分泌性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)積(ji)液(ye)(ye)及(ji)聽(ting)力下降為(wei)特征的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)非化膿(nong)性(xing)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)性(xing)疾病(bing)(bing),又稱(cheng)為(wei)滲(shen)出性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、非化膿(nong)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、黏液(ye)(ye)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、卡他(ta)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、鼓室積(ji)液(ye)(ye)、漿液(ye)(ye)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、漿液(ye)(ye)-黏液(ye)(ye)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、無菌(jun)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。為(wei)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)鼻(bi)喉常(chang)(chang)見疾病(bing)(bing)之一(yi)。兒童多見。在(zai)上呼吸道感染(ran)后以(yi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)悶脹感和聽(ting)力減退(tui)為(wei)主要(yao)癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。由(you)于(yu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)痛不明顯,兒童主訴不清,在(zai)小(xiao)兒聽(ting)力受到影(ying)響時家長才(cai)發(fa)現就診,常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)延誤診斷和治(zhi)療。分泌性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)可造成兒童的(de)聽(ting)力損失(shi),影(ying)響語言發(fa)育,應高(gao)度(du)警(jing)惕和及(ji)時觀察(cha)治(zhi)療。對于(yu)成人單側病(bing)(bing)變者,應盡(jin)早(zao)明確病(bing)(bing)因,排除鼻(bi)咽(yan)部及(ji)其(qi)周(zhou)圍(wei)間隙的(de)占位(wei)性(xing)腫瘤,盡(jin)早(zao)緩解癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、改善生活質量。
對于正(zheng)常鼓(gu)膜(mo)患者(zhe),咽鼓(gu)管是中(zhong)耳與外界(jie)環(huan)境溝通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)惟一管道。咽鼓(gu)管阻塞是造成(cheng)(cheng)分泌性中(zhong)耳炎(yan)的(de)(de)(de)重要原(yuan)因。正(zheng)常情況下,中(zhong)耳內、外的(de)(de)(de)氣壓基本相等。當咽鼓(gu)管由于各種(zhong)原(yuan)因出現通(tong)氣功(gong)(gong)(gong)能障礙(ai)(ai)時(shi),中(zhong)耳的(de)(de)(de)氣體被(bei)黏膜(mo)吸收(shou),中(zhong)耳出現負壓從而導致中(zhong)耳黏膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)靜脈擴張,通(tong)透性增加,血清漏出聚積(ji)于中(zhong)耳,從而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)耳積(ji)液。咽鼓(gu)管通(tong)氣功(gong)(gong)(gong)能障礙(ai)(ai)又分為機械性功(gong)(gong)(gong)能障礙(ai)(ai)和功(gong)(gong)(gong)能性功(gong)(gong)(gong)能障礙(ai)(ai)兩種(zhong)。
1.機械性阻塞
鼻(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)部各種良性(xing)或(huo)惡性(xing)占位性(xing)病變(如:腺樣體肥大(da)、鼻(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)癌、鼻(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)纖(xian)維血管(guan)瘤(liu)等(deng)),鼻(bi)(bi)腔(qiang)(qiang)和鼻(bi)(bi)竇疾病(如:慢性(xing)鼻(bi)(bi)竇炎(yan)、巨大(da)鼻(bi)(bi)息肉(rou)、肥厚性(xing)鼻(bi)(bi)炎(yan)、鼻(bi)(bi)中隔偏曲等(deng)),長(chang)期的鼻(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)腔(qiang)(qiang)填塞,咽(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)管(guan)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)口(kou)粘(zhan)連(lian),代謝障(zhang)礙(ai)性(xing)疾病(如:甲狀(zhuang)腺功(gong)能減退等(deng)),以及很少(shao)見的鼻(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)白喉、結核、梅(mei)毒和艾滋病等(deng)特殊感染均(jun)可因(yin)直接壓迫(po)、堵(du)塞咽(yan)(yan)(yan)口(kou)或(huo)影響(xiang)淋巴回流,造成咽(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)管(guan)管(guan)腔(qiang)(qiang)黏膜腫脹等(deng)從而引起本病。
2.功(gong)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)通(tong)氣功(gong)能(neng)(neng)障礙
