電(dian)動汽車如何(he)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)? 電(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)詳解

1、電動汽車充電設備

對于一輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)來講，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不可(ke)缺少(shao)的子系統之一，它的功能是將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉化(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的分類有不同的方法(fa)。總體上可(ke)分為(wei)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)非車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。

車載充電裝(zhuang)置，指安裝(zhuang)在電動汽(qi)車上的(de)采用地面交流電網(wang)和車載電源對電池(chi)組進(jin)行充電的(de)裝(zhuang)置。

包括車(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)充電(dian)機(ji)、車(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)充電(dian)發電(dian)機(ji)組和(he)運(yun)行能量回收充電(dian)裝置。它(ta)將(jiang)一根帶插頭的交流動力電(dian)纜(lan)線直接(jie)插到(dao)電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)的插座中給(gei)電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)充電(dian)。車(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)充電(dian)裝置通常使(shi)用結(jie)構簡單、控制方便的接(jie)觸式充電(dian)器(qi)也可以(yi)是感應充電(dian)器(qi)。它(ta)完全(quan)按照(zhao)車(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)蓄電(dian)池的種類進行設(she)計，針(zhen)對性較強(qiang)。

非車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，即地面充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，主要包括專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、通用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、公共場所用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站等。它可以(yi)滿(man)足(zu)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)各種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。通常(chang)非車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)功率、體(ti)積和重量均(jun)比較大，以(yi)便能夠(gou)適(shi)應各種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。

另外，根據對(dui)電(dian)動(dong)車蓄電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)時的(de)能(neng)量裝換的(de)方式(shi)(shi)不同，充電(dian)裝置(zhi)可以分為接觸式(shi)(shi)和感(gan)應式(shi)(shi)。

隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)和(he)變(bian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)控(kong)制技術(shu)的(de)飛速發展，高精度可控(kong)變(bian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)技術(shu)的(de)成熟(shu)和(he)普(pu)及，分(fen)階段恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)已經基本被充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)連續變(bian)化的(de)恒(heng)壓(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)取代。直到目(mu)前，主導(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工藝的(de)還是恒(heng)壓(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)。接觸式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)最大問題在于(yu)它的(de)安全性和(he)通用性，為了(le)使(shi)它滿(man)足嚴格的(de)安全充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標(biao)準，必(bi)須在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)采用許多措施使(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備能夠(gou)在各種環境下安全充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)壓(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)分(fen)階段恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均屬于(yu)接觸式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)。

近(jin)年來，新(xin)型的(de)(de)(de)電動車感應(ying)充(chong)電技術(shu)發展很快。、感應(ying)充(chong)電器是利(li)用(yong)高頻交流磁(ci)場的(de)(de)(de)變壓器原理，將電能從(cong)離車的(de)(de)(de)原方(fang)感應(ying)到車載的(de)(de)(de)副方(fang)，以(yi)達到給蓄電池充(chong)電的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。感應(ying)充(chong)電的(de)(de)(de)最大優點是安全(quan)，這是因為充(chong)電器與(yu)電動車之間(jian)并無直接的(de)(de)(de)點接觸，使(shi)得即使(shi)電動車在惡劣(lie)的(de)(de)(de)氣候下，如雨(yu)雪(xue)天，進行充(chong)電也無觸電的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險（如圖(tu)1）。

