建筑風格
帕巴寺(si)的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)風(feng)格獨(du)特(te),系(xi)樓(lou)閣(ge)式石木(mu)塔(ta)。高四(si)(si)層(ceng)。塔(ta)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)梯(ti)可(ke)盤旋至頂(ding)(ding)。層(ceng)層(ceng)出檐(yan)(yan),逐層(ceng)收分(fen),每層(ceng)均設有(you)(you)(you)(you)壺(hu)門(men)(men)、小(xiao)窗,建有(you)(you)(you)(you)挑檐(yan)(yan)、檁枋(fang)、子(zi)(zi)、飛頭、瓦壟等(deng)。塔(ta)之四(si)(si)角(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)、二層(ceng)檐(yan)(yan)角(jiao)套有(you)(you)(you)(you)火焰形銅(tong)(tong)(tong)套飾,三(san)、四(si)(si)層(ceng)上(shang)為黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)翹(qiao)檐(yan)(yan)伸出,頂(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)剎頂(ding)(ding),以(yi)圓(yuan)光、仰月、寶(bao)蓋、寶(bao)珠(zhu)連(lian)接,屋面用(yong)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)蓋頂(ding)(ding)。在(zai)三(san)、四(si)(si)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)四(si)(si)周壺(hu)門(men)(men)上(shang)繪有(you)(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。底層(ceng)為佛(fo)(fo)殿(dian)(dian),由(you)門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)及(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)兩部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成,其(qi)外(wai)環繞內(nei)(nei)(nei)、外(wai)回廊(lang)(lang),供(gong)信徒轉經之用(yong)。門(men)(men)廊(lang)(lang)面積4柱(zhu)(zhu),門(men)(men)楣(mei)兩端(duan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)圓(yuan)雕(diao)木(mu)獅子(zi)(zi)一(yi)對,左(zuo)右有(you)(you)(you)(you)密(mi)室相(xiang)通。佛(fo)(fo)殿(dian)(dian)平面呈正方(fang)形,進深3間面闊3間,有(you)(you)(you)(you)柱(zhu)(zhu)14根(方(fang)柱(zhu)(zhu)10根,圓(yuan)柱(zhu)(zhu)4根);殿(dian)(dian)門(men)(men)楣(mei)上(shang)方(fang)為5尊護法獅子(zi)(zi),其(qi)間繪有(you)(you)(you)(you)頭戴(dai)黃(huang)色(se)(se)類帽(mao)的(de)(de)(de)格魯派祖師像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)南端(duan)東(dong)(dong)側(ce)(ce)第(di)一(yi)柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)墨(mo)書祖師像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)南端(duan)東(dong)(dong)側(ce)(ce)第(di)一(yi)柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)墨(mo)書藏文(wen)題(ti)記的(de)(de)(de)寺(si)志,南壁(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)、中、南段上(shang)方(fang)各(ge)開有(you)(you)(you)(you)采光小(xiao)窗。佛(fo)(fo)殿(dian)(dian)北(bei)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)原(yuan)供(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)尊釋迦牟尼佛(fo)(fo)8歲身量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)檀香木(mu)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)各(ge)供(gong)佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)4尊、東(dong)(dong)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)西(xi)側(ce)(ce)供(gong)奉第(di)十三(san)世達賴喇嘛土登嘉措泥塑像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),皆高約10米;西(xi)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)角(jiao)上(shang)供(gong)奉蓮花生(sheng)大師泥塑像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),高約8~10米,主(zhu)(zhu)供(gong)之前置(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)金、銀質酥(su)油燈各(ge)2盞,高約30~40厘米,以(yi)及(ji)黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)酥(su)油桶等(deng);殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)木(mu)柱(zhu)(zhu)用(yong)錦緞(duan)圍裹,懸掛有(you)(you)(you)(you)五色(se)(se)緞(duan)子(zi)(zi)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)莊嚴勝(sheng)幡,東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)兩壁(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)經櫥(chu)置(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《甘珠(zhu)爾》、《丹珠(zhu)爾》各(ge)一(yi)部(bu)(bu)。