小(xiao)兒的腭帆張肌(ji)、腭帆提(ti)肌(ji)和(he)咽(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)管(guan)咽(yan)(yan)肌(ji)等肌(ji)肉(rou)薄弱,收縮(suo)無力(li),加(jia)之(zhi)咽(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)管(guan)軟(ruan)骨發育(yu)不(bu)夠(gou)成熟,彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)較差,當(dang)咽(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)管(guan)處于負壓狀態(tai)時,軟(ruan)骨段的管(guan)壁甚易發生塌(ta)陷,導致(zhi)中耳(er)(er)負壓。細菌病毒感染(ran)、放射性(xing)(xing)(xing)損傷、先天性(xing)(xing)(xing)呼吸道黏(nian)膜(mo)纖毛運動(dong)不(bu)良(liang)、原發性(xing)(xing)(xing)纖毛運動(dong)障礙等原因,引起(qi)咽(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)管(guan)表面活性(xing)(xing)(xing)物質減少(shao),從而(er)致(zhi)咽(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)管(guan)開放阻力(li)加(jia)大(da),也被認為是分泌性(xing)(xing)(xing)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)的原因之(zhi)一。此外Ⅰ、Ⅲ型(xing)變態(tai)反應均可能引起(qi)分泌性(xing)(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan),可能與過敏引起(qi)的咽(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)管(guan)黏(nian)膜(mo)水腫,管(guan)腔閉塞有關(guan)。
嬰幼(you)兒(er)(er)易(yi)(yi)(yi)患分泌性中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)與嬰幼(you)兒(er)(er)特殊的(de)解剖結構有關。新(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)兒(er)(er)的(de)咽(yan)(yan)鼓管(guan)短、寬而(er)平(ping)(ping)直,鼻(bi)咽(yan)(yan)部的(de)分泌物易(yi)(yi)(yi)經咽(yan)(yan)鼓管(guan)進入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)引起炎(yan)(yan)癥(zheng)。分娩(mian)時難產、臀位、室息時作過人工(gong)呼吸(xi)的(de)新(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)兒(er)(er),羊(yang)水常易(yi)(yi)(yi)進入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)內。母體患妊(ren)娠中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)癥(zheng)、先(xian)兆子癇或產前(qian)出血者(zhe),羊(yang)水也易(yi)(yi)(yi)進入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)發生(sheng)(sheng)感染引起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)。新(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)兒(er)(er)哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)不當(dang)容易(yi)(yi)(yi)逆乳(ru)(ru),特別(bie)是取平(ping)(ping)仰(yang)臥位用奶瓶人工(gong)哺(bu)養者(zhe),逆乳(ru)(ru)時乳(ru)(ru)汁潴(zhu)積于鼻(bi)咽(yan)(yan)腔,經咽(yan)(yan)鼓管(guan)進入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)引起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)(yan)。
分泌性(xing)中耳(er)炎的(de)臨床表現主要為(wei)聽力下降,可隨體位變(bian)化而變(bian)化,輕微的(de)耳(er)痛、耳(er)鳴、耳(er)悶脹和閉塞感,搖頭可聽見水聲。耳(er)科(ke)專科(ke)檢查(cha)可見鼓(gu)膜內(nei)陷,呈(cheng)琥珀色或色澤發暗,亦(yi)可見氣液平面或氣泡,鼓(gu)膜活動度降低。
嬰幼(you)兒則表現為對(dui)(dui)周圍聲音反(fan)應(ying)差,抓耳(er),睡眠易醒,易激惹。嬰兒對(dui)(dui)周圍的聲音沒有(you)反(fan)應(ying),不能將頭準確地轉向(xiang)聲源;即使患(huan)兒沒有(you)主(zhu)訴聽力(li)下降(jiang),家人則發(fa)現患(huan)兒漫(man)不經心、行為改變、對(dui)(dui)正常(chang)對(dui)(dui)話無反(fan)應(ying)、在看電視或使用(yong)聽力(li)設備時總是將聲音開得(de)很(hen)大;對(dui)(dui)于反(fan)復發(fa)作(zuo)的急性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎,應(ying)警惕在發(fa)作(zuo)間歇期可能持(chi)續的分泌性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎;學(xue)習成績差;平(ping)衡能力(li)差,不明原因的笨(ben)拙;語(yu)言發(fa)育遲緩。
1.鼓氣耳(er)鏡檢(jian)查或顯微鏡檢(jian)查
鼓氣(qi)(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)鏡(jing)檢查(cha)方(fang)便(bian)易行,是(shi)分泌性(xing)中耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)的(de)主要(yao)診(zhen)斷(duan)方(fang)法,也是(shi)社區檢查(cha)鼓膜(mo)的(de)首選方(fang)法。它可以改變外耳(er)(er)(er)道的(de)氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya),觀察(cha)鼓膜(mo)的(de)活動情況(kuang)。如(ru)發現(xian)鼓膜(mo)動度(du)減低,同時伴有鼓膜(mo)內(nei)陷、色(se)澤(ze)由正常(chang)的(de)灰(hui)白色(se)半透明(ming)狀改變為(wei)橘黃色(se)或(huo)琥珀色(se),見到氣(qi)(qi)液(ye)平面或(huo)氣(qi)(qi)泡(pao)即(ji)可診(zhen)斷(duan)。與(yu)普通(tong)耳(er)(er)(er)鏡(jing)相比較,鼓氣(qi)(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)鏡(jing)有著更高的(de)敏感度(du)和特異(yi)度(du)。
2.聲導抗測試
聲(sheng)導(dao)抗(kang)測試(shi)是(shi)反(fan)映中耳功(gong)能的快速、有效的客(ke)觀測聽(ting)方(fang)(fang)法。由于鼓(gu)氣耳鏡對于2歲以下兒童的鼓(gu)膜(mo)和(he)中耳情況(kuang)判斷困難(nan),聲(sheng)導(dao)抗(kang)則提供了方(fang)(fang)便的測試(shi)。聲(sheng)導(dao)抗(kang)的鼓(gu)室(shi)(shi)壓(ya)圖(tu)可呈B型和(he)C型。開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)咽鼓(gu)管功(gong)能不良或(huo)堵塞,中耳氣體被吸收形成(cheng)負(fu)壓(ya),鼓(gu)膜(mo)內陷(xian),鼓(gu)室(shi)(shi)壓(ya)峰壓(ya)點向負(fu)壓(ya)側位(wei)移,以C型曲(qu)線多(duo)見(jian)。當(dang)病變逐漸進(jin)展,鼓(gu)膜(mo)更加內陷(xian),出現鼓(gu)室(shi)(shi)積液,傳音結構質量(liang)增加而(er)使(shi)聲(sheng)導(dao)抗(kang)進(jin)一步增加,鼓(gu)室(shi)(shi)勁度(du)加大,鼓(gu)膜(mo)和(he)聽(ting)骨鏈活動降(jiang)低,峰壓(ya)點就越偏向負(fu)值,當(dang)聲(sheng)順減(jian)弱或(huo)無變化時(shi)則成(cheng)為無峰的B型圖(tu)。
