分泌性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)是以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)積液(ye)及(ji)(ji)聽力下降為特征的中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)非化(hua)膿(nong)性(xing)(xing)炎(yan)性(xing)(xing)疾病,又(you)稱為滲出性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)、非化(hua)膿(nong)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)、黏液(ye)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)、卡他(ta)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)、鼓室積液(ye)、漿(jiang)液(ye)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)、漿(jiang)液(ye)-黏液(ye)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)、無菌(jun)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)。為耳(er)(er)(er)鼻喉常見(jian)疾病之一。兒(er)童多見(jian)。在上(shang)呼吸(xi)道感染(ran)后以(yi)耳(er)(er)(er)悶脹感和(he)聽力減退(tui)為主(zhu)(zhu)要癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)。由于(yu)耳(er)(er)(er)痛不明(ming)(ming)顯,兒(er)童主(zhu)(zhu)訴不清,在小兒(er)聽力受到影(ying)響時家(jia)長才發現就(jiu)診,常常延誤(wu)診斷和(he)治(zhi)療。分泌性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)(er)(er)炎(yan)可造(zao)成兒(er)童的聽力損失,影(ying)響語言發育,應(ying)高度警惕和(he)及(ji)(ji)時觀察治(zhi)療。對于(yu)成人(ren)單側病變者,應(ying)盡早明(ming)(ming)確(que)病因(yin),排除鼻咽部及(ji)(ji)其周圍間隙的占位性(xing)(xing)腫瘤,盡早緩(huan)解(jie)癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)、改善生活(huo)質量(liang)。
對于正常鼓膜患者(zhe),咽(yan)鼓管是(shi)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)與外界環境溝通(tong)的(de)(de)惟(wei)一管道。咽(yan)鼓管阻(zu)塞是(shi)造成分泌(mi)性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎的(de)(de)重要原因(yin)。正常情況下,中(zhong)耳(er)(er)內、外的(de)(de)氣(qi)壓(ya)基(ji)本相等(deng)。當咽(yan)鼓管由于各種(zhong)原因(yin)出(chu)現(xian)通(tong)氣(qi)功(gong)(gong)能障礙(ai)時,中(zhong)耳(er)(er)的(de)(de)氣(qi)體被黏膜吸收,中(zhong)耳(er)(er)出(chu)現(xian)負壓(ya)從(cong)而(er)導致中(zhong)耳(er)(er)黏膜的(de)(de)靜脈擴(kuo)張,通(tong)透性(xing)增(zeng)加,血(xue)清漏出(chu)聚積于中(zhong)耳(er)(er),從(cong)而(er)形成中(zhong)耳(er)(er)積液。咽(yan)鼓管通(tong)氣(qi)功(gong)(gong)能障礙(ai)又(you)分為機械性(xing)功(gong)(gong)能障礙(ai)和功(gong)(gong)能性(xing)功(gong)(gong)能障礙(ai)兩種(zhong)。
1.機械性阻塞
鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)部各種良(liang)性(xing)或惡性(xing)占位(wei)性(xing)病(bing)變(如(ru):腺(xian)樣體(ti)肥大、鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)癌、鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)纖維血管(guan)瘤等(deng)(deng)(deng)),鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)腔(qiang)和鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)竇(dou)疾病(bing)(如(ru):慢(man)性(xing)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)竇(dou)炎(yan)、巨大鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)息肉、肥厚性(xing)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)炎(yan)、鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)中隔偏曲等(deng)(deng)(deng)),長期的鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)腔(qiang)填塞(sai),咽(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管(guan)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)口粘連,代(dai)謝障(zhang)礙性(xing)疾病(bing)(如(ru):甲狀腺(xian)功能(neng)減退等(deng)(deng)(deng)),以及(ji)很少(shao)見的鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)白(bai)喉、結核、梅毒和艾滋病(bing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)特殊(shu)感染均可因直接壓迫、堵塞(sai)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)口或影(ying)響(xiang)淋巴回流,造成(cheng)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管(guan)管(guan)腔(qiang)黏(nian)膜腫脹等(deng)(deng)(deng)從而(er)引起本病(bing)。
2.功能(neng)性通氣功能(neng)障礙
