大(da)上(shang)(shang)(shang)清宮在上(shang)(shang)(shang)清鎮東陲,距(ju)嗣漢天(tian)師府(fu)約一公里(li)。古代這里(li)稱為仙(xian)源鄉招賓里(li)。其街曰: “瓊林”。左擁象(xiang)山,右注沂溪(xi)(xi)。溪(xi)(xi)山環拱,實(shi)乃(nai)仙(xian)靈(ling)都會也,古老相傳(chuan)。這里(li)是(shi)九龍(long)聚會的寶地。民謠云: “九龍(long)集結上(shang)(shang)(shang)清宮.天(tian)師擒(qin)妖顯神通。唯有一龍(long)不伏法.順(shun)水飄游遇虎兇。”這九龍(long)指的是(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)清宮周圍(wei)的天(tian)門山、臺(tai)山、烏(wu)劍山、獅子山、沖天(tian)峰、應(ying)天(tian)山、西華(hua)山、烏(wu)龜(gui)山和圣井山。
漢末第(di)四代(dai)天師張盛(sheng)承啟道(dao)教,在此建(jian)“傳箓(lu)壇(tan)”.公元841—846年(唐會昌年間(jian)),武宗召見第(di)20代(dai)天師張湛賜(si)帑銀(yin)于傳箓(lu)壇(tan)舊址建(jian)道(dao)觀,并(bing)賜(si)額日“真仙觀”
1008—1016年(nian)(北(bei)宋(song)大中(zhong)祥符(fu)年(nian)間(jian)),宋(song)真宗(zong)敕改真仙觀(guan)為上清觀(guan),1105年(nian)(崇寧四年(nian))第(di)30代天師張繼先(xian)請于(yu)朝,宋(song)徽(hui)宗(zong)命撥賜米(mi)萬余(yu)斛(一斛一斗),由江東漕臣在龍(long)(long)虎山丈(zhang)量(liang)土地(di)重建上清觀(guan),又于(yu)1113年(nian)(政和三(san)年(nian))將上清觀(guan)升為“上清正(zheng)一宮(gong)(gong)”。“時宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)學道(dao)者常數百人”:南宋(song)時.經(jing)上清宮(gong)(gong)高道(dao)易如剛,毛允中(zhong)等不斷(duan)擴建,當時己(ji)有(you)六(liu)殿(三(san)清殿、真風(feng)殿、昊天殿、南斗殿、北(bei)斗殿、瓊章殿)二(er)閣(ge)(即皇帝景命閣(ge)、寶(bao)奎閣(ge))一樓(瓊音(yin)樓)三(san)館(宿(su)云、蓬海、云館)二(er)堂(tang)(齋堂(tang)、正(zheng)一堂(tang)),堂(tang)之左為方丈(zhang),東西創(chuang)道(dao)院數百楹(詳(xiang)見王與權記)。景定年(nian)間(jian),宋(song)理宗(zong)命張聞詩(shi)建上清宮(gong)(gong)門(men)樓.榜日: “龍(long)(long)虎福地(di)”。
元朝1285年(世祖(zu)至元二十二年)賜帑銀重修上清(qing)宮(gong),元武宗(zong)時敕(chi)政“上清(qing)正(zheng)(zheng)一宮(gong)”為(wei)“大上清(qing)正(zheng)(zheng)一萬(wan)壽宮(gong)”。
1391年(明(ming)洪(hong)武二十四年)43代(dai)天師張宇初重(zhong)修大上(shang)清(qing)宮,太祖朱元璋親賜寶鈔5000貫。翰林編修蘇伯衡撰《重(zhong)修上(shang)清(qing)宮碑(bei)文》傳世(shi).明(ming)朝(chao)統(tong)治276年,由朝(chao)延(yan)賜銀或監(jian)修上(shang)清(qing)宮共有(you)七次(ci),故《明(ming)史》中說(shuo): “真人張氏道家孝流而世(shi)蒙恩澤、顧代(dai)相傳襲,閱世(shi)既久。卒(zu)莫廢去(qu)。
清朝.由皇帝賜銀大規(gui)模修(xiu)建上(shang)清宮(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)次,零星修(xiu)建三次以上(shang)。據1740年(nian)(清乾隆五年(nian))妙正真人婁近垣編(bian)《龍虎(hu)山志(zhi)大上(shang)清宮(gong)(gong)新制(zhi)》記載,當時的建制(zhi)為兩宮(gong)(gong)(上(shang)清宮(gong)(gong)、斗姆宮(gong)(gong))、十(shi)二(er)(er)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(玉(yu)皇殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、后土殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、三宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、三省殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、五岳殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