一般認為,如(ru)鼓室導(dao)抗圖(tu)為B型,結(jie)合臨(lin)床可診斷為分泌性中(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎。但是(shi),新(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)兒和(he)(he)嬰兒出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)外耳(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)結(jie)構發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)一系列(lie)的(de)改變,如(ru)1歲以內(nei)嬰兒外耳(er)(er)(er)道大小(xiao)和(he)(he)直徑(jing)的(de)增(zeng)加(jia),使(shi)其順應性也(ye)(ye)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)變化(hua),導(dao)致(zhi)外耳(er)(er)(er)道共振增(zeng)益(yi)和(he)(he)共振頻率發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)改變;隨著生(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)6個(ge)月內(nei)鼓膜(mo)到鐙骨(gu)(gu)底板(ban)距離的(de)增(zeng)長(chang),增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)含氣腔,擴大了(le)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)腔的(de)容積,此(ci)時乳突氣化(hua)也(ye)(ye)增(zeng)加(jia),中(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)腔容積增(zeng)加(jia)使(shi)鼓膜(mo)的(de)順應性和(he)(he)控制低頻傳導(dao)方面受到重要影響;此(ci)外,中(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)腔中(zhong)存在的(de)羊(yang)水和(he)(he)間(jian)葉細胞(bao)逐漸消失(shi)(可持續到生(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)5個(ge)月),也(ye)(ye)使(shi)得中(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)總(zong)質量減(jian)少;鐙骨(gu)(gu)密(mi)度降低,質量減(jian)少;聽骨(gu)(gu)鏈(lian)關節(jie)之間(jian)和(he)(he)鐙骨(gu)(gu)底板(ban)附著到卵圓窗上的(de)緊密(mi)程(cheng)度也(ye)(ye)在改變,這些都減(jian)少了(le)抵抗成(cheng)分。因(yin)此(ci),常規的(de)226Hz探(tan)測(ce)音(yin)(yin)測(ce)試的(de)鼓室圖(tu)不能真實地反映6個(ge)月以內(nei)嬰幼兒中(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)有無(wu)病變和(he)(he)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)功能。因(yin)此(ci)大于4個(ge)月患兒使(shi)用226HZ的(de)探(tan)測(ce)音(yin)(yin),小(xiao)于4個(ge)月的(de)患兒使(shi)用高(gao)頻率的(de)探(tan)測(ce)音(yin)(yin)(1000Hz)。這樣可使(shi)檢查(cha)結(jie)果更加(jia)準確。
3.鼓(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)穿刺或(huo)鼓(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)切開術(shu)
在耳(er)顯(xian)微(wei)鏡或內鏡下,于鼓膜前下方進行穿刺(ci)或切(qie)開,若有漿(jiang)液樣(yang)或黏液樣(yang)液體(ti)流出則(ze)可(ke)證實(shi)分泌性中(zhong)耳(er)炎的(de)存在。其為一種有創性診斷方式,不但可(ke)以(yi)明確診斷,同時(shi)可(ke)以(yi)達到治療目的(de)。
4.鼻咽部檢查
成人患者,用(yong)鼻內鏡或多(duo)功(gong)能纖(xian)維鼻咽鏡直接觀察(cha)鼻咽部(bu)及咽鼓管咽口情況。排除(chu)鼻咽部(bu)占位性病變。
5.顳骨高分辨(bian)率薄層CT
單側頑固(gu)性分泌(mi)性中(zhong)耳炎,經過治療無效,應(ying)警惕黏(nian)膜(mo)下型鼻咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)癌(ai)累及咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)旁間(jian)隙(xi),壓迫(po)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管。如鑒(jian)別診斷需要,或需要排(pai)除鼻咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)部和咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)旁間(jian)隙(xi)占(zhan)位者,顳骨高分辨率薄層CT可了解中(zhong)耳情(qing)況,將CT片調到軟組織窗(chuang)時(shi)可觀察咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)旁間(jian)隙(xi)有(you)無占(zhan)位。必要時(shi)需進(jin)行增強掃(sao)描。
根據(ju)病史及專科檢查(cha),結(jie)合鼓室(shi)導抗圖和聲反(fan)射(she)、耳顯微(wei)鏡(jing)或內鏡(jing)檢查(cha),鼓膜穿刺(ci)或切開(kai)術等可以明確(que)診斷。
1.急性中耳炎
嬰幼兒及(ji)兒童分泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)炎(yan)應與(yu)急性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)炎(yan)相(xiang)鑒(jian)別。急性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)炎(yan)治療不徹底或遷延不愈可轉換(huan)為(wei)分泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)炎(yan)。多病程較短,患者可有劇烈耳(er)痛(tong)、耳(er)流膿(nong)等癥(zheng)(zheng)狀,分泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)炎(yan)多病程較長,多以耳(er)悶為(wei)主要癥(zheng)(zheng)狀,耳(er)痛(tong)呈間斷性(xing)(xing),較輕,甚至無耳(er)痛(tong)表現。