小兒的(de)腭帆張肌(ji)、腭帆提肌(ji)和咽(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)咽(yan)肌(ji)等(deng)肌(ji)肉薄弱,收縮無(wu)力,加之(zhi)咽(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)軟骨發(fa)育不夠成熟,彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差(cha),當(dang)咽(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)處于負(fu)壓(ya)狀(zhuang)態(tai)時,軟骨段的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)壁甚易發(fa)生塌陷(xian),導致(zhi)中(zhong)耳(er)負(fu)壓(ya)。細(xi)菌病毒(du)感染、放(fang)(fang)射性(xing)(xing)(xing)損傷、先(xian)天性(xing)(xing)(xing)呼吸(xi)道黏膜(mo)纖毛運動不良、原(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)纖毛運動障礙(ai)等(deng)原(yuan)(yuan)因,引起咽(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)表面活性(xing)(xing)(xing)物質減少,從而致(zhi)咽(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)開(kai)放(fang)(fang)阻(zu)力加大,也被認(ren)為是分泌(mi)(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)耳(er)炎的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因之(zhi)一(yi)。此外Ⅰ、Ⅲ型變態(tai)反應均(jun)可能(neng)引起分泌(mi)(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎,可能(neng)與過敏引起的(de)咽(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)黏膜(mo)水腫,管(guan)(guan)(guan)腔閉塞有關。
嬰幼兒(er)易(yi)患分泌(mi)性中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳炎與(yu)嬰幼兒(er)特殊的(de)(de)解(jie)剖結構有關。新(xin)(xin)生兒(er)的(de)(de)咽(yan)(yan)鼓管(guan)短、寬而平直,鼻咽(yan)(yan)部的(de)(de)分泌(mi)物易(yi)經咽(yan)(yan)鼓管(guan)進入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳引起炎癥(zheng)。分娩時難產(chan)、臀位、室息時作過(guo)人(ren)工呼吸的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)生兒(er),羊水(shui)常易(yi)進入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳內。母體患妊(ren)娠中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒癥(zheng)、先兆子(zi)癇或產(chan)前出(chu)血(xue)者,羊水(shui)也易(yi)進入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳發生感染引起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳炎。新(xin)(xin)生兒(er)哺(bu)乳不當容易(yi)逆(ni)乳,特別(bie)是取平仰臥位用奶瓶人(ren)工哺(bu)養者,逆(ni)乳時乳汁潴積于鼻咽(yan)(yan)腔,經咽(yan)(yan)鼓管(guan)進入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳引起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耳炎。
分泌性中(zhong)耳(er)炎的(de)臨床表(biao)現主要為(wei)聽力下降(jiang),可隨體位變(bian)化而(er)變(bian)化,輕微的(de)耳(er)痛、耳(er)鳴(ming)、耳(er)悶脹和閉(bi)塞感(gan),搖頭可聽見水聲(sheng)。耳(er)科專科檢(jian)查可見鼓膜內陷,呈(cheng)琥珀色或色澤發暗,亦可見氣(qi)(qi)液平面或氣(qi)(qi)泡,鼓膜活動度降(jiang)低。
嬰幼兒(er)則表現(xian)為(wei)對(dui)周圍聲音反(fan)應差(cha)(cha),抓(zhua)耳,睡(shui)眠易醒,易激惹(re)。嬰兒(er)對(dui)周圍的(de)(de)(de)聲音沒有(you)反(fan)應,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)將頭準確地轉(zhuan)向聲源(yuan);即使(shi)患兒(er)沒有(you)主(zhu)訴聽(ting)力下降,家人則發(fa)現(xian)患兒(er)漫不(bu)經心、行為(wei)改變、對(dui)正常對(dui)話無反(fan)應、在看電視或(huo)使(shi)用聽(ting)力設備時(shi)總是將聲音開(kai)得很大;對(dui)于反(fan)復發(fa)作的(de)(de)(de)急性(xing)中耳炎,應警(jing)惕(ti)在發(fa)作間歇期(qi)可能(neng)(neng)持續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)分泌(mi)性(xing)中耳炎;學習成(cheng)績差(cha)(cha);平衡能(neng)(neng)力差(cha)(cha),不(bu)明(ming)原因的(de)(de)(de)笨(ben)拙;語言發(fa)育(yu)遲緩。
1.鼓氣耳鏡檢查(cha)或(huo)顯微鏡檢查(cha)
鼓(gu)氣(qi)(qi)耳鏡檢(jian)查方(fang)(fang)便(bian)易行,是(shi)分泌性(xing)中耳炎的(de)(de)主要診斷方(fang)(fang)法,也是(shi)社區(qu)檢(jian)查鼓(gu)膜的(de)(de)首選方(fang)(fang)法。它(ta)可以改變外耳道的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya),觀察鼓(gu)膜的(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)情(qing)況。如發現鼓(gu)膜動(dong)(dong)度(du)減低,同時伴有鼓(gu)膜內陷、色(se)澤由正常(chang)的(de)(de)灰(hui)白色(se)半透明狀改變為橘(ju)黃色(se)或琥珀色(se),見到氣(qi)(qi)液平面或氣(qi)(qi)泡即可診斷。與(yu)普通耳鏡相比較,鼓(gu)氣(qi)(qi)耳鏡有著更(geng)高的(de)(de)敏感(gan)度(du)和特(te)異度(du)。
2.聲導抗測試
聲(sheng)(sheng)導(dao)(dao)抗測(ce)試(shi)是反(fan)映(ying)中(zhong)耳(er)功能的(de)(de)快速、有效的(de)(de)客觀測(ce)聽方(fang)法(fa)。由于(yu)鼓氣耳(er)鏡對(dui)于(yu)2歲以下兒(er)童的(de)(de)鼓膜(mo)(mo)和中(zhong)耳(er)情況(kuang)判斷困難,聲(sheng)(sheng)導(dao)(dao)抗則提(ti)供(gong)了方(fang)便的(de)(de)測(ce)試(shi)。聲(sheng)(sheng)導(dao)(dao)抗的(de)(de)鼓室壓(ya)圖可呈B型和C型。開始時咽鼓管功能不良或堵塞,中(zhong)耳(er)氣體被吸(xi)收形成負(fu)壓(ya),鼓膜(mo)(mo)內陷(xian),鼓室壓(ya)峰壓(ya)點向負(fu)壓(ya)側位移,以C型曲線多見。當病變(bian)逐漸進展,鼓膜(mo)(mo)更加內陷(xian),出現鼓室積液,傳音結構(gou)質(zhi)量增(zeng)加而使聲(sheng)(sheng)導(dao)(dao)抗進一(yi)步增(zeng)加,鼓室勁度(du)加大,鼓膜(mo)(mo)和聽骨鏈活(huo)動降低(di),峰壓(ya)點就越偏向負(fu)值(zhi),當聲(sheng)(sheng)順減弱(ruo)或無變(bian)化(hua)時則成為無峰的(de)(de)B型圖。