、四(si)瀆搬、文(wen)昌殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、天(tian)皇殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、關圣殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、紫(zi)微(wei)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、斗姆前殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、斗姆后殿(dian)(dian)(dian))二(er)(er)十(shi)四(si)院(三華(hua)、東隱、仙隱、崇元、太(tai)素、十(shi)華(hua)、郁和(he)、清和(he)、崇福(fu)、崇清、繁禧、達觀(guan)(guan)、明(ming)達、洞觀(guan)(guan)、棲真、混同(tong)、紫(zi)中、清富、鳳棲、高深、精思(si)、正慶、玉(yu)華(hua)、迎華(hua))其建制(zhi)規(gui)模不僅在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)南稱(cheng)為第一(yi)(yi)大觀(guan)(guan).在(zai)(zai)全國也是首屈一(yi)(yi)指(zhi),故素有“神仙所都”和(he)“百神受職之所”的稱(cheng)譽。1930年(nian)幾個(ge)乞丐在(zai)(zai)宮(gong)(gong)內(nei)烤火(huo),一(yi)(yi)時不慎,二(er)(er)宮(gong)(gong)慘(can)遭火(huo)焚.二(er)(er)十(shi)四(si)院亦(yi)受株連。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宇樓(lou)閣(ge)化為灰燼。
大(da)上(shang)清宮在中國(guo)乃至(zhi)全世界都(dou)(dou)有很大(da)的(de)影響,因(yin)為在中國(guo)古典(dian)名著(zhu)《水滸》第(di)一回,寫(xie)的(de)是“張天(tian)(tian)師祈(qi)禳(rang)瘟疫。洪(hong)太尉誤走(zou)妖(yao)魔。”就是講大(da)上(shang)清宮的(de),由上(shang)清宮內的(de)鎮(zhen)妖(yao)井,走(zou)出36天(tian)(tian)罡,72地(di)煞、演繹(yi)出一部(bu)驚天(tian)(tian)動地(di)的(de)農民(min)起義的(de)故事,在中國(guo)可謂(wei)婦孺皆知。如今,伏魔殿仍在。鎮(zhen)妖(yao)井仍存,游人信士絡繹(yi)而(er)至(zhi),都(dou)(dou)忍不(bu)住(zhu)要探一探伏魔殿的(de)神(shen)奇,鎮(zhen)妖(yao)井的(de)玄(xuan)秘。
2000年,龍虎山風景旅游(you)區(qu)管委(wei)會啟動對(dui)大上清宮進行(xing)重建(jian),翌年完成一期工程已(yi)恢復的(de)有:福地(di)門、龍街(jie)、下(xia)馬辜、欞(ling)星門、天一池、東隱院等,2009年3月,大上清宮已(yi)恢復為宗教活動場所,熱(re)烈歡迎廣大信士游(you)人來此(ci)朝拜圣真,領略《水滸(hu)》文化的(de)精髓。
上(shang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)初為(wei)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵的草堂(tang),第四代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)張(zhang)盛在(zai)此(ci)置傳箓(lu)壇,逢(feng)三元(yuan)日升壇傳箓(lu)。唐代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)會昌(chang)年間(jian)(jian)(841--846)始于(yu)此(ci)處(chu)建(jian)(jian)真仙觀(guan),宋大(da)中祥(xiang)符五(wu)年(1012)改(gai)名上(shang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan),仁宗(zong)(zong)天(tian)圣年間(jian)(jian)(1023一(yi)(yi)1032),二(er)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)張(zhang)乾曜曾觀(guan)于(yu)龍虎山南。哲(zhe)宗(zong)(zong)元(yuan)佑元(yuan)年(1086),二(er)十(shi)(shi)八代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)張(zhang)敦復又重建(jian)(jian),但均已(yi)不可考(kao)。