大上清宮(gong)(gong)(gong)在上清鎮東(dong)陲,距嗣漢(han)天(tian)師府約一(yi)(yi)公里(li)。古(gu)代這(zhe)里(li)稱為仙(xian)源(yuan)鄉招賓里(li)。其(qi)街曰: “瓊林(lin)”。左擁(yong)象山,右注(zhu)沂溪。溪山環拱,實(shi)乃仙(xian)靈(ling)都(dou)會也,古(gu)老相傳。這(zhe)里(li)是(shi)九龍聚會的寶地。民謠(yao)云: “九龍集結上清宮(gong)(gong)(gong).天(tian)師擒妖顯神通。唯(wei)有一(yi)(yi)龍不伏法.順水飄游遇虎兇。”這(zhe)九龍指的是(shi)上清宮(gong)(gong)(gong)周(zhou)圍的天(tian)門山、臺山、烏(wu)劍山、獅子(zi)山、沖天(tian)峰、應天(tian)山、西(xi)華山、烏(wu)龜山和圣井山。
漢末第(di)四代(dai)天師(shi)張盛承啟道教,在此建(jian)“傳(chuan)箓壇(tan)”.公元(yuan)841—846年(nian)(唐會昌(chang)年(nian)間(jian)),武宗召見第(di)20代(dai)天師(shi)張湛賜(si)帑銀于傳(chuan)箓壇(tan)舊址建(jian)道觀,并賜(si)額(e)日“真仙觀”
1008—1016年(nian)(北宋(song)大中(zhong)(zhong)祥符年(nian)間(jian)),宋(song)真宗(zong)敕改真仙觀(guan)為上清(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan),1105年(nian)(崇寧四(si)年(nian))第30代天(tian)師張繼先(xian)請于(yu)朝,宋(song)徽宗(zong)命撥賜(si)米萬余斛(hu)(一(yi)斛(hu)一(yi)斗(dou)),由(you)江東漕臣在(zai)龍虎(hu)山丈(zhang)量(liang)土地(di)重建上清(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan),又于(yu)1113年(nian)(政和(he)三(san)年(nian))將上清(qing)(qing)(qing)觀(guan)升為“上清(qing)(qing)(qing)正(zheng)一(yi)宮(gong)(gong)”。“時(shi)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)學道者常(chang)數百人”:南宋(song)時(shi).經上清(qing)(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)高(gao)道易(yi)如剛,毛允(yun)中(zhong)(zhong)等不斷(duan)擴建,當時(shi)己有六殿(dian)(三(san)清(qing)(qing)(qing)殿(dian)、真風殿(dian)、昊天(tian)殿(dian)、南斗(dou)殿(dian)、北斗(dou)殿(dian)、瓊章殿(dian))二閣(ge)(ge)(即皇帝景(jing)命閣(ge)(ge)、寶(bao)奎閣(ge)(ge))一(yi)樓(lou)(lou)(瓊音樓(lou)(lou))三(san)館(宿云、蓬海、云館)二堂(齋堂、正(zheng)一(yi)堂),堂之左為方丈(zhang),東西創道院數百楹(詳見王與權記)。景(jing)定年(nian)間(jian),宋(song)理宗(zong)命張聞(wen)詩(shi)建上清(qing)(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)門樓(lou)(lou).榜日(ri): “龍虎(hu)福地(di)”。
元朝1285年(世祖至元二十二年)賜帑(tang)銀(yin)重修上(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮,元武宗時敕(chi)政(zheng)“上(shang)清(qing)(qing)正(zheng)一宮”為“大上(shang)清(qing)(qing)正(zheng)一萬(wan)壽宮”。
1391年(明(ming)洪武二十(shi)四年)43代(dai)天(tian)師張宇初重修(xiu)(xiu)大(da)上清宮,太祖朱元(yuan)璋親賜寶鈔5000貫(guan)。翰林編(bian)修(xiu)(xiu)蘇伯衡撰(zhuan)《重修(xiu)(xiu)上清宮碑(bei)文》傳世(shi)(shi).明(ming)朝統治276年,由朝延(yan)賜銀或監修(xiu)(xiu)上清宮共有七次,故(gu)《明(ming)史》中說(shuo): “真人張氏道(dao)家孝流而世(shi)(shi)蒙恩澤、顧代(dai)相傳襲,閱世(shi)(shi)既久。卒莫(mo)廢去。
清(qing)(qing)朝.由皇(huang)帝(di)賜銀(yin)大規模修(xiu)建(jian)上(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)一(yi)次,零(ling)星修(xiu)建(jian)三次以(yi)上(shang)。據1740年(清(qing)(qing)乾隆(long)五(wu)年)妙(miao)正真(zhen)(zhen)人婁近垣編《龍虎山志大上(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)新制》記載,當時(shi)(shi)的(de)建(jian)制為兩宮(gong)(上(shang)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)、斗姆(mu)(mu)宮(gong))、十二(er)(er)殿(dian)(dian)(玉皇(huang)殿(dian)(dian)、后土殿(dian)(dian)、三宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)、三省殿(dian)(dian)、五(wu)岳殿(dian)(dian)、四瀆搬(ban)、文昌殿(dian)(dian)、天皇(huang)殿(dian)(dian)、關圣殿(dian)(dian)、紫微殿(dian)(dian)、斗姆(mu)(mu)前殿(dian)(dian)、斗姆(mu)(mu)后殿(dian)(dian))二(er)(er)十四院(三華(hua)、東(dong)隱、仙(xian)隱、崇(chong)元(yuan)、太素、十華(hua)、郁和(he)、清(qing)(qing)和(he)、崇(chong)福(fu)、崇(chong)清(qing)(qing)、繁禧、達觀、明達、洞觀、棲真(zhen)(zhen)、混(hun)同、紫中、清(qing)(qing)富(fu)、鳳棲、高深(shen)、精思、正慶(qing)、玉華(hua)、迎華(hua))其建(jian)制規模不僅在江南稱為第(di)一(yi)大觀.