一般認為,如鼓室導抗(kang)圖為B型,結(jie)合臨床(chuang)可診斷(duan)為分(fen)泌性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎。但是,新生(sheng)兒(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)嬰兒(er)(er)出生(sheng)后(hou)(hou)外(wai)(wai)耳(er)(er)和(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)結(jie)構發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)一系列的(de)(de)改變(bian)(bian),如1歲(sui)以內(nei)嬰兒(er)(er)外(wai)(wai)耳(er)(er)道(dao)大小和(he)(he)(he)直徑的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加,使(shi)(shi)其順應(ying)(ying)性(xing)也(ye)發(fa)生(sheng)變(bian)(bian)化,導致外(wai)(wai)耳(er)(er)道(dao)共振增(zeng)(zeng)益和(he)(he)(he)共振頻率發(fa)生(sheng)改變(bian)(bian);隨(sui)著生(sheng)后(hou)(hou)6個(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)內(nei)鼓膜到(dao)(dao)鐙(deng)骨(gu)底(di)板距離的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)長,增(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)含氣腔(qiang),擴大了(le)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)腔(qiang)的(de)(de)容積(ji),此(ci)(ci)時乳突氣化也(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)加,中(zhong)耳(er)(er)腔(qiang)容積(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)加使(shi)(shi)鼓膜的(de)(de)順應(ying)(ying)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)控制低頻傳導方面受(shou)到(dao)(dao)重要影響;此(ci)(ci)外(wai)(wai),中(zhong)耳(er)(er)腔(qiang)中(zhong)存在的(de)(de)羊(yang)水和(he)(he)(he)間葉細胞逐漸消(xiao)失(可持(chi)續到(dao)(dao)生(sheng)后(hou)(hou)5個(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)),也(ye)使(shi)(shi)得中(zhong)耳(er)(er)總質量(liang)減少(shao);鐙(deng)骨(gu)密度(du)(du)降低,質量(liang)減少(shao);聽骨(gu)鏈關節(jie)之間和(he)(he)(he)鐙(deng)骨(gu)底(di)板附著到(dao)(dao)卵圓窗上的(de)(de)緊密程度(du)(du)也(ye)在改變(bian)(bian),這些都(dou)減少(shao)了(le)抵抗(kang)成分(fen)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci),常(chang)規的(de)(de)226Hz探(tan)測(ce)音測(ce)試的(de)(de)鼓室圖不(bu)能(neng)(neng)真(zhen)實地反映(ying)6個(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)以內(nei)嬰幼(you)兒(er)(er)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)有無病變(bian)(bian)和(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)功能(neng)(neng)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)大于(yu)4個(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)患(huan)兒(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)用226HZ的(de)(de)探(tan)測(ce)音,小于(yu)4個(ge)(ge)月(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)患(huan)兒(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)用高頻率的(de)(de)探(tan)測(ce)音(1000Hz)。這樣可使(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查結(jie)果更加準(zhun)確。
3.鼓膜穿刺(ci)或鼓膜切開術
在(zai)耳顯(xian)微鏡(jing)或(huo)內鏡(jing)下,于鼓膜前下方(fang)(fang)進行穿刺或(huo)切開,若有漿液(ye)樣或(huo)黏(nian)液(ye)樣液(ye)體(ti)流出則(ze)可證實分泌(mi)性中(zhong)耳炎的(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)。其(qi)為(wei)一種有創性診斷(duan)方(fang)(fang)式,不但可以明(ming)確診斷(duan),同(tong)時(shi)可以達到治療目的(de)(de)。
4.鼻咽部檢查
成人患者,用鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)內鏡或多功能纖維鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)咽(yan)鏡直接觀察(cha)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)咽(yan)部(bu)及咽(yan)鼓(gu)管咽(yan)口情(qing)況(kuang)。排(pai)除鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)咽(yan)部(bu)占位性(xing)病變。
5.顳(nie)骨(gu)高分辨率薄層CT
單(dan)側(ce)頑(wan)固性(xing)分(fen)泌性(xing)中耳炎,經過治療無效,應(ying)警惕黏(nian)膜下(xia)型鼻咽(yan)(yan)(yan)癌(ai)累及咽(yan)(yan)(yan)旁(pang)間(jian)隙,壓迫咽(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓管。如鑒別診斷需要,或需要排除鼻咽(yan)(yan)(yan)部和咽(yan)(yan)(yan)旁(pang)間(jian)隙占位(wei)者(zhe),顳骨高分(fen)辨率(lv)薄層CT可(ke)了解中耳情(qing)況,將(jiang)CT片調到軟組織窗時(shi)(shi)可(ke)觀察咽(yan)(yan)(yan)旁(pang)間(jian)隙有無占位(wei)。必要時(shi)(shi)需進(jin)行增強掃(sao)描。
根據病史及專科(ke)檢(jian)(jian)查,結合鼓室導抗(kang)圖和(he)聲反射、耳顯微鏡或內鏡檢(jian)(jian)查,鼓膜(mo)穿刺或切開術(shu)等可以明(ming)確診斷。