2.鼻咽(yan)癌(ai)或鼻咽(yan)部占位性病變
典(dian)型的(de)鼻咽(yan)癌早(zao)期癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)可(ke)為(wei)涕中(zhong)帶血、頸(jing)部(bu)包塊。但有些患(huan)者耳部(bu)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)先于上述癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang),癌腫在鼻咽(yan)部(bu)的(de)黏膜下(xia)潛行(xing),鼻內鏡檢查(cha)在早(zao)期不易發(fa)現。對于單耳分(fen)泌性中(zhong)耳炎,特殊(shu)地(di)區患(huan)者,應高度警惕。
3.慢性化膿性中(zhong)耳炎合并中(zhong)耳膽脂瘤
松弛部(bu)穿(chuan)孔被痂皮覆蓋,耳鼓膜緊張部(bu)顯示(shi)鼓室(shi)積液(ye),此類患者應仔細(xi)檢查松弛部(bu),必要時行顳骨(gu)的高分辨(bian)率CT,以除外(wai)中(zhong)耳膽脂瘤。
4.粘連性中耳炎
主訴(su)為聽力減(jian)退和悶脹感,檢(jian)查鼓(gu)膜與鼓(gu)岬粘連(lian)以資鑒別(bie)。
5.鼓室硬化
屬慢性中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)炎的后遺病變(bian)。主訴聽力(li)下降和耳(er)悶(men)脹感。一般病史較長(chang),有中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)炎病史。鼓膜可(ke)以完(wan)整,鼓室(shi)內大量硬化癥包(bao)裹聽骨鏈,影響聲能傳導。顳骨CT或手術探查可(ke)以明確診斷。
6.膽固醇肉芽(ya)腫
患者(zhe)主訴聽力(li)減退和耳悶脹感。但(dan)耳科檢查可(ke)(ke)見鼓(gu)膜(mo)呈藍色,顳骨CT提示鼓(gu)竇入口狹窄,可(ke)(ke)有(you)骨質破壞。手術(shu)探查及病例檢查可(ke)(ke)以明確診斷。
7.先天性或后(hou)天性中耳膽(dan)脂(zhi)瘤
對于鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)完整的中耳膽脂瘤,主訴聽力下降,檢查鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)完整,透光度差,聽力圖顯示為傳導性聽力損(sun)失(shi),容(rong)易混淆。但鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)室積液征不(bu)明顯,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)透光度差,可透過(guo)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)見到白色的實性團塊樣物位(wei)于鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)內側的鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)室內。
8.自(zi)發性或外傷(shang)性腦脊液耳漏(lou)
可主訴患側反復發生腦膜炎(yan),檢查顯示鼓室內液體(ti)積聚。年輕患者,根據病史(shi)、查體(ti)及影像學(xue)檢查可以確(que)(que)診。外(wai)傷性者則有明(ming)確(que)(que)的外(wai)傷史(shi)。
9.外淋巴漏
兩(liang)窗破裂(lie)和先(xian)天性裂(lie)隙,造成外淋巴(ba)液漏至中耳(er)鼓室(shi)腔。可(ke)表現為鼓室(shi)積液,但患者有眩暈病史,遇強聲刺激可(ke)誘發眩暈。聽力(li)圖提(ti)示感(gan)音神(shen)經性耳(er)聾。
10.Wergerner肉芽(ya)腫
雖然屬于少見病(bing)(bing),但(dan)疾病(bing)(bing)初期(qi)容易誤診為分(fen)泌性中耳炎。雙耳發(fa)病(bing)(bing),病(bing)(bing)程遷延(yan)和頑固,伴有全(quan)身發(fa)熱(re)、肺部(bu)及腎臟(zang)病(bing)(bing)變,ANCA等(deng)抗體(ti)陽性,對糖皮質激素(su)治療有效,應高度(du)警惕該病(bing)(bing)。
11.其他
當咽鼓管(guan)功能不良或(huo)耳(er)硬化(hua)癥,聽力(li)曲線(xian)為(wei)傳(chuan)導(dao)性聾,另(ling)外,內(nei)耳(er)的病(bing)變如梅尼埃病(bing)、上半規(gui)管(guan)裂綜合(he)征(zheng)等,可表(biao)現為(wei)耳(er)悶脹感,尤其(qi)是聽力(li)曲線(xian)上顯示有骨氣導(dao)間(jian)距時則容易混淆。但鼓膜檢查(cha)無積液(ye)征(zheng),聲導(dao)抗(kang)圖顯示為(wei)A型圖或(huo)C型圖,而非(fei)B型圖;內(nei)耳(er)病(bing)變以感音神經性聾為(wei)其(qi)主(zhu)要特(te)征(zheng),以資鑒(jian)別(bie)。
分泌性中(zhong)耳炎可(ke)發展為(wei)粘連性中(zhong)耳炎、鼓室(shi)(shi)硬化癥、膽固醇肉芽腫和(he)后天原發性膽脂(zhi)瘤等,這些病變如不及(ji)時治療,可(ke)引(yin)起嚴重聽(ting)力減(jian)退和(he)引(yin)起一系(xi)列(lie)并(bing)發癥。長期鼓室(shi)(shi)置管可(ke)能遺留鼓膜穿(chuan)孔(kong),等待觀察至(zhi)成(cheng)年后可(ke)考慮鼓膜修補手術。
治療(liao)原則為積極治療(liao)原發病及(ji)鄰近病灶,去(qu)除病因,改(gai)善咽鼓(gu)管的通氣(qi)功能(neng),平衡(heng)和消除中耳鼓(gu)室內(nei)的負壓狀況,通暢引流鼓(gu)室內(nei)的積液,防止鼓(gu)室粘連和中耳膽脂瘤及(ji)膽固醇(chun)肉芽腫的發生。
1.成人分泌性中耳(er)炎的治療
(1)保守治療①鼻(bi)腔(qiang)收縮(suo)劑 改(gai)善咽(yan)鼓管(guan)(guan)通(tong)(tong)氣功能,常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)麻(ma)黃素(su)制劑、鹽酸(suan)羥(qian)甲(jia)唑(zuo)啉等藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),但是(shi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)此藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)要注意(yi)防止藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)依(yi)賴,一般療程不超過(guo)1周(zhou),若頻繁過(guo)量使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)易引起(qi)(qi)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)性(xing)(xing)鼻(bi)炎。