電(dian)動汽車(che)如何(he)充(chong)電(dian)? 電(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)方式詳(xiang)解
1、電動汽車充電設備
對于(yu)一(yi)輛(liang)電(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)來講,蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)是不可缺少的(de)(de)(de)子系(xi)統之一(yi),它的(de)(de)(de)功能是將電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能轉化(hua)為電(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)車(che)(che)載(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能。電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)(de)分類有不同的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法。總體上可分為車(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置和(he)非車(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置。
車(che)載充電裝置,指安裝在電動汽車(che)上的(de)采用地面交流電網和車(che)載電源對(dui)電池組進(jin)行(xing)充電的(de)裝置。
包括(kuo)車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電機、車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電發(fa)電機組和運(yun)行(xing)能(neng)量回收充(chong)(chong)(chong)電裝置(zhi)。它(ta)將(jiang)一(yi)根帶插(cha)頭的交(jiao)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電纜(lan)線直接插(cha)到電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的插(cha)座中給電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電。車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電裝置(zhi)通常使用結(jie)構簡單、控制方便的接觸式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電器也可以是感應充(chong)(chong)(chong)電器。它(ta)完全按照車(che)載蓄電池(chi)的種類進行(xing)設計,針對(dui)性較強。
非(fei)車載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝置,即地面充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝置,主要包括專用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機、專用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、通(tong)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機、公共場所用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)等(deng)。它可以(yi)滿足各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)各(ge)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。通(tong)常非(fei)車載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)功率(lv)、體積和重量均比較大,以(yi)便(bian)能夠(gou)適應各(ge)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。
另(ling)外,根據(ju)對電動車(che)蓄電池(chi)充電時的能量裝換的方式不同,充電裝置可(ke)以(yi)分為接(jie)觸式和感應(ying)式。
隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術和變流(liu)控制技術的飛(fei)速發展,高精度可(ke)控變流(liu)技術的成熟和普及,分階(jie)段恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式已經基本(ben)被充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓連(lian)續變化的恒壓限流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式取代(dai)。直(zhi)到目前,主導充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)藝的還是恒壓限流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式。接觸(chu)式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的最大問題(ti)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)它的安(an)全性(xing)和通用性(xing),為了使它滿足嚴格的安(an)全充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標準,必須在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上采用許多(duo)措(cuo)施使充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備能夠在(zai)(zai)各種(zhong)環境下安(an)全充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒壓限流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和分階(jie)段恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均屬于(yu)接觸(chu)式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術。
近(jin)年來,新型的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車感(gan)應(ying)充(chong)電(dian)技術發(fa)展很快。、感(gan)應(ying)充(chong)電(dian)器是(shi)利用高(gao)頻交流(liu)磁(ci)場的(de)變壓器原(yuan)(yuan)理,將電(dian)能從離車的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)方感(gan)應(ying)到車載(zai)的(de)副方,以達到給蓄電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。感(gan)應(ying)充(chong)電(dian)的(de)最大優點是(shi)安全,這是(shi)因為充(chong)電(dian)器與電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車之(zhi)間(jian)并(bing)無直接的(de)點接觸(chu),使得即使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車在(zai)惡劣(lie)的(de)氣候下,如雨雪天,進行充(chong)電(dian)也無觸(chu)電(dian)的(de)危險(如圖1)。
2、電動汽車充電方式
2.1 常規充電方式