1.急性中耳炎
嬰幼(you)兒及兒童分泌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)應與急(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)相鑒別。急(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)治療(liao)不徹底(di)或遷延不愈可(ke)轉換為分泌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)。多病(bing)程較短(duan),患者可(ke)有(you)劇(ju)烈耳(er)(er)痛、耳(er)(er)流膿等癥(zheng)狀,分泌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)多病(bing)程較長(chang),多以耳(er)(er)悶為主(zhu)要(yao)癥(zheng)狀,耳(er)(er)痛呈間斷性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),較輕,甚至無耳(er)(er)痛表現(xian)。
2.鼻咽癌或鼻咽部占位(wei)性(xing)病(bing)變
典型的鼻咽癌早(zao)期(qi)(qi)癥狀可為(wei)涕中帶血、頸(jing)部(bu)(bu)包塊(kuai)。但有些患者耳部(bu)(bu)癥狀先于(yu)(yu)上述癥狀,癌腫(zhong)在鼻咽部(bu)(bu)的黏膜下潛行(xing),鼻內(nei)鏡(jing)檢查(cha)在早(zao)期(qi)(qi)不(bu)易發現。對于(yu)(yu)單(dan)耳分泌性中耳炎,特殊地區患者,應高度警惕。
3.慢性化膿性中耳(er)炎合并中耳(er)膽脂瘤
松(song)弛(chi)部穿孔(kong)被痂皮(pi)覆蓋,耳鼓膜緊(jin)張部顯示鼓室積(ji)液,此(ci)類患者應仔(zi)細檢查松(song)弛(chi)部,必(bi)要時行顳骨的(de)高分辨率(lv)CT,以除(chu)外中耳膽脂瘤。
4.粘連性中耳炎
主訴為聽力減(jian)退和悶脹感,檢查鼓(gu)(gu)膜與鼓(gu)(gu)岬粘連以資鑒(jian)別。
5.鼓室硬化
屬慢性(xing)中耳炎(yan)的后遺病變。主訴聽力(li)下降和耳悶脹感。一般(ban)病史較長,有中耳炎(yan)病史。鼓(gu)膜(mo)可(ke)以完整,鼓(gu)室內大量硬化癥包裹聽骨鏈,影響聲能傳導(dao)。顳骨CT或(huo)手術探查可(ke)以明(ming)確(que)診斷。
6.膽固(gu)醇肉芽腫(zhong)
患者主訴聽(ting)力減退和耳(er)悶(men)脹感。但(dan)耳(er)科檢查(cha)(cha)可(ke)見(jian)鼓膜呈藍色,顳骨(gu)CT提示鼓竇入口狹窄,可(ke)有骨(gu)質(zhi)破壞(huai)。手術探查(cha)(cha)及(ji)病例檢查(cha)(cha)可(ke)以明確診斷。
7.先天(tian)(tian)性(xing)或后天(tian)(tian)性(xing)中耳(er)膽脂瘤
對于鼓(gu)(gu)膜(mo)完整的(de)中耳膽脂瘤,主訴聽力(li)下降,檢查(cha)鼓(gu)(gu)膜(mo)完整,透光(guang)度(du)差,聽力(li)圖顯示為傳導性(xing)聽力(li)損失,容易(yi)混淆。但鼓(gu)(gu)室(shi)積液征(zheng)不明顯,鼓(gu)(gu)膜(mo)透光(guang)度(du)差,可透過(guo)鼓(gu)(gu)膜(mo)見到白色的(de)實性(xing)團塊(kuai)樣物位于鼓(gu)(gu)膜(mo)內側的(de)鼓(gu)(gu)室(shi)內。
8.自發性(xing)或外傷性(xing)腦脊液耳漏
可主訴(su)患(huan)側(ce)反復(fu)發(fa)生腦膜炎(yan),檢查顯示鼓室內液體積聚(ju)。年輕患(huan)者(zhe),根(gen)據病史、查體及影(ying)像學(xue)檢查可以確診。外(wai)傷性(xing)者(zhe)則(ze)有明確的(de)外(wai)傷史。
9.外淋巴漏
兩窗破裂和先天(tian)性裂隙,造(zao)成外淋(lin)巴液漏至中耳鼓(gu)室腔。可表現(xian)為鼓(gu)室積液,但患者(zhe)有眩暈(yun)病史(shi),遇(yu)強聲刺激可誘發眩暈(yun)。聽(ting)力圖提示感音神(shen)經性耳聾。
10.Wergerner肉(rou)芽腫(zhong)
雖然屬于少見(jian)病(bing),但疾病(bing)初(chu)期容易(yi)誤(wu)診(zhen)為分(fen)泌(mi)性中耳炎。雙耳發病(bing),病(bing)程遷延和頑固,伴有全身(shen)發熱、肺部及腎臟病(bing)變(bian),ANCA等(deng)抗體陽性,對糖皮質激(ji)素治療有效,應高度警(jing)惕該病(bing)。
11.其他
當(dang)咽鼓管(guan)功(gong)能(neng)不良或耳(er)硬化癥,聽(ting)力(li)曲(qu)線為傳導性(xing)聾,另(ling)外,內(nei)耳(er)的(de)病(bing)變(bian)(bian)如梅尼埃病(bing)、上半規(gui)管(guan)裂綜合征等,可表現為耳(er)悶脹感,尤(you)其是聽(ting)力(li)曲(qu)線上顯示(shi)有骨氣導間距時則(ze)容(rong)易混淆(xiao)。但鼓膜檢查無積液征,聲導抗圖顯示(shi)為A型(xing)圖或C型(xing)圖,而非B型(xing)圖;內(nei)耳(er)病(bing)變(bian)(bian)以(yi)感音神經(jing)性(xing)聾為其主(zhu)要(yao)特征,以(yi)資鑒別。
分泌(mi)性(xing)中耳(er)炎可發展為(wei)粘連性(xing)中耳(er)炎、鼓室(shi)硬(ying)化(hua)癥、膽(dan)固(gu)醇肉芽腫(zhong)和(he)后天(tian)原發性(xing)膽(dan)脂瘤等,這些病變(bian)如(ru)不及時治療,可引起(qi)嚴重聽力減退(tui)和(he)引起(qi)一系列并(bing)發癥。長期鼓室(shi)置(zhi)管可能(neng)遺留(liu)鼓膜穿孔,等待(dai)觀察至成年后可考(kao)慮鼓膜修(xiu)補手(shou)術。
治(zhi)療原則為積極治(zhi)療原發病(bing)及鄰(lin)近病(bing)灶,去除病(bing)因,改善(shan)咽鼓管的(de)(de)通氣功能,平衡和消除中耳(er)鼓室(shi)內(nei)的(de)(de)負壓狀況,通暢引(yin)流鼓室(shi)內(nei)的(de)(de)積液,防止鼓室(shi)粘連和中耳(er)膽(dan)脂瘤及膽(dan)固醇肉(rou)芽腫(zhong)的(de)(de)發生。
1.成人分泌(mi)性(xing)中耳炎(yan)的治療
(1)保守治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)①鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)腔收縮劑 改(gai)善咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管(guan)通氣功能(neng)(neng),常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)麻黃素(su)(su)制劑、鹽酸羥甲唑啉等(deng)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu),但是使(shi)用(yong)(yong)此藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)要(yao)注意防止藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)依(yi)賴,一般療(liao)(liao)程不超過1周(zhou),若頻繁過量使(shi)用(yong)(yong)易(yi)引(yin)起藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)性(xing)(xing)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)炎。