在全國(guo)也是首屈一(yi)指,故素有“神仙(xian)所(suo)都”和(he)“百神受職之(zhi)所(suo)”的(de)稱譽。1930年幾個乞丐在宮(gong)內烤火(huo),一(yi)時(shi)(shi)不慎(shen),二(er)(er)宮(gong)慘遭火(huo)焚.二(er)(er)十四院亦受株連。殿(dian)(dian)宇樓(lou)閣(ge)化為灰(hui)燼。
大上清宮在中(zhong)國乃至(zhi)全世(shi)界都(dou)有很大的(de)(de)影響,因為在中(zhong)國古(gu)典名著(zhu)《水滸》第一(yi)(yi)回,寫的(de)(de)是“張天(tian)(tian)師(shi)祈禳瘟疫(yi)。洪太(tai)尉(wei)誤走(zou)妖魔(mo)。”就(jiu)是講大上清宮的(de)(de),由上清宮內的(de)(de)鎮(zhen)妖井(jing),走(zou)出36天(tian)(tian)罡,72地煞、演繹(yi)出一(yi)(yi)部驚天(tian)(tian)動地的(de)(de)農民(min)起義的(de)(de)故(gu)事,在中(zhong)國可謂婦(fu)孺(ru)皆知(zhi)。如今,伏(fu)魔(mo)殿仍(reng)在。鎮(zhen)妖井(jing)仍(reng)存,游(you)人信士絡繹(yi)而(er)至(zhi),都(dou)忍不住要(yao)探一(yi)(yi)探伏(fu)魔(mo)殿的(de)(de)神奇,鎮(zhen)妖井(jing)的(de)(de)玄秘。
2000年(nian),龍虎山風(feng)景旅游(you)(you)區管委會啟(qi)動對(dui)大上清宮(gong)進行(xing)重(zhong)建(jian),翌年(nian)完(wan)成一期工(gong)程已恢復的有(you):福(fu)地(di)門(men)、龍街、下(xia)馬辜(gu)、欞星門(men)、天一池、東隱院等,2009年(nian)3月,大上清宮(gong)已恢復為宗教活動場所,熱烈歡迎廣(guang)大信士(shi)游(you)(you)人來此朝拜圣真,領略《水滸》文化的精髓。
上清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)初(chu)為(wei)天(tian)師張道(dao)陵(ling)的(de)(de)(de)草堂(tang),第四代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)師張盛在此置(zhi)傳(chuan)箓(lu)壇,逢三(san)元(yuan)(yuan)日升(sheng)壇傳(chuan)箓(lu)。唐代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)會昌(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(841--846)始(shi)于此處(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)真仙(xian)觀(guan),宋大(da)中(zhong)祥符五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1012)改名上清(qing)觀(guan),仁(ren)宗(zong)天(tian)圣年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1023一(yi)(yi)1032),二(er)(er)十五代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)師張乾曜(yao)曾觀(guan)于龍虎山(shan)(shan)南。哲宗(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)佑(you)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1086),二(er)(er)十八代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)師張敦(dun)復又(you)(you)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),但均(jun)已不可考(kao)。宋徽(hui)宗(zong)崇(chong)寧四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1105)于上清(qing)鎮(zhen)東(dong)再建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);政和(he)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1113)升(sheng)觀(guan)為(wei)“上清(qing)正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)(yi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)”。