2、電動汽車充電方式

2.1 常規充電方式

該充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)用恒(heng)壓、恒(heng)流(liu)的(de)傳統(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)相(xiang)當低的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小(xiao)約為15A,若以(yi)120Ah（例如(ru)(ru)(ru)360V,即(ji)(ji)串聯12V100Ah30只(zhi)）的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為例，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間要持續8個多小(xiao)時。相(xiang)應的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)工(gong)作和安裝成本相(xiang)對(dui)比較低。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)家(jia)用充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施（車(che)(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機）和小(xiao)型充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站多采(cai)用這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。車(che)(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機是純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)一(yi)(yi)種最基本的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備（如(ru)(ru)(ru)圖(tu)2）。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機作為標準(zhun)(zhun)配置固定在(zai)車(che)(che)(che)(che)上(shang)或(huo)放在(zai)后備箱里。由(you)于只(zhi)需將車(che)(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)插頭插到停車(che)(che)(che)(che)場(chang)或(huo)家(jia)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插座上(shang)即(ji)(ji)可進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)由(you)客戶(hu)自(zi)己獨(du)立完成。直接(jie)從低壓照明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率較小(xiao)，由(you)220V/16A規格的(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。典型的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間為8～10h（SOC達到95%以(yi)上(shang)）。這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)沒(mei)有(you)特殊要求(qiu)，只(zhi)要能(neng)夠滿足(zu)照明要求(qiu)的(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量就能(neng)夠使用。由(you)于在(zai)家(jia)中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通常是晚(wan)上(shang)或(huo)者是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低谷(gu)期(qi)，有(you)利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)有(you)效利(li)用，因此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門一(yi)(yi)般(ban)會給予電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)用戶(hu)一(yi)(yi)些優惠(hui)，例如(ru)(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低谷(gu)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)打(da)折。

小型充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的一種最重(zhong)要(yao)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式（如圖3），充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機設置在街邊、超市、辦公樓(lou)、停車(che)場等處。采用(yong)常(chang)規充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)駕駛員(yuan)只需將車(che)停靠在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)指(zhi)定(ding)的位置上，接上電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)即可(ke)開始充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。計費(fei)方(fang)(fang)式是(shi)(shi)投幣(bi)或(huo)刷卡(ka)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率一般在5～10kW,采用(yong)三相四(si)線(xian)制380V供電(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)單相220V供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。其典型的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間是(shi)(shi)：補電(dian)(dian)(dian)1～2h,充(chong)滿5～8h（SOC達(da)到95%以(yi)上）。

2.2 快速充電方式

該(gai)充電方式以150～400A的高充電電流在短時間(jian)內為蓄(xu)電池(chi)充電，與前者相(xiang)比(bi)安裝成本相(xiang)對較高。

快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)也(ye)可稱為(wei)迅(xun)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)或應急充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，其目的是在短時(shi)(shi)間內給電(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間應該與燃油車的加油時(shi)(shi)間接近(jin)。大型充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（機(ji)）多采(cai)用這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。

大型充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)（機）—快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)（如圖(tu)4）主要(yao)(yao)針對(dui)長距(ju)離旅行(xing)或(huo)需要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)補(bu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機功(gong)率很大，一(yi)般(ban)都大于30kW,采用三相四線制(zhi)380V供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其典型的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)是(shi)(shi)：10～30min。這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)影響，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)普(pu)通蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不能進(jin)行(xing)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因為在短時(shi)間(jian)內接受大量的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量會導致蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過熱(re)。快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)關鍵是(shi)(shi)非車載快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)組件，它能夠(gou)輸出35kW甚至更高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)功(gong)率。由(you)于功(gong)率和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)額定值(zhi)都很高(gao)(gao)(gao)，因此這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)有(you)較高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，一(yi)般(ban)應靠近(jin)10kV變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)附(fu)近(jin)或(huo)在監(jian)測站(zhan)和服務中心中使用。

2.3 無線充電方式

電動汽(qi)車無線充電方式是近(jin)幾年國外的(de)研(yan)究成果，其原(yuan)理就像在(zai)車里(li)使用(yong)的(de)移動電話———將電能轉換成一(yi)種(zhong)符合現行技術標準要求(qiu)的(de)特殊的(de)激光或(huo)微波束(shu)，在(zai)汽(qi)車頂(ding)上安裝一(yi)個專用(yong)天線接收即(ji)可。

有了無線充(chong)電(dian)技(ji)術，公路上行駛的(de)(de)電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)或雙能源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)可通(tong)過安(an)(an)裝在電(dian)線桿或其它(ta)高(gao)層建筑上的(de)(de)發(fa)射器快速補充(chong)電(dian)能。電(dian)費將從汽(qi)車(che)上安(an)(an)裝的(de)(de)預(yu)付卡中扣除。

