大上清(qing)宮在上清(qing)鎮東陲(chui),距嗣漢天師府(fu)約一公里(li)(li)。古代這里(li)(li)稱(cheng)為(wei)仙(xian)源鄉招賓里(li)(li)。其街曰(yue): “瓊(qiong)林(lin)”。左(zuo)擁象山(shan)(shan),右注沂溪。溪山(shan)(shan)環拱(gong),實乃仙(xian)靈都會也,古老相(xiang)傳。這里(li)(li)是(shi)九(jiu)龍聚會的寶地。民謠(yao)云: “九(jiu)龍集結上清(qing)宮.天師擒妖顯神通。唯有一龍不伏(fu)法.順水飄(piao)游遇虎兇。”這九(jiu)龍指的是(shi)上清(qing)宮周圍的天門山(shan)(shan)、臺山(shan)(shan)、烏劍山(shan)(shan)、獅子山(shan)(shan)、沖天峰(feng)、應天山(shan)(shan)、西華(hua)山(shan)(shan)、烏龜山(shan)(shan)和圣井(jing)山(shan)(shan)。
漢末第(di)四代天師張盛(sheng)承(cheng)啟道教,在此建(jian)“傳(chuan)箓壇”.公(gong)元841—846年(唐會昌年間),武(wu)宗召見第(di)20代天師張湛賜(si)帑(tang)銀(yin)于傳(chuan)箓壇舊址建(jian)道觀,并賜(si)額日“真仙觀”
1008—1016年(nian)(北(bei)宋(song)大中(zhong)祥符(fu)年(nian)間),宋(song)真宗敕改真仙觀(guan)為(wei)上清觀(guan),1105年(nian)(崇(chong)寧(ning)四(si)年(nian))第30代天師張繼先請(qing)于朝,宋(song)徽宗命撥賜米萬余斛(一(yi)斛一(yi)斗),由江東漕臣(chen)在龍(long)虎山丈量土地(di)重建(jian)上清觀(guan),又于1113年(nian)(政和三(san)年(nian))將上清觀(guan)升為(wei)“上清正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)宮(gong)(gong)”。“時宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)學道(dao)者常數(shu)百人(ren)”:南宋(song)時.經上清宮(gong)(gong)高道(dao)易(yi)如(ru)剛(gang),毛允中(zhong)等(deng)不斷擴建(jian),當時己有六殿(dian)(dian)(三(san)清殿(dian)(dian)、真風殿(dian)(dian)、昊天殿(dian)(dian)、南斗殿(dian)(dian)、北(bei)斗殿(dian)(dian)、瓊章(zhang)殿(dian)(dian))二閣(ge)(即(ji)皇帝景命閣(ge)、寶(bao)奎閣(ge))一(yi)樓(瓊音樓)三(san)館(宿(su)云(yun)、蓬海、云(yun)館)二堂(齋堂、正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)堂),堂之左為(wei)方丈,東西創(chuang)道(dao)院數(shu)百楹(詳見王與權記)。景定年(nian)間,宋(song)理宗命張聞詩建(jian)上清宮(gong)(gong)門(men)樓.榜日: “龍(long)虎福地(di)”。
元(yuan)朝1285年(世祖至(zhi)元(yuan)二十二年)賜帑銀重修上清(qing)宮,元(yuan)武宗(zong)時敕(chi)政“上清(qing)正一宮”為“大上清(qing)正一萬(wan)壽宮”。
1391年(明(ming)洪武二十(shi)四年)43代天師張(zhang)宇初重修(xiu)(xiu)大上(shang)(shang)清宮(gong),太(tai)祖朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋親(qin)賜寶鈔5000貫。翰林編修(xiu)(xiu)蘇伯衡(heng)撰《重修(xiu)(xiu)上(shang)(shang)清宮(gong)碑文(wen)》傳(chuan)世.明(ming)朝統治(zhi)276年,由朝延賜銀或監修(xiu)(xiu)上(shang)(shang)清宮(gong)共有七次,故《明(ming)史(shi)》中說: “真人張(zhang)氏道(dao)家孝流而世蒙恩澤、顧代相傳(chuan)襲,閱世既久。卒莫廢(fei)去。
清(qing)(qing)朝.由皇(huang)帝賜(si)銀大規(gui)模(mo)修建(jian)上清(qing)(qing)宮一(yi)次(ci),零星修建(jian)三(san)(san)次(ci)以上。據1740年(nian)(清(qing)(qing)乾隆五年(nian))妙正真(zhen)(zhen)人婁(lou)近垣編《龍虎山(shan)志大上清(qing)(qing)宮新制(zhi)(zhi)》記(ji)載,當時(shi)的(de)建(jian)制(zhi)(zhi)為兩(liang)宮(上清(qing)(qing)宮、斗(dou)姆宮)、十二殿(dian)(dian)(玉(yu)皇(huang)殿(dian)(dian)、后土(tu)殿(dian)(dian)、三(san)(san)宮殿(dian)(dian)、三(san)(san)省殿(dian)(dian)、五岳殿(dian)(dian)、四(si)瀆(du)搬、文(wen)昌殿(dian)(dian)、天皇(huang)殿(dian)(dian)、關圣殿(dian)(dian)、紫微殿(dian)(dian)、斗(dou)姆前殿(dian)(dian)、斗(dou)姆后殿(dian)(dian))二十四(si)院(yuan)(三(san)(san)華(hua)(hua)、東隱(yin)、仙隱(yin)、崇(chong)元、太素(su)、十華(hua)(hua)、郁和、清(qing)(qing)和、崇(chong)福(fu)、崇(chong)清(qing)(qing)、繁禧(xi)、達觀、明達、洞觀、棲(qi)真(zhen)(zhen)、混同、紫中、清(qing)(qing)富、鳳棲(qi)、高(gao)深、精思、正慶、玉(yu)華(hua)(hua)、迎(ying)華(hua)(hua))其建(jian)制(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)模(mo)不(bu)僅(jin)在(zai)江南稱為第一(yi)大觀.