麻黃素(su)(su)類鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)腔收縮劑可升高血壓(ya),老年(nian)人(ren)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)后應(ying)觀察血壓(ya)變(bian)化。②黏液促排劑 可調節咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管(guan)及鼓(gu)室內(nei)黏膜生(sheng)理功能(neng)(neng),促進鼓(gu)室內(nei)積液排除,改(gai)善黏膜黏液毯的(de)清理作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)有:鹽酸氨(an)溴(xiu)索等(deng)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)。③抗生(sheng)素(su)(su) 在急性(xing)(xing)期內(nei),可短期內(nei)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)敏感抗生(sheng)素(su)(su)。④口(kou)服(fu)糖(tang)皮質激素(su)(su) 對于(yu)無糖(tang)尿病(bing)等(deng)禁忌證的(de)患者,可使(shi)用(yong)(yong)糖(tang)皮質激素(su)(su)類藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)如潑(po)尼松等(deng)口(kou)服(fu),但只可作(zuo)短期治(zhi)療(liao)(liao),不宜長(chang)期使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。⑤鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)用(yong)(yong)糖(tang)皮質激素(su)(su) 改(gai)善鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)腔炎癥狀態,消除炎癥介質,且相對口(kou)服(fu)糖(tang)皮質激素(su)(su)更為(wei)安(an)全(quan)(quan),局部(bu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)腔、鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管(guan),全(quan)(quan)身副作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)小。⑥咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管(guan)吹(chui)(chui)張 可采用(yong)(yong)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管(guan)吹(chui)(chui)張器、捏鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)鼓(gu)氣法(fa)(fa)、波氏球(qiu)法(fa)(fa)或導(dao)管(guan)法(fa)(fa)促使(shi)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管(guan)通暢,還可經導(dao)管(guan)向咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)管(guan)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)口(kou)吹(chui)(chui)入(ru)潑(po)尼松龍,達到通暢和引(yin)流(liu)的(de)目的(de)。但應(ying)用(yong)(yong)此方法(fa)(fa)時(shi)須(xu)注意鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)腔不能(neng)(neng)有鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)涕,不然容易(yi)將鼻(bi)(bi)(bi)涕吹(chui)(chui)入(ru)鼓(gu)室,引(yin)起急性(xing)(xing)化膿(nong)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎。
(2)手(shou)術(shu)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)①鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)穿(chuan)刺(ci)(ci)抽(chou)液(ye)(ye)(ye) 可(ke)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)診(zhen)斷方法(fa)及(ji)(ji)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)方法(fa),可(ke)有(you)效(xiao)清除中耳(er)(er)積液(ye)(ye)(ye),改善中耳(er)(er)通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)。必要時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)重復穿(chuan)刺(ci)(ci),或抽(chou)液(ye)(ye)(ye)后(hou)注(zhu)入糖皮質激(ji)(ji)素(su)類藥(yao)物(wu)。②鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)切開(kai)術(shu) 適用于(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)泌的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體較(jiao)黏(nian)稠,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)穿(chuan)刺(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)吸盡(jin)者(zhe)(zhe)。不(bu)(bu)合作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小兒可(ke)于(yu)(yu)全麻(ma)下進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)。需要注(zhu)意保護鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)壁黏(nian)膜(mo)(mo)(mo),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)切開(kai)后(hou)應(ying)將(jiang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體全部吸盡(jin)。③鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)室(shi)(shi)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)術(shu) 適用于(yu)(yu)病情遷(qian)延不(bu)(bu)愈,或反復發(fa)作(zuo),頭部放(fang)療(liao)(liao)后(hou),咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)功能(neng)(neng)短期內(nei)難以(yi)恢(hui)復正常者(zhe)(zhe),目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是改善通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)引流,促使咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)恢(hui)復功能(neng)(neng)。通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)留置(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間一般(ban)為(wei)3~6個月(yue),最長可(ke)達(da)6個月(yue)~1年(nian)。可(ke)在咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)功能(neng)(neng)恢(hui)復后(hou)取出通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),有(you)部分(fen)(fen)患者(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)自行(xing)(xing)將(jiang)通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)排出于(yu)(yu)外耳(er)(er)道(dao)內(nei)。④對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)頑(wan)固(gu)性(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)一直缺乏(fa)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)措施,目前咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)激(ji)(ji)光(guang)成形術(shu)和咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)球(qiu)(qiu)囊(nang)擴(kuo)(kuo)張術(shu)為(wei)該類患者(zhe)(zhe)帶來一線希望。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)反復發(fa)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de),病程(cheng)大(da)于(yu)(yu)3個月(yue)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)慢性(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)患者(zhe)(zhe),可(ke)采用此類方法(fa),改善咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)功能(neng)(neng)。⑤激(ji)(ji)光(guang)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)成形術(shu) 應(ying)用半導體激(ji)(ji)光(guang)、CO2光(guang)纖激(ji)(ji)光(guang)、KTP激(ji)(ji)光(guang)燈等軟(ruan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)激(ji)(ji)光(guang),對(dui)(dui)(dui)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)圓枕后(hou)唇部分(fen)(fen)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)消融,國外在近兩年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨床研究發(fa)現其有(you)效(xiao)率達(da)到90%以(yi)上(shang)。球(qiu)(qiu)囊(nang)擴(kuo)(kuo)張咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)成形術(shu):應(ying)用球(qiu)(qiu)囊(nang)置(zhi)入咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)口(kou),對(dui)(dui)(dui)咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)軟(ruan)骨(gu)部進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)擴(kuo)(kuo)張,提高咽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)軟(ruan)骨(gu)部開(kai)放(fang)功能(neng)(neng),達(da)到治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)分(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。⑥懷疑鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)峽(xia)阻(zu)塞、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)竇入口(kou)有(you)肉芽組(zu)織阻(zu)塞的(de)(de)(de)(de)頑(wan)固(gu)性(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)患者(zhe)(zhe) 可(ke)考慮單純乳突切開(kai)術(shu)及(ji)(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)室(shi)(shi)探查手(shou)術(shu),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)術(shu)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)將(jiang)要發(fa)生粘連性(xing)(xing)中耳(er)(er)炎(yan)及(ji)(ji)內(nei)陷囊(nang)袋者(zhe)(zhe),應(ying)該盡(jin)早進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)手(shou)術(shu)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao),以(yi)防止并發(fa)癥。
2.兒(er)童及嬰幼兒(er)分泌性(xing)中耳炎的治療