宋徽宗(zong)(zong)崇(chong)寧(ning)四年(1105)于(yu)上(shang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)鎮東(dong)(dong)再建(jian)(jian);政和三年(1113)升觀(guan)為(wei)“上(shang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。南宋高(gao)宗(zong)(zong)建(jian)(jian)炎年問,寧(ning)宗(zong)(zong)于(yu)慶元(yuan)、嘉定年間(jian)(jian)均有(you)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian);理宗(zong)(zong)于(yu)端平二(er)年(1235)賜內(nei)(nei)努(nu),并派太乙(yi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)高(gao)士易如剛再次(ci)進行較大(da)規模(mo)的擴建(jian)(jian),時(shi)(shi)共興建(jian)(jian)二(er)閣(ge)、三館、六殿(dian)及東(dong)(dong)西(xi)道(dao)(dao)院數百楹(ying),不久(jiu)又創建(jian)(jian) 門(men)樓,增(zeng)(zeng)建(jian)(jian)紫(zi)微閣(ge)。元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)曾有(you)三建(jian)(jian)二(er)毀(hui),武宗(zong)(zong)時(shi)(shi)敕改(gai)上(shang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)“大(da)上(shang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)萬壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。明代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)先后有(you)六次(ci)重建(jian)(jian)與修(xiu)復及增(zeng)(zeng)建(jian)(jian)。清(qing)(qing)(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)康(kang)熙五(wu)十(shi)(shi)二(er)年(1713),圣祖(zu)曾煬帑金修(xiu)葺;雍正(zheng)九(jiu)年(1731)特賜帑銀十(shi)(shi)萬兩(liang),遣翰林(lin)學士占留(liu)保(bao),原(yuan)直(zhi)隸臬司浦文焯等督工(gong),又命(ming)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)府署理大(da)真人(ren)張(zhang)匿昭麟協同監修(xiu),于(yu)當年大(da)興土(tu)木,開(kai)始重修(xiu),至(zhi)雍正(zheng)十(shi)(shi)年八月竣工(gong),除將(jiang)原(yuan)有(you)殿(dian)宇葺修(xiu)一(yi)(yi)新(xin)外,又新(xin)建(jian)(jian)了碑亭、斗姆宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、后堂(tang)、庫(ku)房(fang)(fang)(fang)、廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)、齋堂(tang)、廚(chu)房(fang)(fang)(fang)、虛靖祠及二(er)十(shi)(shi)四道(dao)(dao)院等,整個宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宇規模(mo)宏大(da),氣勢磅礴(bo),名振(zhen)江南;后因年久(jiu)失修(xiu)與屢遭災(zai)毀(hui),至(zhi)解放初僅存門(men)樓、午朝門(men)、鐘(zhong)樓、下馬亭、東(dong)(dong)隱院等建(jian)(jian)筑,為(wei)江西(xi)省重點文物保(bao)護單位(wei)之一(yi)(yi)。“文革”中,上(shang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殘存建(jian)(jian)筑全遭毀(hui)壞(huai),現唯(wei)存有(you)一(yi)(yi)口元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)所鑄大(da)鐘(zhong)及部(bu)分碑刻藏于(yu)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)府內(nei)(nei)。為(wei)龍虎山歷史上(shang)著名的道(dao)(dao)教宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)觀(guan)之一(yi)(yi),是(shi)道(dao)(dao)教正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)的祖(zu)庭。