一、電抗器的種類有哪些

1、按結構及冷卻介質：分為(wei)空(kong)心式(shi)(shi)(shi)、鐵(tie)心式(shi)(shi)(shi)、干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、油浸式(shi)(shi)(shi)等，例(li)如：干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器、干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器、油浸鐵(tie)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器、油浸空(kong)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器、夾持式(shi)(shi)(shi)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器、繞包式(shi)(shi)(shi)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器、水(shui)泥(ni)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器等。

2、按接法：分為并聯電抗器和串聯電抗器。

3、按功能：分為限流和補償。

4、按用途：按具體用途細(xi)分(fen)，例如：限流電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、平波電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、功率因數補償電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、串聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、接(jie)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、消弧(hu)線圈、進線電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、出線電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、飽和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、自(zi)飽和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、可變電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)（可調(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、可控(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)）、軛流電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、串聯(lian)諧振(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)、并聯(lian)諧振(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)等。

二、各類電抗器在電路中的作用

1、串聯電抗器的作用

串聯電(dian)抗器主要(yao)用來限(xian)制短路電(dian)流，也有在(zai)濾波(bo)(bo)器中(zhong)與電(dian)容器串聯或并聯用來限(xian)制電(dian)網中(zhong)的高次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)，串聯電(dian)抗器通常(chang)起限(xian)流作用。

2、并聯電抗器的作用

并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)抗器有(you)改善(shan)電(dian)力系(xi)統無功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率有(you)關運行狀況的(de)多種功(gong)(gong)能，經(jing)常用(yong)(yong)于無功(gong)(gong)補償(chang)。例如改善(shan)長輸電(dian)線(xian)路上的(de)電(dian)壓分布；用(yong)(yong)來吸收電(dian)纜(lan)線(xian)路的(de)充電(dian)容性無功(gong)(gong)；防止發電(dian)機帶長線(xian)路可能出現(xian)的(de)自勵磁諧振現(xian)象等。

3、輸入電抗器的作用

輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器是(shi)用來(lai)限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)突變和(he)操(cao)作過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)沖擊(ji)，平(ping)滑電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)中包含的(de)(de)(de)(de)尖峰(feng)脈沖，或平(ping)滑橋式整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路換相時產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)缺陷，有效地保(bao)護變頻(pin)器和(he)改(gai)善(shan)功率(lv)因數(shu)，它既能(neng)阻止來(lai)自(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾(rao)，又能(neng)減少整流(liu)單元產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧波電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染。

4、輸出電抗器的作用

輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)主要(yao)(yao)作用是補(bu)(bu)償(chang)長線（50-200m）分(fen)布電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的影(ying)響，并能抑制(zhi)輸出(chu)諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，提高(gao)輸出(chu)高(gao)頻(pin)阻抗(kang)，有(you)效抑制(zhi)dv/dt，減低高(gao)頻(pin)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，起到保護(hu)變頻(pin)器(qi)，減小設備噪(zao)聲的作用。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)在補(bu)(bu)償(chang)功率的時(shi)候，往往會(hui)受(shou)到諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的沖擊(ji)，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)損壞和功率因數降低，為此，需要(yao)(yao)在補(bu)(bu)償(chang)的時(shi)候進行諧(xie)波(bo)治理。

5、直流電抗器的作用

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電抗器(qi)接在(zai)變(bian)頻系(xi)統的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)整流(liu)(liu)環(huan)節(jie)與(yu)逆(ni)變(bian)環(huan)節(jie)之間，主要用途是將疊加(jia)在(zai)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)上的(de)交流(liu)(liu)分量限定在(zai)某一規定值，保(bao)持(chi)整流(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)連(lian)續，減小電流(liu)(liu)脈沖值，使(shi)逆(ni)變(bian)環(huan)節(jie)運行(xing)更穩(wen)定及改(gai)善變(bian)頻器(qi)的(de)功率因數。

6、濾波電抗器的作用

濾波(bo)(bo)電抗器廣泛用于高低壓濾波(bo)(bo)柜中，與濾波(bo)(bo)電容器相(xiang)串聯(lian)，調諧(xie)(xie)至某一諧(xie)(xie)振頻率(lv)，用來吸(xi)收電網中相(xiang)應頻率(lv)的(de)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)電流，以(yi)消除高次諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)(bo)對主(zhu)變及系統中其它電器設備的(de)危害(hai)。

濾波電(dian)抗(kang)器與電(dian)容器相(xiang)串聯后，不(bu)但能有效地吸收電(dian)網諧波，而(er)且(qie)提高了系統的功率(lv)因(yin)數，對(dui)于系統的安全運行起到了較大的作用。