但上(shang)述(shu)殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)塑供(gong)法器等(deng)在(zai)“文(wen)革”時期被毀,今已不(bu)存。可(ke)貴的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)寺(si)內(nei)(nei)(nei)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)畫大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)保(bao)存尚好,是(shi)該寺(si)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)歷史(shi)與(yu)藝術價值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)珍品。
佛殿
帕巴寺底層,寺廟的(de)主體部分(fen),由(you)門廊(lang)及主殿兩部分(fen)組成。
①門(men)廊。門(men)道設于南面(mian),寬(kuan)4米,有兩層(ceng)石(shi)踏道。門(men)楣(mei)兩端有圓雕木獅一對。門(men)廊4柱,左(zuo)右各有密室一間相(xiang)通。
②主(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)。位于門(men)廊(lang)北(bei)面(mian)(mian),門(men)道(dao)朝(chao)南,寬約2米(mi),有(you)石踏道(dao)四層,最(zui)上(shang)兩層尚存護鐵,釘有(you)鐵釘。門(men)楣上(shang)方為5尊護法(fa)獅子(zi),其間繪有(you)頭戴黃色尖帽的(de)(de)格魯(lu)派(pai)祖師(shi)法(fa)像(xiang)(xiang)。佛殿(dian)(dian)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)正方形,進深3間,面(mian)(mian)闊3間,現存立(li)柱14根。在南端(duan)東(dong)側第一柱上(shang)有(you)模糊不(bu)(bu)清的(de)(de)墨書(shu)藏(zang)文題記。殿(dian)(dian)堂南壁的(de)(de)東(dong)、中、南段上(shang)方各(ge)(ge)開有(you)采(cai)光小窗。主(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)北(bei)壁原(yuan)放置主(zhu)(zhu)尊釋迦牟尼8歲身量的(de)(de)檀香(xiang)木像(xiang)(xiang),俗稱帕巴(ba)瓦第像(xiang)(xiang),帕巴(ba)寺也因此而(er)得(de)名。東(dong)、西壁各(ge)(ge)置佛像(xiang)(xiang)4尊,東(dong)壁西側放置十三世(shi)達賴的(de)(de)泥塑像(xiang)(xiang),高約10米(mi),西壁角(jiao)上(shang)原(yuan)放置有(you)蓮花生大師(shi)泥塑像(xiang)(xiang),高8~10米(mi)。殿(dian)(dian)堂內懸掛有(you)五色緞子(zi)制作的(de)(de)莊嚴勝幡,木柱四周(zhou)皆(jie)用(yong)錦緞圍裹(guo),東(dong)西兩壁經櫥內分置有(you)《甘珠爾》、《丹(dan)珠爾》經書(shu)各(ge)(ge)1部(bu)。主(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)南側原(yuan)有(you)僧(seng)舍(she)9間,已改作他用(yong)。佛殿(dian)(dian)內、外(wai)有(you)環廊(lang)環繞,以供信(xin)徒轉經之用(yong),外(wai)環廊(lang)木柱上(shang)原(yuan)安置有(you)一周(zhou)轉經筒,今已不(bu)(bu)存。
壁畫
寺內壁畫有早、晚(wan)期作品,分布在門廊、佛殿及(ji)外環廊。
門廊壁畫
門(men)(men)廊(lang)北壁(bi)右側為蓮花生(sheng)像(xiang)(xiang),其下方繪(hui)(hui)其弟子(zi),上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)方分別(bie)繪(hui)(hui)制密宗雙身(shen)(shen)佛(fo)像(xiang)(xiang)“定覺”及白度母,間飾山(shan)水(shui)、云朵圖案;北壁(bi)左側繪(hui)(hui)十一面(mian)八臂(bei)觀(guan)音(yin),足踏蓮座,身(shen)(shen)披天(tian)衣,搭條帛(bo),有(you)(you)頭光(guang)、身(shen)(shen)光(guang),其上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)方左右分別(bie)繪(hui)(hui)釋(shi)迦牟尼佛(fo)坐像(xiang)(xiang),下方左右繪(hui)(hui)一般說來丹拉姆(吉祥天(tian)女)護法神(shen),中央為“圣山(shan)”岡(gang)仁(ren)波且。門(men)(men)廊(lang)東壁(bi)為釋(shi)迦化(hua)佛(fo)小像(xiang)(xiang),皆結(jie)跏趺坐于蓮臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),結(jie)各(ge)種印(yin)像(xiang)(xiang),皆結(jie)跏趺坐于蓮臺上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),結(jie)種種印(yin)相,皆有(you)(you)背光(guang)。門(men)(men)廊(lang)南壁(bi)從東至(zhi)西分別(bie)繪(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)化(hua)佛(fo)、三世(shi)佛(fo)、羅漢、護法神(shen)、觀(guan)音(yin)、度母像(xiang)(xiang)等。門(men)(men)廊(lang)西壁(bi)繪(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)3尊(zun)呈忿怒(nu)狀的(de)護法神(shen)像(xiang)(xiang)。
