一、電抗器的種類有哪些

1、按結構及冷卻介質：分為(wei)空(kong)心(xin)(xin)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、油浸式(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)，例(li)如：干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、油浸鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、油浸空(kong)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、夾持(chi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、繞包式(shi)(shi)(shi)干(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)心(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)、水泥(ni)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

2、按接法：分(fen)為(wei)并聯(lian)電抗器和串(chuan)聯(lian)電抗器。

3、按功能：分為限流和補償。

4、按用途：按具體用途細分，例如：限流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、平波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、功率因數補償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、串聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、接地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、消(xiao)弧線(xian)圈(quan)、進線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、出線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、自飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、可變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（可調(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、可控電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）、軛流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、串聯(lian)諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、并聯(lian)諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。

二、各類電抗器在電路中的作用

1、串聯電抗器的作用

串聯電抗(kang)器(qi)主要用(yong)(yong)來限(xian)制(zhi)短路電流，也有在(zai)濾波器(qi)中(zhong)與電容器(qi)串聯或并聯用(yong)(yong)來限(xian)制(zhi)電網中(zhong)的(de)高次(ci)諧波，串聯電抗(kang)器(qi)通常起限(xian)流作用(yong)(yong)。

2、并聯電抗器的作用

并聯電(dian)抗器有改(gai)善電(dian)力系(xi)統無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率有關運(yun)行狀(zhuang)況的多種功(gong)(gong)能，經(jing)常(chang)用(yong)于無(wu)功(gong)(gong)補償。例如(ru)改(gai)善長輸電(dian)線路上的電(dian)壓(ya)分布；用(yong)來吸收電(dian)纜(lan)線路的充電(dian)容性無(wu)功(gong)(gong)；防止發電(dian)機帶長線路可能出現的自勵磁諧振現象等。

3、輸入電抗器的作用

輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器是用來限(xian)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)突變和(he)操作過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)引起的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)沖擊，平(ping)(ping)滑(hua)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)中包含的(de)(de)尖峰(feng)脈沖，或平(ping)(ping)滑(hua)橋式整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路換相(xiang)時產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)缺陷，有效地(di)保護變頻器和(he)改善功率因數，它既能(neng)(neng)阻止來自電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)干(gan)擾，又能(neng)(neng)減少整流(liu)單元產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)污染。

4、輸出電抗器的作用

輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)主要作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)補(bu)償長線（50-200m）分布電(dian)(dian)容的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，并能抑制輸(shu)(shu)出諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)流，提(ti)高(gao)輸(shu)(shu)出高(gao)頻(pin)阻抗，有效抑制dv/dt，減(jian)(jian)低高(gao)頻(pin)漏電(dian)(dian)流，起到保護變頻(pin)器(qi)，減(jian)(jian)小設(she)備噪聲的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)在(zai)補(bu)償功(gong)率的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，往(wang)往(wang)會受到諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)壓和諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)沖擊(ji)，造成電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)損壞和功(gong)率因數降低，為此，需要在(zai)補(bu)償的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)進行諧(xie)波治理。

5、直流電抗器的作用

直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)抗器接在(zai)變頻系統的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)環節與逆(ni)變環節之間(jian)，主要用途(tu)是將疊加在(zai)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)上的(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)分(fen)量限定在(zai)某一規定值(zhi)，保持整流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)連續，減小電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)脈沖值(zhi)，使逆(ni)變環節運行更穩定及改(gai)善變頻器的(de)(de)功率因數。

6、濾波電抗器的作用

濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)廣泛(fan)用于高低壓濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)柜(ju)中(zhong)，與濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)相串聯，調諧(xie)至(zhi)某一諧(xie)振(zhen)頻(pin)率，用來(lai)吸收電(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)相應頻(pin)率的諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)流，以消除高次(ci)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)對主(zhu)變及系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)其它電(dian)(dian)器(qi)設備的危害。

濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)抗器與電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器相串聯后，不但(dan)能有效地(di)吸收電(dian)(dian)網(wang)諧波(bo)，而(er)且提高了(le)系統(tong)的(de)(de)功率因數，對(dui)于系統(tong)的(de)(de)安全運行起到了(le)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)作用(yong)。

7、變頻器電抗器的作用

變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)專用電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)通常安裝在變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)直流調速器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸入或輸出(chu)端，可抵制變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)3、5次諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)向(xiang)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)傳遞(di)，減少(shao)變(bian)頻(pin)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)對其他(ta)元件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)擾(rao)，改善電(dian)網(wang)(wang)質量、提高功(gong)率因(yin)數并限制電(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)異常波(bo)(bo)動和電(dian)網(wang)(wang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)電(dian)流、平抑波(bo)(bo)形(xing)、減少(shao)對變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。

