀(hui),武(wu)宗時敕改上清正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)宮為(wei)(wei)“大(da)上清正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)萬壽宮”。明(ming)代(dai)先后有(you)(you)六(liu)次重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)修(xiu)(xiu)復及增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)。清代(dai)康熙(xi)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1713),圣祖(zu)曾煬帑金修(xiu)(xiu)葺;雍正(zheng)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1731)特賜帑銀十(shi)萬兩,遣翰林(lin)學士占留保,原(yuan)直隸(li)臬司(si)浦文焯(zhuo)等督工(gong)(gong),又(you)命天(tian)師(shi)府署理大(da)真人張(zhang)(zhang)匿昭(zhao)麟(lin)協同監修(xiu)(xiu),于當年(nian)(nian)(nian)大(da)興土(tu)木,開始(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu),至雍正(zheng)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)八(ba)月竣工(gong)(gong),除將(jiang)原(yuan)有(you)(you)殿宇(yu)(yu)葺修(xiu)(xiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)新外,又(you)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)了碑(bei)亭、斗(dou)姆宮、后堂(tang)、庫(ku)房、廂房、齋堂(tang)、廚房、虛靖(jing)祠及二十(shi)四道院(yuan)等,整個(ge)宮宇(yu)(yu)規模宏大(da),氣勢磅(bang)礴,名振江南;后因(yin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)久失修(xiu)(xiu)與(yu)屢遭(zao)(zao)災毀(hui),至解放初(chu)僅存(cun)門樓(lou)(lou)、午朝門、鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)、下馬亭、東(dong)隱(yin)院(yuan)等建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑,為(wei)(wei)江西省重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文物保護(hu)單位之一(yi)(yi)(yi)。“文革”中,上清宮殘(can)存(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑全遭(zao)(zao)毀(hui)壞(huai),現唯存(cun)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)口(kou)元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)所鑄(zhu)大(da)鐘(zhong)及部分碑(bei)刻藏(zang)于天(tian)師(shi)府內(nei)。為(wei)(wei)龍虎山歷(li)史上著名的(de)(de)道教(jiao)宮觀(guan)之一(yi)(yi)(yi),是道教(jiao)正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道的(de)(de)祖(zu)庭。