2.4 更換電池充電方式

除了以(yi)上(shang)幾種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)外，還可(ke)以(yi)采用更(geng)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組的方式(shi)，即在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量耗盡時，用充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組更(geng)換(huan)已經耗盡的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)歸服務(wu)站(zhan)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)廠商所(suo)有，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車用戶只(zhi)需租用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。更(geng)換(huan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的工(gong)作原(yuan)理如圖5所(suo)示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車用戶把車停在一個特定的區域，然(ran)后用更(geng)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組的機器(qi)將耗盡的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)取下，換(huan)上(shang)已充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組。對于更(geng)換(huan)下來的未充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，可(ke)以(yi)在服務(wu)站(zhan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，也可(ke)以(yi)集中收集起(qi)來以(yi)后再充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更(geng)換(huan)過程包括機械(xie)更(geng)換(huan)和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此(ci)有時也稱它為機械(xie)“加油”。

或機械(xie)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池更換站同時具備正(zheng)常(chang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站和快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的優點，也就是(shi)說可以(yi)用低(di)谷電(dian)(dian)(dian)給(gei)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時又能在很短(duan)的時間(jian)內(nei)完成“加油(you)”過(guo)程。通過(guo)使(shi)用機械(xie)設備，整(zheng)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池更換過(guo)程可以(yi)在10min內(nei)完成，與現有的燃油(you)車加油(you)時間(jian)大致相當。

不過，這種方(fang)法還(huan)存在不少問題有待解決。首先(xian)，這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更換系統的(de)初(chu)始成本很高，其(qi)中(zhong)包(bao)括昂(ang)貴的(de)機械(xie)裝置和(he)大量的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。其(qi)次，由于(yu)存放大量未充電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)已充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)需要很多空(kong)間(jian)(jian)，因此修建一(yi)個蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更換站所需空(kong)間(jian)(jian)遠大于(yu)修建一(yi)個正常充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站或快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站所需的(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)。還(huan)有，在蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)自(zi)動更換系統得到(dao)應用之(zhi)前，需要對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)物理尺寸和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣參數制(zhi)定統一(yi)的(de)標(biao)準。

2.5 移動式充電方式

對電動汽(qi)車蓄(xu)電池而言，最理想的情況(kuang)是汽(qi)車在(zai)路上巡航時充電，即所謂(wei)的移動式充電（MAC）。

這樣(yang)，電(dian)動汽車用戶就沒有必要去尋找充電(dian)站、停(ting)放車輛并花費時間(jian)去充電(dian)了。MAC系(xi)統(tong)埋設在一段路面(mian)之(zhi)下，即充電(dian)區，不需要額外的空間(jian)。

接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)式和感(gan)(gan)應(ying)式的MAC系(xi)(xi)統都可實施。對(dui)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)式的MAC系(xi)(xi)統而言，需要在車(che)體的底部裝一個接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)拱，通(tong)過(guo)與嵌在路面上(shang)(shang)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件相接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)，接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)拱便(bian)可獲得瞬時高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)巡航通(tong)過(guo)MAC區時，其(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程為脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)于感(gan)(gan)應(ying)式的MAC系(xi)(xi)統，車(che)載式接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)拱由感(gan)(gan)應(ying)線(xian)圈所取代(dai)，嵌在路面上(shang)(shang)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件由可產(chan)生強磁場的高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流繞(rao)組所取代(dai)。

很(hen)明顯，由于(yu)機械損耗和接觸拱的(de)安裝(zhuang)位(wei)置等(deng)因素的(de)影響，接觸式(shi)的(de)MAC對人們的(de)吸引力(li)不大。

目前的(de)研究(jiu)主要集中在感(gan)應充電方式(shi)，因為它(ta)不(bu)需要機械接觸，也(ye)不(bu)會產(chan)生大的(de)位置誤差。當(dang)然，這種(zhong)充電方式(shi)的(de)投資巨大，現在仍(reng)處于(yu)實驗階段。