(1)密切觀察和(he)隨診 因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)限(xian)性(xing)(xing)疾病(bing),有一定(ding)的(de)自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)率,在(zai)(zai)給予有創(chuang)治療前患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)應該嚴密觀察3個月(yue)。分(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎是(shi)否自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)取決于病(bing)因(yin)及積液時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)長(chang)短(duan)。由急(ji)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎遺留的(de)分(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎患(huan)(huan)者(zhe),約(yue)(yue)(yue)75%~90%在(zai)(zai)3個月(yue)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以自(zi)(zi)愈(yu),鼓室壓圖由B轉為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)A、C型。約(yue)(yue)(yue)55%分(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)可(ke)在(zai)(zai)3個月(yue)時(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)愈(yu),但是(shi),約(yue)(yue)(yue)1/3的(de)患(huan)(huan)兒可(ke)能加(jia)重。在(zai)(zai)起(qi)病(bing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)不(bu)祥的(de)2~4歲的(de)患(huan)(huan)兒中(zhong),約(yue)(yue)(yue)25%的(de)患(huan)(huan)兒自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3個月(yue)。嬰兒和(he)小小兒的(de)自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)率更(geng)高。2歲以上雙耳(er)分(fen)(fen)泌性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)炎、病(bing)程在(zai)(zai)3月(yue)以上患(huan)(huan)兒,在(zai)(zai)6~l2個月(yue)時(shi)(shi)(shi)其自(zi)(zi)愈(yu)者(zhe)約(yue)(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)30%。
對于(yu)處于(yu)觀察階段的非高危(wei)患(huan)兒(er),無論是(shi)藥(yao)物還是(shi)手術干預(yu)則(ze)百害而無一利,而觀察等待對非高危(wei)患(huan)兒(er)則(ze)無害處;需要告知家人患(huan)兒(er)聽(ting)力(li)差(cha),尤其是(shi)雙耳(er)(er)(er)分泌性中耳(er)(er)(er)炎患(huan)者(zhe);制定改(gai)善患(huan)兒(er)聆聽(ting)和(he)學習環境的措施和(he)方案;定期復查,并進行氣壓(ya)耳(er)(er)(er)鏡和(he)鼓室(shi)壓(ya)圖檢查。
改善聆聽環境的措施包括:說(shuo)話時在(zai)3英尺內;將周圍干擾的聲響(xiang)關掉如電視(shi)機、音(yin)樂;面(mian)對患兒(er)說(shuo)話時,做(zuo)到口齒清(qing)晰,并應用手勢(shi)和(he)圖(tu)片等視(shi)覺方式作(zuo)為(wei)輔助;降低語速、提高音(yin)量、言語清(qing)晰;與患兒(er)一起閱讀(du)和(he)講(jiang)述、解釋圖(tu)片或(huo)提出問題;注(zhu)意重復(fu)單(dan)詞、詞組或(huo)句(ju)子;安排(pai)患兒(er)坐(zuo)在(zai)距離老師較近(jin)的位置上;在(zai)教(jiao)室里使(shi)用可(ke)調節音(yin)量的擴音(yin)設備等。
(2)藥(yao)(yao)物治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao) 對于兒童,藥(yao)(yao)物療(liao)效(xiao)短暫而有限,副作(zuo)用(yong)多(duo),不推薦(jian)使用(yong)。不主張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)長期使用(yong)抗生(sheng)素(su)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)分(fen)泌(mi)性中耳(er)炎,鼓膜充(chong)血不應(ying)該(gai)成為抗生(sheng)素(su)應(ying)用(yong)的指征,不主張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)聯(lian)合(he)使用(yong)抗組胺藥(yao)(yao)及減充(chong)血劑,因(yin)為他們的副作(zuo)用(yong)明顯(xian)。也不主張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)普遍地長期使用(yong)口服激素(su)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao),除非(fei)個(ge)別病例。尚無證據支(zhi)持咽鼓管通氣(qi)、口服或鼓室(shi)內注射黏液(ye)促排劑及其(qi)他藥(yao)(yao)物的治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)作(zuo)用(yong)。
(3)手術(shu)(shu)(shu)治(zhi)療 選擇手術(shu)(shu)(shu)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)該考慮的(de)(de)因(yin)素為聽力水平(ping)及伴隨癥狀(zhuang);是(shi)否存在影響(言語語言)發(fa)育的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)危因(yin)素;分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)自(zi)愈的(de)(de)可(ke)能性(xing)。手術(shu)(shu)(shu)指征(zheng)為分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)持續在4月以上伴有聽力減退(tui)和(he)(he)其他癥狀(zhuang);持續或復發(fa)性(xing)分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan),伴有高(gao)(gao)危因(yin)素存在(只要是(shi)高(gao)(gao)危患(huan)兒(er),無論(lun)積(ji)液時(shi)間長(chang)短,都(dou)應(ying)(ying)該盡(jin)早手術(shu)(shu)(shu));鼓膜(mo)或中(zhong)耳(er)(er)結構損害。應(ying)(ying)該綜(zong)合基層醫生(sheng)、耳(er)(er)鼻(bi)咽喉(hou)科醫生(sheng)和(he)(he)家人的(de)(de)意見,權衡手術(shu)(shu)(shu)利弊。隨訪患(huan)兒(er)的(de)(de)手術(shu)(shu)(shu)指征(zheng)為:較(jiao)好(hao)耳(er)(er)的(de)(de)聽力水平(ping)達(da)到40dB或以上;長(chang)期分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)并(bing)出現了(le)耳(er)(er)痛、不明(ming)原因(yin)的(de)(de)睡眠障礙和(he)(he)合并(bing)急性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)反復發(fa)作(zuo);鼓膜(mo)后上方內陷(xian)囊(nang)袋;聽骨爛蝕(shi);內陷(xian)粘連和(he)(he)內陷(xian)囊(nang)袋內角化物(wu)的(de)(de)積(ji)存。
