電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車如何充電(dian)(dian)? 電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充電(dian)(dian)方式詳解(jie)

1、電動汽車充電設備

對于一輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)來講，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)是不可缺少的(de)子系統之(zhi)一，它的(de)功能(neng)是將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉化為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)車(che)載(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)分(fen)類有(you)不同的(de)方(fang)法。總體上(shang)可分(fen)為(wei)車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和非車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。

車載充電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，指(zhi)安裝在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車上的采用地(di)面交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和車載電(dian)(dian)(dian)源對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的裝置。

包括(kuo)車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)和運(yun)行能量回收(shou)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝置。它(ta)將一根(gen)帶插頭(tou)的(de)(de)交流動力電(dian)(dian)纜線直(zhi)接插到電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)插座中給電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝置通常使用結構簡單、控制方(fang)便(bian)的(de)(de)接觸式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器也可以是感應充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。它(ta)完(wan)全按照(zhao)車(che)載(zai)(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)種(zhong)類進(jin)行設計，針對性較(jiao)強。

非(fei)車(che)載充(chong)電(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，即地面充(chong)電(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括專用充(chong)電(dian)機(ji)、專用充(chong)電(dian)站、通(tong)用充(chong)電(dian)機(ji)、公共(gong)場(chang)所(suo)用充(chong)電(dian)站等。它可以滿(man)足(zu)各種電(dian)池的各種充(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)。通(tong)常非(fei)車(che)載充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的功率、體積和重量均比較大，以便能夠適應各種充(chong)電(dian)方式(shi)。

另外，根據對(dui)電動車(che)蓄電池充(chong)電時的能量(liang)裝換(huan)的方(fang)式(shi)不同(tong)，充(chong)電裝置可(ke)以分為接觸式(shi)和感應式(shi)。

隨(sui)著電力(li)電子技術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)(he)變流控(kong)制技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)飛速發展，高精度可(ke)控(kong)變流技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)熟和(he)(he)(he)普及，分(fen)階(jie)段恒(heng)流充(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)已經基(ji)本被充(chong)電電流和(he)(he)(he)充(chong)電電壓(ya)連(lian)續(xu)變化的(de)(de)(de)恒(heng)壓(ya)限流充(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)取代。直到(dao)目(mu)前，主導充(chong)電工藝的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)是恒(heng)壓(ya)限流充(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)。接觸(chu)式(shi)充(chong)電的(de)(de)(de)最大問題(ti)在于(yu)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全性和(he)(he)(he)通(tong)用(yong)性，為了使(shi)它(ta)滿足嚴格的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全充(chong)電標準(zhun)，必須在電路上(shang)采用(yong)許多措(cuo)施使(shi)充(chong)電設備能夠在各種環境下安(an)全充(chong)電。恒(heng)壓(ya)限流充(chong)電和(he)(he)(he)分(fen)階(jie)段恒(heng)流充(chong)電均屬于(yu)接觸(chu)式(shi)充(chong)電技術(shu)(shu)。

近年來(lai)，新型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車感(gan)應充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術發展很快。、感(gan)應充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是(shi)利用高頻交流(liu)磁場的(de)變壓器原(yuan)(yuan)理，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)從離車的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)方(fang)(fang)感(gan)應到(dao)車載的(de)副方(fang)(fang)，以達到(dao)給蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)目的(de)。感(gan)應充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)最大優點是(shi)安(an)全(quan)，這是(shi)因為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車之間(jian)并(bing)無直接的(de)點接觸(chu)，使(shi)得即使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車在惡劣的(de)氣候下(xia)，如(ru)雨雪天，進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)無觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)危險（如(ru)圖1）。