麻(ma)黃素(su)類(lei)鼻(bi)腔(qiang)收縮(suo)劑可(ke)(ke)升高血壓,老年人用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)后應觀察血壓變化(hua)。②黏(nian)液促(cu)排劑 可(ke)(ke)調節咽(yan)鼓管(guan)(guan)及鼓室(shi)內黏(nian)膜生(sheng)理功能,促(cu)進(jin)鼓室(shi)內積液排除(chu),改(gai)善黏(nian)膜黏(nian)液毯的(de)清理作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you):鹽酸(suan)氨溴索等藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。③抗生(sheng)素(su) 在急(ji)性(xing)(xing)期內,可(ke)(ke)短期內使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)敏感抗生(sheng)素(su)。④口服(fu)糖皮(pi)質激素(su) 對于無(wu)糖尿病(bing)等禁忌證的(de)患者,可(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)糖皮(pi)質激素(su)類(lei)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)如潑尼松(song)等口服(fu),但只可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)短期治療,不宜長期使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。⑤鼻(bi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)糖皮(pi)質激素(su) 改(gai)善鼻(bi)腔(qiang)炎癥(zheng)狀態,消除(chu)炎癥(zheng)介質,且相對口服(fu)糖皮(pi)質激素(su)更為(wei)安全,局(ju)部作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于鼻(bi)腔(qiang)、鼻(bi)咽(yan)、咽(yan)鼓管(guan)(guan),全身副作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)小。⑥咽(yan)鼓管(guan)(guan)吹張(zhang) 可(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)咽(yan)鼓管(guan)(guan)吹張(zhang)器(qi)、捏鼻(bi)鼓氣法(fa)、波氏球(qiu)法(fa)或導管(guan)(guan)法(fa)促(cu)使(shi)(shi)咽(yan)鼓管(guan)(guan)通(tong)(tong)暢(chang)(chang),還可(ke)(ke)經(jing)導管(guan)(guan)向咽(yan)鼓管(guan)(guan)咽(yan)口吹入(ru)潑尼松(song)龍,達(da)到通(tong)(tong)暢(chang)(chang)和引流的(de)目的(de)。但應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)此方法(fa)時須注意(yi)鼻(bi)腔(qiang)不能有(you)鼻(bi)涕,不然容易將(jiang)鼻(bi)涕吹入(ru)鼓室(shi),引起(qi)(qi)急(ji)性(xing)(xing)化(hua)膿(nong)性(xing)(xing)中耳炎。
(2)手(shou)(shou)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)治(zhi)療①鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)穿刺(ci)抽液(ye) 可(ke)(ke)(ke)同時(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)診斷方法(fa)及(ji)治(zhi)療方法(fa),可(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)效清(qing)除(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳積液(ye),改善中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。必要時(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)重復(fu)穿刺(ci),或抽液(ye)后注入(ru)糖皮質激(ji)素類(lei)(lei)藥物。②鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)切(qie)開術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu) 適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)液(ye)體較(jiao)黏稠(chou),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)穿刺(ci)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)吸盡者(zhe)。不(bu)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)小兒可(ke)(ke)(ke)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)全(quan)麻(ma)下(xia)進(jin)行。需(xu)要注意保護鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)壁黏膜(mo)(mo),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)切(qie)開后應(ying)將鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)液(ye)體全(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)吸盡。③鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)室(shi)(shi)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu) 適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)病(bing)情(qing)遷延(yan)不(bu)愈,或反復(fu)發(fa)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),頭部(bu)(bu)(bu)放療后,咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)功能(neng)(neng)短期內(nei)(nei)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)恢(hui)(hui)復(fu)正常者(zhe),目的(de)(de)是改善通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)引(yin)流,促使咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)恢(hui)(hui)復(fu)功能(neng)(neng)。