該充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)采用恒壓(ya)、恒流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以相當低(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小約為(wei)15A,若以120Ah(例(li)如360V,即串聯(lian)12V100Ah30只(zhi))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)例(li),充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間要(yao)(yao)持續8個多小時。相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)和安裝成(cheng)本相對比(bi)較(jiao)低(di)(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)家(jia)(jia)用充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施(車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機)和小型充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站多采用這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機是純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)轎車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)最基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(如圖2)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機作(zuo)為(wei)標(biao)準(zhun)配(pei)置固定在(zai)(zai)車(che)(che)上(shang)或(huo)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)后備箱(xiang)里。由(you)于只(zhi)需將車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)插(cha)頭插(cha)到(dao)停(ting)車(che)(che)場或(huo)家(jia)(jia)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插(cha)座上(shang)即可進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),因此(ci)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程一般由(you)客戶(hu)自己獨立(li)完成(cheng)。直接從低(di)(di)壓(ya)照明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率較(jiao)小,由(you)220V/16A規格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間為(wei)8~10h(SOC達到(dao)95%以上(shang))。這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網沒(mei)有(you)特殊要(yao)(yao)求,只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)能夠滿足照明要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量就能夠使用。由(you)于在(zai)(zai)家(jia)(jia)中充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通常是晚(wan)上(shang)或(huo)者(zhe)是在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)(di)谷期,有(you)利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效利用,因此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門(men)一般會給(gei)予電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)用戶(hu)一些(xie)優(you)惠,例(li)如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)(di)谷期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)打(da)折。
小型充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站是電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的一(yi)種最重(zhong)要的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(如圖3),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機設置在街邊、超市、辦公(gong)樓、停(ting)車(che)場等處(chu)。采(cai)用常規充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)駕駛(shi)員只需將車(che)停(ting)靠在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站指定的位(wei)置上,接上電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)即可開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。計費方式是投幣或刷卡,充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率一(yi)般(ban)在5~10kW,采(cai)用三相四線(xian)制(zhi)380V供電(dian)(dian)(dian)或單(dan)相220V供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。其(qi)典(dian)型的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間是:補(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)1~2h,充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿5~8h(SOC達到95%以上)。
2.2 快速充電方式
該充(chong)電(dian)方式以150~400A的高充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流在(zai)短時間內為蓄電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian),與前者相(xiang)比安裝成本(ben)相(xiang)對較(jiao)高。
快速(su)充(chong)電也(ye)可(ke)稱為迅速(su)充(chong)電或應急充(chong)電,其(qi)目的是在(zai)短時(shi)間(jian)內給電動汽車(che)充(chong)滿電,充(chong)電時(shi)間(jian)應該與燃(ran)油(you)車(che)的加油(you)時(shi)間(jian)接近(jin)。大(da)型充(chong)電站(zhan)(機)多(duo)采用這種充(chong)電方式。
大(da)型充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(機)—快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式(如圖4)主(zhu)要(yao)針對(dui)長距離(li)旅行或需要(yao)進行快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)補(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)情況進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機功(gong)率(lv)很大(da),一般(ban)都(dou)(dou)大(da)于30kW,采用(yong)三相(xiang)四(si)線制(zhi)380V供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其典型的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間是(shi):10~30min。這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命有一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)影響,特別是(shi)普(pu)通蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)能進行快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),因為在(zai)短(duan)時間內接受大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量會導致蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池過(guo)熱。快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵是(shi)非車載快(kuai)速(su)(su)(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)組(zu)件,它能夠(gou)輸(shu)出35kW甚至更高的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)。由于功(gong)率(lv)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)(ding)值都(dou)(dou)很高,因此這(zhe)(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,一般(ban)應(ying)靠近10kV變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)附近或在(zai)監測(ce)站(zhan)(zhan)和服務中心中使用(yong)。
2.3 無線充電方式
電(dian)動汽車無線充電(dian)方式是近幾(ji)年國(guo)外的(de)研究成(cheng)果,其原理(li)就(jiu)像(xiang)在車里(li)使用的(de)移動電(dian)話———將電(dian)能轉換成(cheng)一種符合現行技(ji)術標(biao)準(zhun)要求的(de)特殊的(de)激光或微波束,在汽車頂(ding)上安裝一個(ge)專(zhuan)用天線接(jie)收即可。
