一、電抗器的種類有哪些

1、按結構及冷卻介質：分為空(kong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)式(shi)、鐵心(xin)(xin)(xin)式(shi)、干式(shi)、油(you)浸式(shi)等，例如(ru)：干式(shi)空(kong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)電抗(kang)器、干式(shi)鐵心(xin)(xin)(xin)電抗(kang)器、油(you)浸鐵心(xin)(xin)(xin)電抗(kang)器、油(you)浸空(kong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)電抗(kang)器、夾持式(shi)干式(shi)空(kong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)電抗(kang)器、繞(rao)包式(shi)干式(shi)空(kong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)電抗(kang)器、水泥電抗(kang)器等。

2、按接法：分為并聯(lian)電(dian)抗器和串聯(lian)電(dian)抗器。

3、按功能：分為限流和補償。

4、按用途：按具體用(yong)途細分(fen)，例(li)如：限流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、濾波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、平波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、功率因數補償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、串聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、接地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、消弧線圈、進線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、出線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、飽和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、自(zi)飽和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、可變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（可調(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、可控電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）、軛流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、串聯(lian)(lian)諧(xie)振(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、并聯(lian)(lian)諧(xie)振(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。

二、各類電抗器在電路中的作用

1、串聯電抗器的作用

串聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)主要用來(lai)(lai)限制(zhi)短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，也有在濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)中與電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)串聯或(huo)并聯用來(lai)(lai)限制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的高次諧波(bo)(bo)，串聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)通常(chang)起限流作用。

2、并聯電抗器的作用

并聯電(dian)(dian)抗器有(you)改(gai)善(shan)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)有(you)關(guan)運行(xing)狀況的多種功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)，經常(chang)用(yong)于無功(gong)(gong)(gong)補償。例如改(gai)善(shan)長輸電(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)上的電(dian)(dian)壓分布；用(yong)來吸收電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)的充電(dian)(dian)容性(xing)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)；防止(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)機帶長線路(lu)(lu)(lu)可能(neng)出現的自勵磁諧振(zhen)現象等。

3、輸入電抗器的作用

輸入電(dian)抗器是用來限制(zhi)電(dian)網(wang)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)突變(bian)和操作過電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)引(yin)起的(de)電(dian)流(liu)沖擊，平滑電(dian)源電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)中包含的(de)尖峰脈沖，或平滑橋式整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)路換(huan)相(xiang)時產(chan)生的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)缺(que)陷(xian)，有效地(di)保護變(bian)頻(pin)器和改善功(gong)率因數，它既能(neng)阻止來自電(dian)網(wang)的(de)干擾，又能(neng)減(jian)少整(zheng)流(liu)單元產(chan)生的(de)諧波(bo)電(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)網(wang)的(de)污染。

4、輸出電抗器的作用

輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)抗(kang)器主要作用(yong)是補償長線（50-200m）分布電(dian)容的影響，并能抑制輸(shu)出(chu)諧波電(dian)流，提高(gao)(gao)輸(shu)出(chu)高(gao)(gao)頻阻抗(kang)，有效抑制dv/dt，減(jian)低高(gao)(gao)頻漏電(dian)流，起到(dao)保(bao)護變頻器，減(jian)小設備噪聲的作用(yong)。電(dian)容器在(zai)補償功(gong)率的時(shi)候，往往會受(shou)到(dao)諧波電(dian)壓(ya)和諧波電(dian)流的沖擊，造成電(dian)容器損(sun)壞和功(gong)率因數(shu)降低，為此，需要在(zai)補償的時(shi)候進行(xing)諧波治理。

5、直流電抗器的作用

直流(liu)電(dian)抗器接(jie)在變(bian)頻系統(tong)的直流(liu)整(zheng)流(liu)環節(jie)(jie)與逆變(bian)環節(jie)(jie)之間，主要用途(tu)是將疊加在直流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)上的交(jiao)流(liu)分量限定在某一規定值，保持整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)連(lian)續，減小(xiao)電(dian)流(liu)脈沖值，使逆變(bian)環節(jie)(jie)運行更穩(wen)定及改善變(bian)頻器的功率因數(shu)。

6、濾波電抗器的作用

濾波電(dian)抗器(qi)廣(guang)泛用(yong)(yong)于高低壓濾波柜中(zhong)，與濾波電(dian)容器(qi)相(xiang)串聯，調諧至某一諧振頻率，用(yong)(yong)來(lai)吸收(shou)電(dian)網中(zhong)相(xiang)應頻率的(de)諧波電(dian)流(liu)，以消(xiao)除高次諧波對主變及系統中(zhong)其它(ta)電(dian)器(qi)設備(bei)的(de)危害。