通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)留(liu)置(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間一般為(wei)3~6個月(yue)(yue),最長可(ke)(ke)(ke)達6個月(yue)(yue)~1年(nian)(nian)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)在咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)功能(neng)(neng)恢(hui)(hui)復(fu)后取(qu)出(chu)通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),有(you)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)患(huan)者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)自行將通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)排出(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)外耳道內(nei)(nei)。④對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)頑固性分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)(mi)性中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳炎(yan)(yan)(yan)一直(zhi)缺乏有(you)效的(de)(de)治(zhi)療措施,目前咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)成形(xing)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)球囊(nang)擴張(zhang)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)該類(lei)(lei)患(huan)者(zhe)帶來一線希望。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)反復(fu)發(fa)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de),病(bing)程大于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)3個月(yue)(yue)以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)慢性分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)(mi)性中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳炎(yan)(yan)(yan)患(huan)者(zhe),可(ke)(ke)(ke)采用(yong)此類(lei)(lei)方法(fa),改善咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)功能(neng)(neng)。⑤激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)成形(xing)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu) 應(ying)用(yong)半(ban)導體激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)、CO2光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)、KTP激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)等(deng)軟(ruan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)激(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang),對(dui)(dui)(dui)咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)圓(yuan)枕(zhen)后唇部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)進(jin)行消融(rong),國外在近兩(liang)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)臨床研究發(fa)現其(qi)有(you)效率達到90%以(yi)(yi)上。球囊(nang)擴張(zhang)咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)成形(xing)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):應(ying)用(yong)球囊(nang)置(zhi)入(ru)咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)咽口,對(dui)(dui)(dui)咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)軟(ruan)骨(gu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)行擴張(zhang),提高咽鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)軟(ruan)骨(gu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)開放功能(neng)(neng),達到治(zhi)療分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)(mi)性中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳炎(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。⑥懷疑鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)峽阻塞(sai)、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)竇入(ru)口有(you)肉(rou)芽(ya)組織阻塞(sai)的(de)(de)頑固性分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)(mi)性中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳炎(yan)(yan)(yan)患(huan)者(zhe) 可(ke)(ke)(ke)考慮單純乳(ru)突切(qie)開術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)及(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)室(shi)(shi)探查手(shou)(shou)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),同時(shi)(shi)行鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)將要發(fa)生粘連性中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳炎(yan)(yan)(yan)及(ji)內(nei)(nei)陷囊(nang)袋(dai)者(zhe),應(ying)該盡早進(jin)行手(shou)(shou)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)治(zhi)療,以(yi)(yi)防止并(bing)發(fa)癥。