佛殿壁畫
最(zui)為(wei)(wei)精(jing)彩的(de)(de)是南壁(bi)(bi)東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)段(duan)壁(bi)(bi)畫。東(dong)(dong)段(duan)壁(bi)(bi)畫的(de)(de)最(zui)上(shang)方(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)釋迦牟(mou)尼像(xiang)(xiang);中心(xin)繪(hui)宗喀巴弟(di)子3人(ren);東(dong)(dong)側(ce)(ce)繪(hui)觀(guan)音法像(xiang)(xiang);西(xi)側(ce)(ce)繪(hui)仁嘎欽布、白髻(ji)長髯,手持人(ren)骨(gu)法號(hao);最(zui)下(xia)(xia)方(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)5尊并列的(de)(de)護(hu)法金剛像(xiang)(xiang)。西(xi)段(duan)壁(bi)(bi)畫的(de)(de)最(zui)上(shang)方(fang)(fang)繪(hui)綠度母(mu);下(xia)(xia)方(fang)(fang)繪(hui)吉祥(xiang)天女護(hu)法神;西(xi)端繪(hui)圣山岡仁波且;東(dong)(dong)端繪(hui)騎虎(hu)、騎象(xiang)和一頭(tou)戴(dai)人(ren)骨(gu)骷髏(lou)冠、坐壓在披發(fa)裸體人(ren)之上(shang)的(de)(de)3尊護(hu)法神像(xiang)(xiang);其中心(xin)為(wei)(wei)觀(guan)音法像(xiang)(xiang),四(si)周以雪山、云彩裝(zhuang)飾。
外環廊壁畫
是帕巴(ba)(ba)寺壁畫(hua)(hua)最為(wei)(wei)(wei)精美的(de)部(bu)分(fen)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)壁:上方(fang)(fang)(fang)門楣處繪(hui)(hui)釋迦(jia)(jia)牟像(xiang)(xiang),左右(you)繪(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)度(du)母、護(hu)法(fa)神像(xiang)(xiang);西段(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)廣(guang)目天(tian)王(手托塔(ta))與(yu)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)持國天(tian)王(手執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)琵琶),兩天(tian)王之間繪(hui)(hui)制壇城(cheng)(曼荼羅(luo)),中(zhong)央為(wei)(wei)(wei)無量(liang)光(guang)佛(fo),西側(ce)(ce)為(wei)(wei)(wei)化(hua)佛(fo)小(xiao)像(xiang)(xiang);東(dong)段(duan)(duan)繪(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)增(zeng)長天(tian)王與(yu)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)多聞天(tian)王、吉祥天(tian)女像(xiang)(xiang)。西壁:從南(nan)(nan)(nan)至北(bei)(bei)繪(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)護(hu)法(fa)神、十(shi)六羅(luo)漢、歷代高(gao)僧(seng)在(zai)(zai)德(de)等。北(bei)(bei)壁:從西至東(dong)繪(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)釋迦(jia)(jia)牟尼(ni)、班(ban)丹拉(la)姆、米拉(la)日巴(ba)(ba)、噶瑪法(fa)王、德(de)敦嘎旺(wang)多杰(jie)、哈(ha)蒙居馬、仁(ren)尊次旺(wang)羅(luo)布(bu)(bu)(bu)、切洛桑扎、蓮花(hua)生及(ji)其(qi)(qi)佛(fo)母康錯益西措杰(jie)、拉(la)堅門德(de)那哇、墀松(song)(song)德(de)贊(zan)、藥師佛(fo)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)弟子、喜金(jin)剛、觀音、強巴(ba)(ba)佛(fo)、白傘蓋、多吉申巴(ba)(ba)、恰那多杰(jie)、綠度(du)母、宗喀巴(ba)(ba)師徒三人(ren),拉(la)羅(luo)哇、吉尊強準等肖像(xiang)(xiang)。東(dong)壁:北(bei)(bei)壁畫(hua)(hua)早、晚(wan)期(qi)區(qu)別顯(xian)著(zhu)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)段(duan)(duan)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)壁畫(hua)(hua)在(zai)(zai)技法(fa)上運(yun)筆(bi)細膩,線條流暢,施色(se)淺淡,色(se)調(diao)偏灰,以不(bu)帶膠質(zhi)的(de)礦物質(zhi)顏料(liao)著(zhu)色(se),具有(you)(you)(you)早期(qi)壁畫(hua)(hua)的(de)特征。