8、平波電抗器的作用

平波(bo)電(dian)抗器在(zai)整流(liu)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是個重要(yao)元(yuan)件，在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)頻電(dian)源中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要(yao)作用是：

（1）限制短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電流，（逆(ni)變(bian)晶閘(zha)管(guan)換(huan)相時同時導(dao)通相當于整流橋負載直(zhi)接(jie)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)）沒有電抗器(qi)就直(zhi)接(jie)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)。

（2）抑制中頻分量(liang)對工(gong)頻電網的影響。

（3）濾波(bo)作用（整(zheng)流(liu)電流(liu)帶(dai)有交(jiao)流(liu)成(cheng)分；高頻交(jiao)流(liu)不(bu)一通過大電感(gan)）使(shi)整(zheng)流(liu)輸(shu)出波(bo)形(xing)連續，如不(bu)連續，就會(hui)出現(xian)(xian)電流(liu)為(wei)零的(de)時(shi)間，這時(shi)逆變橋停(ting)止工作，造成(cheng)整(zheng)流(liu)橋開路的(de)現(xian)(xian)象。

（4）并聯逆(ni)變電(dian)路(lu)的(de)輸入功率有無功分量的(de)吞吐(tu)，逆(ni)變橋(qiao)的(de)輸入電(dian)路(lu)中必定有儲(chu)能的(de)元件電(dian)抗器。

9、啟動電抗器的作用

交流(liu)異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)大，是額定(ding)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)5—7倍，因(yin)此(ci)，大型電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)在(zai)(zai)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)時，會(hui)對電(dian)網產(chan)生較大的(de)電(dian)壓降(jiang)，對線路的(de)電(dian)氣設備產(chan)生較大的(de)影響。通常用降(jiang)壓的(de)方法來限制(zhi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)。降(jiang)壓啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)可在(zai)(zai)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)線路上(shang)串聯啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)抗器(qi)，一般匹配的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)功率在(zai)(zai)220KW—4800KW。

10、限流電抗器的作用

當電(dian)力系統發生(sheng)故障時，用來限制(zhi)饋線過流的(de)電(dian)抗器。

三、電抗器如何選型

1、電抗器的類型

電抗(kang)器的(de)種類眾(zhong)多，在(zai)選型時(shi)需(xu)要結合(he)使用場合(he)和(he)實(shi)際(ji)需(xu)求(qiu)來選擇合(he)適的(de)電抗(kang)器類型。

2、額定電壓和額定電流

額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)(he)額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器選(xuan)型的(de)(de)重要(yao)參數。常規額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓有220V、380V、660V等，額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)1.1倍左右。在實(shi)際選(xuan)型過程中(zhong)，需要(yao)考慮(lv)到系統的(de)(de)額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)(he)額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，通過比較電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器的(de)(de)額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)值和(he)(he)(he)實(shi)際要(yao)求(qiu)值，選(xuan)擇峰(feng)值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)(he)(he)均值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓均超(chao)過需求(qiu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器，以確保系統的(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)運行。

3、工作溫度

電(dian)(dian)抗器的(de)工(gong)作溫(wen)度對其(qi)性能(neng)(neng)和壽命有(you)較大的(de)影響。一般來說(shuo)，電(dian)(dian)抗器在過(guo)載或長時間運行時，會產生(sheng)一定的(de)溫(wen)升(sheng)，而溫(wen)升(sheng)過(guo)高(gao)則會影響電(dian)(dian)抗器的(de)性能(neng)(neng)和壽命。因此(ci)，在選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)電(dian)(dian)抗器時，需要結合(he)實際工(gong)作條件來選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)具有(you)合(he)適溫(wen)升(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)抗器。

4、磁性材料

電抗器中的磁性材料對電抗器的性能和壽命具有很大影響。一般來說，電抗器中所使用的(de)磁性(xing)(xing)材(cai)料需要具有(you)較(jiao)好的(de)耐高溫(wen)、耐腐蝕、大磁導率等性(xing)(xing)質，以滿(man)足復雜的(de)工作(zuo)環境。在選(xuan)型時(shi)需要選(xuan)擇具有(you)較(jiao)好性(xing)(xing)能和質量可靠的(de)磁性(xing)(xing)材(cai)料的(de)電抗器(qi)。