2.兒童(tong)及嬰幼兒分(fen)泌性中耳炎的(de)治療
(1)密切觀察和隨診 因為分(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)為自(zi)(zi)限性(xing)(xing)疾(ji)病(bing),有(you)一定的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)率(lv),在給予有(you)創治療前患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)應(ying)該嚴密觀察3個月。分(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)是否自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)取決(jue)于病(bing)因及積液(ye)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)長短。由(you)急(ji)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)遺留(liu)的(de)(de)分(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe),約(yue)75%~90%在3個月時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)自(zi)(zi)愈(yu),鼓室壓圖由(you)B轉為A、C型。約(yue)55%分(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)可(ke)在3個月時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)愈(yu),但是,約(yue)1/3的(de)(de)患(huan)(huan)兒(er)可(ke)能(neng)加重。在起(qi)病(bing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間不祥的(de)(de)2~4歲的(de)(de)患(huan)(huan)兒(er)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),約(yue)25%的(de)(de)患(huan)(huan)兒(er)自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間為3個月。嬰兒(er)和小(xiao)小(xiao)兒(er)的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)率(lv)更(geng)高。2歲以(yi)上雙耳(er)(er)分(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)、病(bing)程(cheng)在3月以(yi)上患(huan)(huan)兒(er),在6~l2個月時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)者(zhe)約(yue)為30%。
對(dui)(dui)于處(chu)于觀察(cha)階段(duan)的非高(gao)危(wei)患兒(er)(er),無(wu)論是(shi)藥物還是(shi)手術干預則百害而無(wu)一利,而觀察(cha)等待對(dui)(dui)非高(gao)危(wei)患兒(er)(er)則無(wu)害處(chu);需要告知家(jia)人(ren)患兒(er)(er)聽(ting)力差,尤(you)其是(shi)雙耳分泌性中(zhong)耳炎患者;制定改善(shan)患兒(er)(er)聆(ling)聽(ting)和學習環境的措施和方案;定期復(fu)查,并進行氣壓耳鏡(jing)和鼓(gu)室壓圖檢查。
改善(shan)聆(ling)聽環境的(de)措施包(bao)括(kuo):說話(hua)時(shi)在3英尺(chi)內;將周(zhou)圍干擾的(de)聲響關掉如電視機、音樂;面對患兒說話(hua)時(shi),做到口齒(chi)清晰(xi),并應(ying)用手(shou)勢和圖片(pian)等(deng)(deng)視覺方(fang)式(shi)作為輔助;降低語速、提高音量(liang)、言語清晰(xi);與患兒一起閱讀和講述(shu)、解釋圖片(pian)或提出問題;注意(yi)重復單詞、詞組或句子(zi);安排患兒坐在距離老師較近(jin)的(de)位置上(shang);在教室里使(shi)用可調節(jie)音量(liang)的(de)擴(kuo)音設備等(deng)(deng)。
(2)藥物(wu)治(zhi)(zhi)療 對于兒童(tong),藥物(wu)療效短(duan)暫而有(you)限(xian),副作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)多,不推(tui)薦使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。不主張長期使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)抗(kang)生素(su)治(zhi)(zhi)療分泌性中耳炎,鼓膜充血(xue)不應該成為抗(kang)生素(su)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的指征,不主張聯合(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)抗(kang)組胺藥及(ji)減(jian)充血(xue)劑(ji),因為他們的副作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)明顯。也不主張普遍地長期使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)口服激素(su)治(zhi)(zhi)療,除非個別病例(li)。尚(shang)無證據(ju)支持咽鼓管通氣、口服或鼓室(shi)內(nei)注(zhu)射(she)黏(nian)液促排(pai)劑(ji)及(ji)其(qi)他藥物(wu)的治(zhi)(zhi)療作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。
(3)手(shou)術治療 選擇手(shou)術時(shi)應該考慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)素為(wei)聽力(li)水(shui)(shui)平及伴隨(sui)癥(zheng)狀;是否存在(zai)影(ying)響(言(yan)語語言(yan))發育的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)危(wei)因(yin)(yin)素;分(fen)(fen)(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)自愈(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性(xing)(xing)(xing)。