南宋高(gao)(gao)宗(zong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)炎年(nian)(nian)(nian)問,寧宗(zong)于慶元(yuan)(yuan)、嘉定年(nian)(nian)(nian)間均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);理(li)宗(zong)于端(duan)平二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1235)賜(si)內(nei)努(nu),并派太(tai)乙宮(gong)(gong)(gong)高(gao)(gao)士(shi)易如剛再次(ci)進行較大(da)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),時(shi)(shi)共(gong)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)二(er)(er)閣、三(san)館(guan)、六(liu)殿(dian)及東(dong)西道(dao)院數百楹,不久又(you)(you)創建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian) 門樓,增建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)紫微閣。元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)曾有(you)(you)(you)三(san)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)二(er)(er)毀,武宗(zong)時(shi)(shi)敕改上清(qing)正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)(yi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)“大(da)上清(qing)正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)(yi)萬壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)”。明(ming)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)先后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)六(liu)次(ci)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復及增建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)康熙五十二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1713),圣祖曾煬帑(tang)金修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)葺(qi)(qi);雍正(zheng)(zheng)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1731)特賜(si)帑(tang)銀十萬兩,遣翰林(lin)學(xue)士(shi)占留保,原直隸(li)臬司浦文(wen)焯(zhuo)等督工,又(you)(you)命天(tian)師府(fu)署理(li)大(da)真人張匿昭麟(lin)協同(tong)監修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),于當年(nian)(nian)(nian)大(da)興(xing)(xing)土木,開始(shi)重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),至雍正(zheng)(zheng)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)八月竣工,除將原有(you)(you)(you)殿(dian)宇(yu)葺(qi)(qi)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)一(yi)(yi)新外,又(you)(you)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了碑亭、斗姆宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、后(hou)堂(tang)、庫房、廂房、齋堂(tang)、廚房、虛靖(jing)祠及二(er)(er)十四道(dao)院等,整個宮(gong)(gong)(gong)宇(yu)規模(mo)宏(hong)大(da),氣勢磅礴,名振江南;后(hou)因年(nian)(nian)(nian)久失修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)與屢遭(zao)災毀,至解放初(chu)僅存(cun)門樓、午朝門、鐘(zhong)樓、下馬(ma)亭、東(dong)隱院等建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑,為(wei)江西省重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護(hu)單位(wei)之一(yi)(yi)。“文(wen)革”中(zhong),上清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殘存(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑全遭(zao)毀壞,現唯存(cun)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)口元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)所(suo)鑄大(da)鐘(zhong)及部分碑刻藏于天(tian)師府(fu)內(nei)。為(wei)龍虎山(shan)(shan)歷史上著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)教宮(gong)(gong)(gong)觀(guan)之一(yi)(yi),是(shi)道(dao)教正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)祖庭。