2、電動汽車充電方式

2.1 常規充電方式

該充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)采(cai)用(yong)恒(heng)壓(ya)、恒(heng)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以相(xiang)當低(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)小約為(wei)15A,若(ruo)以120Ah（例如360V,即串聯12V100Ah30只(zhi)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)例，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間要(yao)持續8個多小時(shi)。相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)和安裝(zhuang)成本相(xiang)對(dui)比較(jiao)低(di)(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車家(jia)用(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施(shi)（車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機）和小型充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站多采(cai)用(yong)這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)。車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機是(shi)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)轎(jiao)車的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)最基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備（如圖2）。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機作(zuo)為(wei)標準配置固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)車上(shang)(shang)(shang)或放在(zai)(zai)(zai)后備箱(xiang)里。由于(yu)只(zhi)需(xu)將(jiang)車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)插頭插到停車場或家(jia)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插座上(shang)(shang)(shang)即可進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)(yin)此充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程一般由客戶自己獨立完成。直(zhi)接從低(di)(di)壓(ya)照(zhao)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)較(jiao)小，由220V/16A規格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間為(wei)8～10h（SOC達到95%以上(shang)(shang)(shang)）。這種(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網沒有特殊(shu)要(yao)求，只(zhi)要(yao)能夠滿足照(zhao)明要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量就能夠使用(yong)。由于(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)家(jia)中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通常(chang)是(shi)晚上(shang)(shang)(shang)或者是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)(di)谷期(qi)，有利(li)(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效利(li)(li)用(yong)，因(yin)(yin)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門一般會(hui)給予(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車用(yong)戶一些優惠，例如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)(di)谷期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)打折(zhe)。

小型充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的(de)一種最(zui)重要的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式（如圖3），充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機設置在街邊、超市、辦公樓、停車(che)場等處(chu)。采用常規充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)駕(jia)駛員只(zhi)需將(jiang)車(che)停靠在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站指定的(de)位置上，接上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線即可(ke)開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。計費方式是投幣或刷卡，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率一般在5～10kW,采用三相四線制380V供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或單相220V供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其典型的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間是：補電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1～2h,充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)5～8h（SOC達到(dao)95%以上）。

2.2 快速充電方式

該充(chong)(chong)電方式以150～400A的高充(chong)(chong)電電流在(zai)短時間(jian)內為蓄電池充(chong)(chong)電，與前者相(xiang)比安裝成本(ben)相(xiang)對(dui)較高。

快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)也可(ke)稱為迅速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)或(huo)應(ying)急(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，其目的是在短時(shi)間內給電(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間應(ying)該與燃(ran)油車的加油時(shi)間接近。大型(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)站（機）多采(cai)用(yong)這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式。

大型充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站（機(ji)）—快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式（如圖4）主要(yao)(yao)針對長(chang)距離旅行或需要(yao)(yao)進行快速(su)補充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)情(qing)況進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)功率(lv)很大，一般(ban)都大于(yu)30kW,采用(yong)三相四線制(zhi)380V供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。其(qi)典型的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間是(shi)：10～30min。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式對電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命有一定的(de)(de)影響，特別是(shi)普通蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池不(bu)能(neng)進行快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)在短時間內接受大量(liang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)會導致蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池過(guo)熱。快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵是(shi)非車載快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)組(zu)件，它能(neng)夠(gou)輸出35kW甚至(zhi)更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)功率(lv)。由于(yu)功率(lv)和(he)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)額定值都很高(gao)(gao)，因(yin)(yin)此這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式對電(dian)(dian)網有較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，一般(ban)應靠近(jin)10kV變電(dian)(dian)站附近(jin)或在監測站和(he)服務(wu)中心(xin)中使用(yong)。

2.3 無線充電方式

電動汽車無線充電方式是(shi)近幾年國外的研究成果，其原(yuan)理就像在車里(li)使用的移動電話———將電能轉(zhuan)換成一種符合現行技術標準要求(qiu)的特殊的激光或微(wei)波束，在汽車頂上安裝一個專用天線接收即(ji)可。

有(you)了無線(xian)(xian)充電(dian)技術(shu)，公路(lu)上(shang)行駛的(de)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)或雙能源汽(qi)車(che)可通過安裝在電(dian)線(xian)(xian)桿或其它高層建筑上(shang)的(de)發(fa)射器快速補充電(dian)能。電(dian)費(fei)將從汽(qi)車(che)上(shang)安裝的(de)預(yu)付(fu)卡(ka)中扣除。

