白芍藥的種植技術
1、選地整地
選(xuan)擇(ze)排水(shui)良(liang)好、通風(feng)向陽的(de)的(de)地(di)塊種(zhong)植,要(yao)求(qiu)土(tu)(tu)壤疏松肥(fei)沃、土(tu)(tu)層深(shen)(shen)厚,前茬最好為(wei)玉米、小麥或(huo)豆類(lei)的(de)作物(wu)。白芍的(de)根系較深(shen)(shen),所以(yi)在整地(di)要(yao)深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)細作,并施好基肥(fei),要(yao)求(qiu)要(yao)深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)30-40cm,皆(jie)可(ke)翻耕(geng)施入(ru)農家肥(fei)3000-400公斤,將其和土(tu)(tu)壤均勻的(de)混合在一起后,在耙平,做成快1.5-2.5米的(de)畦。如果是降水(shui)量較大的(de)地(di)區,或(huo)者(zhe)土(tu)(tu)壤排水(shui)不(bu)良(liang),畦可(ke)寬為(wei)1米時左右。
2、繁殖
白芍有分(fen)根(gen)繁(fan)殖(zhi)(芽頭(tou)(tou)繁(fan)殖(zhi))和(he)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)繁(fan)殖(zhi)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)殖(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa),分(fen)根(gen)繁(fan)殖(zhi)選擇在8-10月種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi),如(ru)果種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)間過(guo)晚,芽頭(tou)(tou)已經發出新根(gen),在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)容易被(bei)弄斷。收獲芽頭(tou)(tou)時(shi),將(jiang)芽頭(tou)(tou)從根(gen)系(xi)上(shang)切下,再(zai)選擇形狀粗大(da)、不空心、無(wu)病蟲害的芽盤,將(jiang)其自然的切成(cheng)數塊(kuai)做種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。栽種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)穴(xue)栽方(fang)(fang)法(fa),挖(wa)穴(xue)3-6cm,株(zhu)行距50×30cm,每穴(xue)放一兩(liang)個芽頭(tou)(tou),覆土時(shi)可(ke)施入糞肥,再(zai)埋(mai)土堆(dui)成(cheng)饅頭(tou)(tou)狀小堆(dui)。單(dan)瓣芍藥結實多,在8月份種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)成(cheng)熟時(shi)將(jiang)其采(cai)收,采(cai)收后即(ji)可(ke)進行播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也是采(cai)用(yong)(yong)穴(xue)播(bo)方(fang)(fang)法(fa),播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)用(yong)(yong)細土攪拌播(bo)下,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的繁(fan)殖(zhi)期過(guo)長,一般播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)到定植(zhi)(zhi)要2-3年,比較少用(yong)(yong)。
3、中耕除草
種植時(shi)(shi)每年要中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)草(cao)4-6次,促進植株生(sheng)長,但是注(zhu)意中(zhong)耕時(shi)(shi)要淺耕,以免傷害到根(gen)系,導致死苗。在(zai)10月底或11月初(chu)時(shi)(shi),這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)氣溫下降(jiang),地(di)溫也(ye)隨之(zhi)下降(jiang),需將地(di)面10cm以上(shang)的枝(zhi)葉剪除(chu)(chu),有(you)利越冬。
4、水肥管理
在(zai)(zai)施足基(ji)肥(fei)后,當年(nian)一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)不要(yao)(yao)繼續追(zhui)肥(fei)了(le),一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)種植后的第(di)二年(nian)開始追(zhui)肥(fei),每年(nian)追(zhui)肥(fei)3次(ci),第(di)一(yi)次(ci)在(zai)(zai)3-4月(yue)氣溫回升時(shi)(shi),這時(shi)(shi)澆施糞(fen)肥(fei)即可(ke);第(di)二次(ci)在(zai)(zai)4月(yue)底,同樣施一(yi)次(ci)糞(fen)尿肥(fei),每畝500公(gong)(gong)斤;第(di)三次(ci)在(zai)(zai)10-11月(yue)月(yue)底前,每畝施入200公(gong)(gong)斤的圈(quan)肥(fei)。白色是(shi)喜旱怕澇(lao)(lao)的植物,所以(yi)一(yi)般(ban)無需進行澆水灌溉(gai),只有在(zai)(zai)嚴重(zhong)干(gan)旱時(shi)(shi)澆一(yi)次(ci)透(tou)水即可(ke),在(zai)(zai)陰雨季節(jie)要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)(shi)排水防澇(lao)(lao),以(yi)免積水過大引發根系腐爛。
5、采收
白(bai)芍在種植3-5年后即可采(cai)(cai)(cai)收,采(cai)(cai)(cai)收時(shi)間(jian)在6-9月,不宜過早或過晚(wan),過早采(cai)(cai)(cai)收會影響到產量和質量,而過晚(wan)淀(dian)粉(fen)以經轉化,過于干燥(zao)不堅實,易碎。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收時(shi)選擇晴天,將地(di)上(shang)根莖區別割除,將根莖挖出,去(qu)除泥土,將芽頭(tou)切下做(zuo)種,根系加(jia)工制藥。
種植白芍什么時候可以采收
白(bai)芍栽種(zhong)后3年或4年采(cai)(cai)收,不(bu)(bu)(bu)同地(di)區采(cai)(cai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)時間(jian)有所不(bu)(bu)(bu)同,在(zai)浙江是在(zai)6月下旬(xun)至(zhi)7月上(shang)旬(xun),安徽、四川在(zai)8月,山東在(zai)9月。總(zong)之,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)早于6月下旬(xun),過早采(cai)(cai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)會影響(xiang)產(chan)量;遲挖(wa)(wa)(wa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)超過9月上(shang)旬(xun),否則根內(nei)淀粉會轉化(hua),加(jia)(jia)工干燥后不(bu)(bu)(bu)堅實(shi),重量減輕,質地(di)輕泡。采(cai)(cai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)宜在(zai)晴天進行(xing),首先割(ge)除地(di)上(shang)莖葉,挖(wa)(wa)(wa)出全(quan)根,將芍根從根頭上(shang)切下加(jia)(jia)工作藥用。