濾波電(dian)抗器與電(dian)容器相串聯后，不但(dan)能(neng)有效地吸(xi)收電(dian)網諧波，而(er)且提高了系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)功率因(yin)數，對于系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)安(an)全運行起到(dao)了較大的(de)作用。

7、變頻器電抗器的作用

變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)專用電抗器(qi)(qi)(qi)通常安裝在變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)直流調(diao)速器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)輸入或輸出(chu)端，可(ke)抵(di)制變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)產生的(de)(de)(de)3、5次諧(xie)波(bo)向電網傳遞(di)，減(jian)少(shao)變(bian)頻(pin)產生的(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)波(bo)對其(qi)他元件的(de)(de)(de)干擾，改善電網質量、提高(gao)功率因數并限制電網電壓的(de)(de)(de)異常波(bo)動(dong)和電網上的(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)電流、平抑(yi)波(bo)形、減(jian)少(shao)對變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)影響。

8、平波電抗器的作用

平波(bo)電抗器在整流(liu)電路中是個重要(yao)元件，在中頻(pin)電源(yuan)中主要(yao)作用是：

（1）限制短路電流(liu)，（逆變(bian)晶閘管換相(xiang)時同時導通相(xiang)當于整流(liu)橋(qiao)負載直(zhi)(zhi)接短路）沒有電抗器就直(zhi)(zhi)接短路。

（2）抑制中(zhong)頻分量對工頻電(dian)網的影響。

（3）濾波(bo)作用（整(zheng)流電(dian)流帶有交流成分(fen)；高頻交流不(bu)一通(tong)過大電(dian)感）使整(zheng)流輸出(chu)波(bo)形連(lian)續，如不(bu)連(lian)續，就會出(chu)現電(dian)流為零的時(shi)間，這時(shi)逆變(bian)橋停止工作，造成整(zheng)流橋開(kai)路的現象(xiang)。

（4）并聯逆變(bian)電(dian)路的輸入(ru)功率有無功分量的吞(tun)吐，逆變(bian)橋的輸入(ru)電(dian)路中必定有儲能的元件(jian)電(dian)抗器。

9、啟動電抗器的作用

交流(liu)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大，是(shi)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)5—7倍(bei)，因此，大型電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機在(zai)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)時，會對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網產生較大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降，對(dui)(dui)線路的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備產生較大的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。通常用(yong)降壓(ya)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)來限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。降壓(ya)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)可在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)線路上串聯啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器，一般匹配的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)功(gong)率在(zai)220KW—4800KW。

10、限流電抗器的作用

當電力(li)系(xi)統發生故障時，用來限制饋線過流的(de)電抗器(qi)。

三、電抗器如何選型

1、電抗器的類型

電抗器(qi)的(de)種類眾多，在選型時(shi)需(xu)要結合使用場(chang)合和實際需(xu)求(qiu)來選擇合適的(de)電抗器(qi)類型。

2、額定電壓和額定電流

額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)選(xuan)(xuan)型的重要(yao)參(can)數。常規額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)有(you)220V、380V、660V等，額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)一般(ban)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的1.1倍左右。在實際(ji)選(xuan)(xuan)型過(guo)程中，需要(yao)考慮到系統的額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，通過(guo)比較(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)的額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)值和實際(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)值，選(xuan)(xuan)擇峰(feng)值電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和均值電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)均超過(guo)需求(qiu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)，以(yi)確保系統的穩定(ding)運行。

3、工作溫度

電(dian)抗器的(de)工作溫(wen)度對其性(xing)能和壽命有較大的(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。一(yi)般來(lai)說，電(dian)抗器在過載或(huo)長(chang)時間運行時，會產(chan)生一(yi)定的(de)溫(wen)升(sheng)，而溫(wen)升(sheng)過高則會影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)抗器的(de)性(xing)能和壽命。因此，在選擇電(dian)抗器時，需要結合(he)實(shi)際(ji)工作條件來(lai)選擇具有合(he)適溫(wen)升(sheng)的(de)電(dian)抗器。

4、磁性材料

電抗器中的磁性材料對電抗器的性能和壽命具有很大影響。一般來說，電抗器中所(suo)使用的磁性材料需(xu)要具(ju)有(you)較好的耐(nai)高溫、耐(nai)腐蝕、大磁導率等性質(zhi)，以滿足(zu)復雜(za)的工(gong)作環境。在選(xuan)型時需(xu)要選(xuan)擇具(ju)有(you)較好性能和質(zhi)量可靠的磁性材料的電抗器(qi)。