手(shou)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)式包括(kuo)首選鼓膜(mo)置管(guan)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(可使(shi)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)通(tong)氣狀態保(bao)(bao)持(chi)12~14個月(yue));有鼻(bi)堵、慢性(xing)鼻(bi)竇炎(yan)、慢性(xing)腺樣(yang)(yang)體(ti)炎(yan)等指征時(shi)同時(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腺樣(yang)(yang)體(ti)切(qie)(qie)除(chu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),不(bu)建議(yi)4歲(sui)以下患兒行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腺樣(yang)(yang)體(ti)切(qie)(qie)除(chu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu);再次(ci)手(shou)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)時(shi)可行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腺樣(yang)(yang)體(ti)切(qie)(qie)除(chu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和鼓膜(mo)切(qie)(qie)開術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),同時(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鼓膜(mo)置管(guan)或不(bu)置管(guan);不(bu)建議(yi)單獨行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鼓膜(mo)切(qie)(qie)開術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(使(shi)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)通(tong)氣僅(jin)僅(jin)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)幾天,激光輔助(zhu)鼓膜(mo)切(qie)(qie)開也只使(shi)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)通(tong)氣保(bao)(bao)持(chi)幾周)或單獨行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)扁桃體(ti)切(qie)(qie)除(chu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)治療(liao)(liao)分泌性(xing)中(zhong)耳(er)(er)炎(yan)(無確(que)切(qie)(qie)療(liao)(liao)效(xiao))。
再次手術問題:在鼓膜置管脫管的患兒中,20%~50%的患兒分泌性中耳炎復發,需要再次手術。建議再次手術時,無論腺樣體大小,都應該行腺樣體切除術(但是腭裂或黏膜下腭裂除外)。因為它使再次手術率降低50%。再次手術的療效好(對于2歲兒童的再手術療效明顯,而對于3歲兒童的再手術療效最明顯)。術式采用鼓膜切開+腺樣體切除(>4歲);鼓膜置管+腺樣體切除(<4歲)。再次手術時,鼓膜置管尤其適合于高危患兒并且必須根治分泌性中耳炎患兒和鼓膜、中耳黏膜有明顯炎癥的患者。
手(shou)(shou)術(shu)并發癥(zheng):急(ji)診(zhen)手(shou)(shou)術(shu)中(zhong)麻(ma)醉的(de)死亡率為(wei)1:50000或(huo)更低;小兒在(zai)麻(ma)醉中(zhong)較成人更易出現喉頭和(he)氣管(guan)的(de)痙攣(luan);鼓膜(mo)穿(chuan)孔(kong)的(de)發生率為(wei)2%~17%,需要修補;腺樣體切除術(shu)的(de)出血率為(wei)0.2%~0.5%,腭帆功能(neng)障(zhang)礙(ai)為(wei)2%,還有(you)鼻咽部閉(bi)鎖(suo)或(huo)持(chi)續(xu)腭帆功能(neng)障(zhang)礙(ai)(適應(ying)證選擇和(he)手(shou)(shou)術(shu)技巧)。
應該權(quan)衡(heng)是觀察隨訪還是手術所帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)風險,并建議每3~6月或更短間期復查一(yi)次。在觀察階(jie)段(duan)不宜繼(ji)續觀察等待(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)有:不能定期復查的(de)(de)(de)(de)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe);高危(wei)患(huan)(huan)者(zhe)或并發有其他疾病的(de)(de)(de)(de)患(huan)(huan)兒。
3.其他(ta)補充治療手段
(1)補(bu)充(chong)或替(ti)代(dai)性治療 常見的補(bu)充(chong)及替(ti)代(dai)療法包括(kuo)推拿按摩、微(wei)波、限(xian)制飲食(如限(xian)制奶制品)、中草藥、補(bu)品、針灸(jiu)、中藥等療法。
(2)抗過敏治療 據報道,分(fen)泌性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)炎(yan)患(huan)者中(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在過敏者為10%~80%不(bu)等(deng)。長期以來一直(zhi)懷疑(yi)分(fen)泌性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)炎(yan)和(he)過敏因素(su)兩者間存(cun)在著某種關系,但循(xun)證醫學研(yan)究(jiu)認為抗過敏治療分(fen)泌性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)耳(er)炎(yan)的研(yan)究(jiu)資料缺乏前瞻性(xing)、對照研(yan)究(jiu)和(he)足夠的證據。
加(jia)強鍛煉(lian),增強體質(zhi),預防(fang)感冒;避免(mian)辛(xin)辣刺激性食物和(he)(he)煙酒刺激,避免(mian)接觸(chu)(chu)煙霧(wu)等(deng)不(bu)良(liang)氣體刺激呼(hu)吸(xi)道(dao)(dao),保護和(he)(he)增強上呼(hu)吸(xi)道(dao)(dao)黏膜(mo)的抵抗(kang)力;預防(fang)和(he)(he)治療過(guo)敏性疾病,避免(mian)接觸(chu)(chu)過(guo)敏原,飲食上應避免(mian)引發(fa)個體過(guo)敏的食物,如海鮮(xian)食品等(deng);擤鼻(bi)(bi)涕時勿雙手同時捏緊前鼻(bi)(bi)孔用力擤鼻(bi)(bi)涕,應該按壓(ya)一側鼻(bi)(bi)孔輕輕清(qing)理(li)鼻(bi)(bi)腔的分泌物;嬰幼兒喂奶時應注意不(bu)要(yao)頭部(bu)太低;鼓膜(mo)置管期間應避免(mian)耳道(dao)(dao)進水,以防(fang)引發(fa)急(ji)性化膿性中耳炎。