在(zai)全國也(ye)是首屈一(yi)指(zhi),故素(su)有“神仙所都”和“百神受(shou)職之所”的(de)稱譽。1930年(nian)幾個(ge)乞丐在(zai)宮內(nei)烤火(huo),一(yi)時(shi)不(bu)慎(shen),二宮慘遭火(huo)焚.二十四(si)院(yuan)亦受(shou)株連(lian)。殿(dian)(dian)宇樓(lou)閣化為灰燼。
大上清宮(gong)在(zai)中(zhong)國乃至(zhi)全世界都(dou)有很(hen)大的(de)影(ying)響,因為在(zai)中(zhong)國古典名著(zhu)《水(shui)滸》第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)回,寫的(de)是(shi)“張天(tian)師祈禳瘟(wen)疫(yi)。洪(hong)太尉誤走(zou)(zou)妖魔。”就是(shi)講大上清宮(gong)的(de),由上清宮(gong)內的(de)鎮妖井,走(zou)(zou)出36天(tian)罡,72地煞、演繹(yi)出一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)驚天(tian)動地的(de)農民起義的(de)故事,在(zai)中(zhong)國可謂婦孺皆知。如今,伏(fu)魔殿仍在(zai)。鎮妖井仍存,游(you)人信(xin)士絡繹(yi)而(er)至(zhi),都(dou)忍不住要探(tan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)探(tan)伏(fu)魔殿的(de)神奇,鎮妖井的(de)玄秘(mi)。
2000年,龍(long)虎(hu)山風(feng)景旅游區管(guan)委會啟動對大上(shang)清宮進行(xing)重(zhong)建,翌年完成一期(qi)工(gong)程已恢復(fu)的(de)有:福地門、龍(long)街、下(xia)馬辜、欞(ling)星門、天一池、東隱院等,2009年3月(yue),大上(shang)清宮已恢復(fu)為宗教(jiao)活(huo)動場(chang)所,熱烈歡迎廣(guang)大信(xin)士(shi)游人(ren)來此朝拜圣真,領略《水滸》文化的(de)精髓(sui)。
上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)初為天(tian)(tian)師張(zhang)道陵的草堂(tang)(tang),第四代天(tian)(tian)師張(zhang)盛在此(ci)(ci)置傳箓(lu)壇(tan)(tan),逢三元(yuan)(yuan)日(ri)升壇(tan)(tan)傳箓(lu)。唐代會昌年(nian)(nian)間(841--846)始于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)處建(jian)(jian)(jian)真仙(xian)觀,宋大(da)(da)(da)中祥符五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(1012)改(gai)名(ming)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)清(qing)觀,仁宗(zong)(zong)天(tian)(tian)圣(sheng)年(nian)(nian)間(1023一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)1032),二(er)(er)十(shi)五(wu)代天(tian)(tian)師張(zhang)乾(qian)曜曾(ceng)觀于(yu)(yu)龍虎山南(nan)。哲(zhe)宗(zong)(zong)元(yuan)(yuan)佑元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1086),二(er)(er)十(shi)八(ba)代天(tian)(tian)師張(zhang)敦復又(you)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian),但均(jun)已不可考。宋徽宗(zong)(zong)崇(chong)寧四年(nian)(nian)(1105)于(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)清(qing)鎮東(dong)再建(jian)(jian)(jian);政和(he)三年(nian)(nian)(1113)升觀為“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)清(qing)正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宮(gong)(gong)”。