手(shou)術指征(zheng)為(wei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)持(chi)續在(zai)4月以(yi)上伴有聽力(li)減退和(he)其(qi)他癥(zheng)狀;持(chi)續或(huo)(huo)復發性(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan),伴有高(gao)危(wei)因(yin)(yin)素存在(zai)(只要是高(gao)危(wei)患(huan)兒(er),無論積液時(shi)間(jian)長(chang)短,都(dou)應該盡早手(shou)術);鼓(gu)膜(mo)或(huo)(huo)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)結構損(sun)害。應該綜合基層醫生(sheng)、耳(er)(er)鼻咽喉科醫生(sheng)和(he)家(jia)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)意見,權衡手(shou)術利弊。隨(sui)訪患(huan)兒(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)術指征(zheng)為(wei):較好耳(er)(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聽力(li)水(shui)(shui)平達到40dB或(huo)(huo)以(yi)上;長(chang)期(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)并出現了耳(er)(er)痛、不明原因(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)睡眠障礙和(he)合并急(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)反復發作(zuo);鼓(gu)膜(mo)后上方內(nei)(nei)陷囊(nang)袋;聽骨爛(lan)蝕;內(nei)(nei)陷粘連和(he)內(nei)(nei)陷囊(nang)袋內(nei)(nei)角化物的(de)(de)(de)(de)積存。
手術(shu)術(shu)式包(bao)括(kuo)首(shou)選鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)置(zhi)(zhi)管術(shu)(可使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)通氣狀態保(bao)(bao)持12~14個月(yue));有鼻(bi)堵、慢性(xing)鼻(bi)竇(dou)炎、慢性(xing)腺(xian)樣(yang)體炎等指征時(shi)同(tong)時(shi)行(xing)腺(xian)樣(yang)體切(qie)除(chu)術(shu),不建(jian)議4歲以(yi)下患兒行(xing)腺(xian)樣(yang)體切(qie)除(chu)術(shu);再次手術(shu)時(shi)可行(xing)腺(xian)樣(yang)體切(qie)除(chu)術(shu)和鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)切(qie)開(kai)術(shu),同(tong)時(shi)行(xing)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)置(zhi)(zhi)管或不置(zhi)(zhi)管;不建(jian)議單(dan)獨(du)(du)行(xing)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)切(qie)開(kai)術(shu)(使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)通氣僅僅保(bao)(bao)持幾天(tian),激(ji)光輔助鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)切(qie)開(kai)也只使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)通氣保(bao)(bao)持幾周)或單(dan)獨(du)(du)行(xing)扁桃體切(qie)除(chu)術(shu)治(zhi)療分泌性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)炎(無確切(qie)療效)。
再次手術問題:在鼓膜置管脫管的患兒中,20%~50%的患兒分泌性中耳炎復發,需要再次手術。建議再次手術時,無論腺樣體大小,都應該行腺樣體切除術(但是腭裂或黏膜下腭裂除外)。因為它使再次手術率降低50%。再次手術的療效好(對于2歲兒童的再手術療效明顯,而對于3歲兒童的再手術療效最明顯)。術式采用鼓膜切開+腺樣體切除(>4歲);鼓膜置管+腺樣體切除(<4歲)。再次手術時,鼓膜置管尤其適合于高危患兒并且必須根治分泌性中耳炎患兒和鼓膜、中耳黏膜有明顯炎癥的患者。
手術(shu)(shu)并發癥:急診(zhen)手術(shu)(shu)中麻(ma)醉的(de)死(si)亡率(lv)為1:50000或更低;小(xiao)兒(er)在麻(ma)醉中較成人更易(yi)出現(xian)喉頭和氣管的(de)痙攣;鼓膜穿孔的(de)發生率(lv)為2%~17%,需要修補;腺樣體切(qie)除術(shu)(shu)的(de)出血率(lv)為0.2%~0.5%,腭帆功(gong)能(neng)障礙(ai)為2%,還有鼻咽部(bu)閉鎖或持續腭帆功(gong)能(neng)障礙(ai)(適應證(zheng)選擇和手術(shu)(shu)技巧)。
應該權衡是觀察隨(sui)訪還是手術所帶來的(de)風險,并建議每(mei)3~6月(yue)或更短間期復查一次。在觀察階段不宜繼續觀察等(deng)待的(de)患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)有:不能定期復查的(de)患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe);高危(wei)患(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)或并發有其他(ta)疾病的(de)患(huan)兒(er)。
3.其他補充(chong)治療手段
(1)補(bu)充或替(ti)代(dai)性治(zhi)療 常見的補(bu)充及(ji)替(ti)代(dai)療法(fa)包(bao)括推拿按摩、微波、限(xian)制飲食(如(ru)限(xian)制奶制品)、中草(cao)藥、補(bu)品、針(zhen)灸、中藥等療法(fa)。
(2)抗過(guo)敏(min)治療 據(ju)報(bao)道,分泌性中(zhong)耳炎患(huan)者中(zhong)存在(zai)過(guo)敏(min)者為10%~80%不等。長期以來一直(zhi)懷(huai)疑分泌性中(zhong)耳炎和過(guo)敏(min)因素兩者間存在(zai)著某(mou)種關系,但循(xun)證醫學研(yan)究(jiu)認為抗過(guo)敏(min)治療分泌性中(zhong)耳炎的研(yan)究(jiu)資料缺乏前瞻性、對照研(yan)究(jiu)和足夠的證據(ju)。
加強鍛煉,增強體質,預(yu)防感冒(mao);避(bi)(bi)免(mian)(mian)辛辣刺(ci)激性食物和煙(yan)酒刺(ci)激,避(bi)(bi)免(mian)(mian)接觸(chu)(chu)煙(yan)霧等不(bu)良氣(qi)體刺(ci)激呼吸道,保(bao)護和增強上呼吸道黏膜(mo)的(de)抵抗(kang)力;預(yu)防和治療過敏性疾病,避(bi)(bi)免(mian)(mian)接觸(chu)(chu)過敏原,飲(yin)食上應避(bi)(bi)免(mian)(mian)引發個體過敏的(de)食物,如(ru)海鮮食品等;擤鼻(bi)(bi)涕時(shi)勿雙手(shou)同(tong)時(shi)捏緊前鼻(bi)(bi)孔用力擤鼻(bi)(bi)涕,應該按壓一(yi)側鼻(bi)(bi)孔輕輕清理鼻(bi)(bi)腔的(de)分泌物;嬰(ying)幼兒喂奶時(shi)應注意不(bu)要(yao)頭(tou)部太低(di);鼓膜(mo)置管(guan)期間應避(bi)(bi)免(mian)(mian)耳道進水(shui),以防引發急性化膿性中耳炎。