有了無線充(chong)電(dian)(dian)技術,公路上行(xing)駛(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車或雙能源(yuan)汽(qi)車可通過安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在電(dian)(dian)線桿(gan)或其它高層建筑上的(de)發射器快速(su)補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)能。電(dian)(dian)費(fei)將從汽(qi)車上安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)預付卡中扣除。
2.4 更換電池充電方式
除了以上幾種(zhong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)外,還可(ke)以采用(yong)(yong)更(geng)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)方(fang)式(shi),即在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量耗盡時,用(yong)(yong)充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)更(geng)換(huan)已經耗盡的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)歸服(fu)務站或電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)廠商所有,電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車用(yong)(yong)戶只需(xu)租用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。更(geng)換(huan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)工(gong)作原理如(ru)圖5所示,電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車用(yong)(yong)戶把車停在一個特定的(de)區域,然后用(yong)(yong)更(geng)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)機器(qi)將(jiang)耗盡的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)取下(xia),換(huan)上已充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)。對(dui)于更(geng)換(huan)下(xia)來的(de)未充電(dian)(dian)(dian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),可(ke)以在服(fu)務站充電(dian)(dian)(dian),也可(ke)以集中收(shou)集起來以后再充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)更(geng)換(huan)過(guo)程(cheng)包括機械(xie)(xie)更(geng)換(huan)和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian),因此有時也稱它為機械(xie)(xie)“加油”。
或機(ji)械(xie)(xie)充(chong)電(dian)。電(dian)池(chi)更(geng)換(huan)站同時(shi)(shi)具備(bei)正常(chang)充(chong)電(dian)站和快速充(chong)電(dian)站的優點,也就是說可以用低(di)谷電(dian)給蓄電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian),同時(shi)(shi)又能在很短(duan)的時(shi)(shi)間內完成“加油(you)”過程(cheng)。通(tong)過使用機(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)備(bei),整個電(dian)池(chi)更(geng)換(huan)過程(cheng)可以在10min內完成,與現有的燃油(you)車加油(you)時(shi)(shi)間大致相(xiang)當。
不(bu)過,這種方法還(huan)(huan)存在不(bu)少問題有待(dai)解決(jue)。首先,這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更換(huan)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)初始成本很高,其(qi)中包括(kuo)昂貴的(de)機械裝置和大(da)量的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。其(qi)次(ci),由(you)于(yu)存放大(da)量未充電(dian)(dian)(dian)和已充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)需要很多空間,因此修建(jian)一個蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更換(huan)站所需空間遠大(da)于(yu)修建(jian)一個正常充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站或快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站所需的(de)空間。還(huan)(huan)有,在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自動更換(huan)系(xi)統(tong)得到應用之前,需要對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)物理尺(chi)寸和電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)參數制(zhi)定統(tong)一的(de)標準(zhun)。
2.5 移動式充電方式
對電動汽車蓄電池而(er)言,最理(li)想的(de)情(qing)況是汽車在路上巡航時充(chong)電,即(ji)所謂(wei)的(de)移動式充(chong)電(MAC)。
這(zhe)樣,電動汽車用戶(hu)就(jiu)沒(mei)有必(bi)要去(qu)尋找充(chong)電站、停放車輛并花費時(shi)間(jian)(jian)去(qu)充(chong)電了。MAC系(xi)統埋設在一段(duan)路面之下,即充(chong)電區,不需要額(e)外的空間(jian)(jian)。
接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)式(shi)和(he)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)式(shi)的MAC系統(tong)都可(ke)(ke)(ke)實施。對接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)式(shi)的MAC系統(tong)而(er)言,需要在(zai)車體的底部裝一(yi)個(ge)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)拱(gong),通過(guo)與(yu)嵌(qian)在(zai)路面(mian)上的充電(dian)(dian)元(yuan)件相接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu),接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)拱(gong)便(bian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)獲得瞬時高(gao)電(dian)(dian)流。當電(dian)(dian)動汽車巡(xun)航通過(guo)MAC區時,其充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程為脈沖充電(dian)(dian)。對于(yu)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)式(shi)的MAC系統(tong),車載式(shi)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)拱(gong)由感(gan)(gan)應(ying)線圈所取代,嵌(qian)在(zai)路面(mian)上的充電(dian)(dian)元(yuan)件由可(ke)(ke)(ke)產生強磁場的高(gao)電(dian)(dian)流繞組(zu)所取代。
很明顯,由(you)于機械(xie)損耗(hao)和接觸拱的安裝(zhuang)位置(zhi)等(deng)因素的影響,接觸式(shi)的MAC對人們的吸引力不(bu)大(da)。
目前的(de)研究(jiu)主要集中在感(gan)應充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式(shi),因為它不需要機械接觸,也不會產(chan)生大的(de)位置誤(wu)差。當然,這種充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)投資巨大,現在仍處于實驗(yan)階段。