南(nan)宋高(gao)宗(zong)(zong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)炎年(nian)(nian)問,寧宗(zong)(zong)于(yu)(yu)慶元(yuan)(yuan)、嘉定(ding)年(nian)(nian)間均(jun)有(you)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian);理宗(zong)(zong)于(yu)(yu)端平二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(1235)賜內(nei)努,并派太(tai)乙宮(gong)(gong)高(gao)士易如剛再次進行(xing)較大(da)(da)(da)規模的擴建(jian)(jian)(jian),時共(gong)興(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)二(er)(er)閣、三館(guan)、六殿(dian)及(ji)東(dong)西道院數(shu)百楹,不久(jiu)又(you)創建(jian)(jian)(jian) 門樓,增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)紫微閣。元(yuan)(yuan)代曾(ceng)有(you)三建(jian)(jian)(jian)二(er)(er)毀,武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)時敕改(gai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)清(qing)正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宮(gong)(gong)為“大(da)(da)(da)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)清(qing)正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬壽宮(gong)(gong)”。明代先后有(you)六次重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)與修(xiu)復及(ji)增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)。清(qing)代康熙五(wu)十(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(1713),圣(sheng)祖曾(ceng)煬帑(tang)(tang)金修(xiu)葺;雍(yong)正(zheng)九年(nian)(nian)(1731)特賜帑(tang)(tang)銀十(shi)萬兩,遣翰林學士占留(liu)保(bao),原直隸臬司浦(pu)文焯等(deng)督(du)工,又(you)命(ming)天(tian)(tian)師府署理大(da)(da)(da)真人張(zhang)匿昭麟協(xie)同(tong)監修(xiu),于(yu)(yu)當年(nian)(nian)大(da)(da)(da)興(xing)土木,開(kai)始重(zhong)修(xiu),至(zhi)雍(yong)正(zheng)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)八(ba)月(yue)竣(jun)工,除將原有(you)殿(dian)宇葺修(xiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)新外,又(you)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)了碑亭(ting)、斗姆宮(gong)(gong)、后堂(tang)(tang)、庫房(fang)、廂(xiang)房(fang)、齋堂(tang)(tang)、廚房(fang)、虛靖(jing)祠及(ji)二(er)(er)十(shi)四道院等(deng),整個宮(gong)(gong)宇規模宏(hong)大(da)(da)(da),氣勢磅礴,名(ming)振江南(nan);后因年(nian)(nian)久(jiu)失(shi)修(xiu)與屢(lv)遭災(zai)毀,至(zhi)解放初僅存(cun)門樓、午朝門、鐘(zhong)樓、下(xia)馬亭(ting)、東(dong)隱院等(deng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑,為江西省重(zhong)點文物保(bao)護(hu)單位之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。“文革”中,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)殘(can)存(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑全遭毀壞,現唯存(cun)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)口元(yuan)(yuan)代所鑄大(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)及(ji)部分碑刻藏于(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)師府內(nei)。為龍虎山歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)著名(ming)的道教宮(gong)(gong)觀之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),是道教正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道的祖庭。