7、變頻器電抗器的作用

變頻(pin)器(qi)專用(yong)電(dian)抗器(qi)通常安裝在(zai)變頻(pin)器(qi)直(zhi)流調速器(qi)的(de)輸(shu)入或(huo)輸(shu)出端，可抵制變頻(pin)器(qi)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)3、5次諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)向電(dian)網(wang)傳遞(di)，減少(shao)變頻(pin)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)對(dui)其他元件的(de)干擾，改善電(dian)網(wang)質量、提高功(gong)率因數(shu)并限制電(dian)網(wang)電(dian)壓的(de)異常波(bo)(bo)動和電(dian)網(wang)上的(de)沖(chong)擊電(dian)流、平(ping)抑(yi)波(bo)(bo)形、減少(shao)對(dui)變頻(pin)器(qi)的(de)影響。

8、平波電抗器的作用

平波電抗器(qi)在(zai)整流(liu)電路中是(shi)個重要(yao)元件(jian)，在(zai)中頻電源中主要(yao)作(zuo)用是(shi)：

（1）限制(zhi)短(duan)路(lu)電流(liu)，（逆變晶(jing)閘(zha)管換相時(shi)同時(shi)導通相當于整流(liu)橋(qiao)負(fu)載直接短(duan)路(lu)）沒有(you)電抗器就(jiu)直接短(duan)路(lu)。

（2）抑制(zhi)中頻(pin)(pin)分量對工頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)網的影響。

（3）濾波作用(yong)（整(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)流帶(dai)有交流成分(fen)；高頻交流不一通過大(da)電(dian)(dian)感）使整(zheng)(zheng)流輸出波形連續，如(ru)不連續，就會出現電(dian)(dian)流為零的時間，這時逆(ni)變橋(qiao)停止工作，造(zao)成整(zheng)(zheng)流橋(qiao)開路(lu)的現象。

（4）并(bing)聯(lian)逆變電(dian)路(lu)的輸入功率有無功分量的吞吐，逆變橋的輸入電(dian)路(lu)中必定有儲能的元件電(dian)抗器(qi)。

9、啟動電抗器的作用

交流異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大，是額(e)定電(dian)(dian)流的5—7倍，因此，大型電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)在(zai)(zai)啟(qi)動(dong)時，會對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網產生較大的電(dian)(dian)壓降(jiang)，對(dui)線路的電(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備產生較大的影響。通常(chang)用降(jiang)壓的方法來限制電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流。降(jiang)壓啟(qi)動(dong)的可在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的線路上串聯啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)抗器，一般匹(pi)配的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的功率在(zai)(zai)220KW—4800KW。

10、限流電抗器的作用

當電(dian)力系統(tong)發生故障(zhang)時，用(yong)來限制饋線過流(liu)的(de)電(dian)抗器。

三、電抗器如何選型

1、電抗器的類型

電(dian)抗器的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)眾多，在選型時需(xu)要結合使(shi)用場合和實(shi)際需(xu)求來選擇(ze)合適的(de)電(dian)抗器類(lei)(lei)型。

2、額定電壓和額定電流

額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)是電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)選(xuan)型的(de)重要(yao)參(can)數。常(chang)規額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)有220V、380V、660V等，額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般是電(dian)(dian)機額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)1.1倍左(zuo)右。在實際選(xuan)型過(guo)程中，需要(yao)考慮到系統的(de)額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)(he)額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，通過(guo)比較電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)的(de)額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)值和(he)(he)實際要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)值，選(xuan)擇峰值電(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)(he)均(jun)值電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)均(jun)超過(guo)需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)，以確保系統的(de)穩定(ding)(ding)運行。

3、工作溫度

電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)度對其性能(neng)和(he)壽命有較大的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。一(yi)(yi)般來說，電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)在(zai)過載或長時間(jian)運行(xing)時，會產生一(yi)(yi)定的(de)溫(wen)升，而溫(wen)升過高則會影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)的(de)性能(neng)和(he)壽命。因此(ci)，在(zai)選(xuan)擇電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)時，需要結合(he)實際工作(zuo)(zuo)條件(jian)來選(xuan)擇具(ju)有合(he)適(shi)溫(wen)升的(de)電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)。

4、磁性材料

電抗器中的磁性材料對電抗器的性能和壽命具有很大影響。一般來說，電抗器中所使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)性(xing)材料需要具有較好的(de)(de)(de)耐高(gao)溫、耐腐蝕、大磁(ci)導(dao)率等性(xing)質，以滿(man)足復雜的(de)(de)(de)工作環境。在選(xuan)(xuan)型時需要選(xuan)(xuan)擇具有較好性(xing)能和質量可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)性(xing)材料的(de)(de)(de)電抗(kang)器(qi)。