菩(pu)薩像(xiang)(xiang),手持凈(jing)瓶,上體赤裸,其(qi)(qi)旁側(ce)(ce)為(wei)(wei)(wei)菩(pu)提樹,赤足站立于(yu)蓮座之上;法(fa)師像(xiang)(xiang),頭(tou)戴淺褐色(se)尖帽,內著(zhu)右(you)衽(ren)僧(seng)衣,身(shen)披袈裟,右(you)手作(zuo)說法(fa)印,左手執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)凈(jing)瓶平置于(yu)腿部(bu),結(jie)跏趺(fu)坐于(yu)蓮臺(tai)上;墀松(song)(song)德(de)贊(zan)像(xiang)(xiang),頭(tou)戴寶(bao)冠,手執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輪(lun)寶(bao),端(duan)坐于(yu)蓮臺(tai)之上,下(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)祥云環(huan)繞,其(qi)(qi)左下(xia)(xia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)還繪(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)一頭(tou)戴高(gao)冠的(de)菩(pu)薩頭(tou)像(xiang)(xiang),手執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)螺。南(nan)(nan)(nan)段(duan)(duan)上層(ceng)(ceng)壁畫(hua)(hua)年代晚(wan)于(yu)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng),但(dan)題材十(shi)分(fen)豐富(fu),有(you)(you)(you)釋迦(jia)(jia)牟尼(ni)傳記、松(song)(song)贊(zan)干布(bu)(bu)(bu)時(shi)代的(de)宮(gong)(gong)廷生活(huo)、削發(fa)(fa)剃剃度(du)等不(bu)同的(de)場(chang)面(mian)。《宮(gong)(gong)廷生活(huo)圖》,反映(ying)的(de)是松(song)(song)贊(zan)干布(bu)(bu)(bu)時(shi)代大(da)臣甲射的(de)宮(gong)(gong)廷生活(huo)情景(jing)。畫(hua)(hua)面(mian)以樓閣為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心,第(di)一至三層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)甲射端(duan)坐于(yu)法(fa)臺(tai),手執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)輪(lun),其(qi)(qi)兩端(duan)分(fen)立侍女:第(di)四(si)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)7名宮(gong)(gong)廷侍從居于(yu)室(shi)內,均頭(tou)纏頭(tou)巾(jin),身(shen)著(zhu)圓領衣,談(tan)笑娛樂;第(di)五層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)馬廄,繪(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)良驥數匹和(he)飼養(yang)人(ren);第(di)六層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)騎馬出行圖和(he)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)宴飲場(chang)面(mian)。《削發(fa)(fa)剃度(du)圖》,畫(hua)(hua)面(mian)正(zheng)上方(fang)(fang)(fang)繪(hui)(hui)一座覆缽式塔(ta)(俗(su)稱“喇(la)嘛塔(ta)”),四(si)周環(huan)繞云朵(duo)、樹叢(cong);其(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)繪(hui)(hui)制3人(ren):從左至右(you)一人(ren)頭(tou)纏頭(tou)巾(jin),正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)燒水;一人(ren)身(shen)穿(chuan)紫紅色(se)右(you)衽(ren)長袍,右(you)手執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)剪(jian),左手抓住發(fa)(fa)辮,正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)剃發(fa)(fa);一人(ren)身(shen)著(zhu)通肩袈裟正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)主持剃度(du)儀式。《釋迦(jia)(jia)涅盤圖》,正(zheng)中(zhong)繪(hui)(hui)制釋迦(jia)(jia)牟側(ce)(ce)臥,右(you)側(ce)(ce)有(you)(you)(you)菩(pu)提樹,樹下(xia)(xia)二弟子悲哀(ai)垂首(shou);上部(bu)祥云籠(long)罩,左右(you)各有(you)(you)(you)2各樂音菩(pu)薩在(zai)(zai)天(tian)迎奉。北(bei)(bei)段(duan)(duan)上層(ceng)(ceng)壁畫(hua)(hua)的(de)年代最晚(wan),而且與(yu)北(bei)(bei)段(duan)(duan)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)壁畫(hua)(hua)的(de)疊壓關系十(shi)分(fen)明顯(xian)。壁畫(hua)(hua)從北(bei)(bei)端(duan)開始,繪(hui)(hui)制出布(bu)(bu)(bu)達(da)(da)拉(la)宮(gong)(gong)、甘丹地(di)、哲蚌寺、色(se)拉(la)寺、琉璃(li)橋、八角林三塔(ta)及(ji)藥王山等宏大(da)建筑群,長達(da)(da)9米,氣勢宏大(da)。此外,還繪(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)吉祥天(tian)母像(xiang)(xiang)。
帕巴寺從建筑和壁畫來(lai)看,歷代曾進行過修葺,但其主體建筑卻依然保存(cun)了歷史(shi)舊貌(mao),具有濃郁的南亞風格。“文革(ge)”期間寺廟被毀(hui),現已(yi)由(you)吉隆縣政府批準(zhun)恢(hui)復。