2.4 更換電池充電方式

除了以(yi)(yi)上(shang)幾種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式外，還可以(yi)(yi)采用(yong)(yong)更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，即在蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)耗盡時，用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)更換已經(jing)耗盡的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)。蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)歸服(fu)務站或電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)廠商所有(you)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)用(yong)(yong)戶只需租用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。更換蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作原理如圖5所示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)用(yong)(yong)戶把車(che)停在一個特定的(de)(de)(de)區域，然后用(yong)(yong)更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)器將耗盡的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)取下，換上(shang)已充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)更換下來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)未(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，可以(yi)(yi)在服(fu)務站充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，也可以(yi)(yi)集中收集起來(lai)以(yi)(yi)后再充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更換過程包(bao)括機(ji)械更換和蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此有(you)時也稱它為機(ji)械“加(jia)油(you)”。

或機械(xie)充(chong)電。電池更(geng)換站同時(shi)(shi)具備(bei)正常充(chong)電站和快(kuai)速充(chong)電站的優點(dian)，也就是說可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)低谷電給蓄電池充(chong)電，同時(shi)(shi)又能在很短的時(shi)(shi)間內完成“加油(you)”過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。通過(guo)(guo)使用(yong)機械(xie)設備(bei)，整個電池更(geng)換過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)可以(yi)(yi)在10min內完成，與現有的燃(ran)油(you)車加油(you)時(shi)(shi)間大致相當。

不過，這(zhe)種方法還存在不少問題(ti)有待解決。首先，這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)池(chi)更(geng)換系統(tong)的(de)初始成本很高，其中(zhong)包括昂貴的(de)機械裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和大(da)(da)量的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。其次，由于存放大(da)(da)量未充電(dian)(dian)和已充電(dian)(dian)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)需(xu)要(yao)很多空間(jian)，因(yin)此修建一個(ge)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)更(geng)換站所需(xu)空間(jian)遠大(da)(da)于修建一個(ge)正(zheng)常充電(dian)(dian)站或快速充電(dian)(dian)站所需(xu)的(de)空間(jian)。還有，在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)自動更(geng)換系統(tong)得到應用之前，需(xu)要(yao)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)物理尺(chi)寸和電(dian)(dian)氣參數制定統(tong)一的(de)標準。

2.5 移動式充電方式

對(dui)電動(dong)汽車(che)蓄電池而言，最理(li)想的(de)情況(kuang)是汽車(che)在路上巡航(hang)時(shi)充(chong)電，即(ji)所謂的(de)移(yi)動(dong)式(shi)充(chong)電（MAC）。

這樣，電動(dong)汽(qi)車用戶就(jiu)沒有必要去(qu)尋找(zhao)充電站(zhan)、停放車輛并花費時(shi)間(jian)去(qu)充電了。MAC系(xi)統埋設在(zai)一段路面之(zhi)下，即充電區，不(bu)需(xu)要額外的空間(jian)。

接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)式(shi)(shi)和感(gan)應式(shi)(shi)的MAC系(xi)統(tong)都可實施。對接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)式(shi)(shi)的MAC系(xi)統(tong)而(er)言，需(xu)要在車(che)體(ti)的底部裝一個接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)拱(gong)(gong)，通(tong)過與(yu)嵌在路(lu)面上的充電(dian)元(yuan)件相(xiang)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)，接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)拱(gong)(gong)便可獲得瞬時高(gao)電(dian)流(liu)。當電(dian)動汽車(che)巡航(hang)通(tong)過MAC區時，其(qi)充電(dian)過程(cheng)為脈沖充電(dian)。對于感(gan)應式(shi)(shi)的MAC系(xi)統(tong)，車(che)載式(shi)(shi)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)拱(gong)(gong)由感(gan)應線圈所(suo)取代，嵌在路(lu)面上的充電(dian)元(yuan)件由可產(chan)生強(qiang)磁場的高(gao)電(dian)流(liu)繞組所(suo)取代。

很明顯，由于機械損(sun)耗和接(jie)觸拱的(de)安(an)裝位置等因素的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，接(jie)觸式(shi)的(de)MAC對人(ren)們的(de)吸引力不(bu)大。

目前的研究(jiu)主要集中在(zai)感應(ying)充電方(fang)式，因為它不需(xu)要機械接觸，也不會產生(sheng)大的位(wei)置誤(wu)差。當然，這種充電方(fang)式的投資(zi)巨大，現(xian)在(zai)仍處于(yu)實驗階段。