簡介
中(zhong)泠泉也(ye)叫中(zhong)濡泉、南泠泉,位于江(jiang)蘇省鎮江(jiang)市金山(shan)寺外。此(ci)泉原(yuan)在波濤滾滾的江(jiang)水之(zhi)中(zhong),由(you)于河道變遷,泉口處已變為(wei)陸(lu)地,現在泉口地面(mian)標高為(wei)4.8米。 據《金山(shan)志(zhi)》記載(zai):“中(zhong)泠泉在金山(shan)之(zhi)西(xi),石彈山(shan)下(xia),當(dang)波濤最險(xian)處。”蘇東坡(公(gong)元1037~1101年)也(ye)有詩云:“中(zhong)泠南畔石盤陀,古來出沒(mei)隨濤波”。由(you)此(ci)可以想見,當(dang)時(shi)中(zhong)泠泉于滔滔長江(jiang)水面(mian)之(zhi)下(xia),時(shi)出時(shi)沒(mei)的獨特(te)環(huan)境(jing)。
唐宋(song)之(zhi)時(shi),金(jin)山還是“江(jiang)心一(yi)朵芙蓉”,中泠(ling)泉也(ye)在(zai)長(chang)江(jiang)中。據(ju)(ju)記載,以前泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)江(jiang)中,江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)來自西方,受(shou)到石牌山和鶻(gu)山的(de)(de)阻(zu)擋,水(shui)(shui)(shui)勢曲(qu)折轉(zhuan)流,分為(wei)三泠(ling)(三泠(ling)為(wei)南泠(ling)、中泠(ling)、北泠(ling)),而泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)就在(zai)中間(jian)一(yi)個(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)曲(qu)之(zhi)下(xia),故(gu)名(ming)“中泠(ling)泉”。因位(wei)置在(zai)金(jin)山的(de)(de)西南面,故(gu)又稱“南泠(ling)泉”。因長(chang)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)流急,汲取不易。據(ju)(ju)傳打(da)泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)需(xu)在(zai)正午之(zhi)時(shi)將帶蓋(gai)的(de)(de)銅瓶子(zi)用繩(sheng)子(zi)放入泉中后,迅(xun)速拉(la)開蓋(gai)子(zi),才能汲到真正的(de)(de)泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)。南宋(song)愛國詩人陸游曾到此,留下(xia)了“銅瓶愁汲中濡水(shui)(shui)(shui),不見茶山九十(shi)翁”的(de)(de)詩句。
沈(shen)長波(bo)為中泠泉撰聯(lian):
一、銅瓶(ping)汲水奉仙客,唐注養茶(cha)迎貴人。
二、四海品中(zhong)濡水(shui),百(bai)佛觀大亨壺(hu)。
天下第一
“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)泠(ling)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)”又(you)名(ming)“天下第(di)一(yi)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)”,原在揚(yang)子江心(xin)(xin),是萬里(li)長江中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獨(du)一(yi)無二泉(quan)(quan)(quan)眼。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)泠(ling)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)宛如(ru)一(yi)條戲水(shui)白龍(long),自池底洶(xiong)涌而出。“綠(lv)如(ru)翡(fei)翠,濃(nong)似(si)瓊(qiong)漿(jiang)”,泉(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)甘冽醇(chun)厚,特宜煎(jian)茶(cha)。唐(tang)陸羽(yu)品評天下泉(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)時,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)泠(ling)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)名(ming)列全(quan)國第(di)七(qi)(qi),稍陸羽(yu)之(zhi)后(hou)的唐(tang)代名(ming)士(shi)劉(liu)伯芻品嘗了全(quan)國各地沏茶(cha)的水(shui)質后(hou),將水(shui)分為(wei)七(qi)(qi)等,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)泠(ling)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)依其水(shui)味和煮茶(cha)味佳為(wei)第(di)一(yi)等,因此被譽(yu)為(wei)“天下第(di)一(yi)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)”。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)泠(ling)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)綠(lv)如(ru)翡(fei)翠,濃(nong)似(si)瓊(qiong)漿(jiang),盈杯不溢出。南宋名(ming)將文天祥暢飲后(hou),豪情奔放賦(fu)詩一(yi)首:“揚(yang)子江心(xin)(xin)第(di)一(yi)泉(quan)(quan)(quan),南金來北鑄文淵,男兒斬(zhan)卻樓蘭(lan)詩,閑品茶(cha)經拜(bai)祠(ci)仙(xian)。”
用中泠泉沏茶,清香甘(gan)冽。相傳(chuan)有“盈杯之溢”之說,貯泉水于杯中,水雖高出杯口二(er)三分都不溢,水面放上(shang)一枚硬幣,不見沉底。
歷次維護
清咸豐(feng)、同(tong)(tong)治年(nian)間,由(you)于(yu)江(jiang)沙堆積,金山與南岸(an)陸地(di)相連(lian),泉(quan)源(yuan)也隨金山登陸。中(zhong)泠(ling)(ling)泉(quan)上(shang)岸(an)后(hou)曾一度迷失(shi),后(hou)于(yu)同(tong)(tong)治八年(nian)(公元1869年(nian))被候補道薛(xue)書常等(deng)人發現(xian),遂命(ming)石(shi)(shi)(shi)工在泉(quan)眼四周疊石(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)池(chi)(chi)(chi),并(bing)由(you)常鎮通(tong)海(hai)通(tong)觀察使沈秉成,于(yu)同(tong)(tong)治十年(nian)(公元1871年(nian))春寫記立(li)碑,建亭(ting),覆亡(wang)。光緒(xu)年(nian)間鎮江(jiang)知府王仁堪又在池(chi)(chi)(chi)周造起石(shi)(shi)(shi)欄,池(chi)(chi)(chi)旁(pang)筑庭榭。并(bing)拓池(chi)(chi)(chi)40畝,開塘(tang)種(zhong)植荷(he)(he)茭,又筑土提,種(zhong)柳萬株(zhu),抵(di)擋江(jiang)流沖擊(ji),使柳荷(he)(he)相映,十分(fen)秀麗。現(xian)鐫刻在方(fang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)南面石(shi)(shi)(shi)欄上(shang)的“天下第一泉(quan)”五(wu)個遒勁大字,為(wei)王仁堪所書。池(chi)(chi)(chi)旁(pang)蓋樓(lou)建亭(ting),池(chi)(chi)(chi)南建有(you)一座八角亭(ting),雙層立(li)柱,直徑(jing)七米,十分(fen)寬(kuan)敞,取名“鑒(jian)亭(ting)”,是以(yi)水為(wei)鏡,以(yi)泉(quan)為(wei)鑒(jian)之意。亭(ting)中(zhong)有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)桌石(shi)(shi)(shi)凳,供游人小憩,十分(fen)風涼幽雅。池(chi)(chi)(chi)北建有(you)兩層樓(lou)房一座,樓(lou)上(shang)樓(lou)下為(wei)茶室(shi),環境(jing)幽靜,林蔭覆護,風景清雅,是游客品茗的最佳之處(chu)。樓(lou)下層前壁左側,嵌有(you)沈秉成所書“中(zhong)泠(ling)(ling)泉(quan)”三字石(shi)(shi)(shi)刻;右(you)側為(wei)沈秉成“中(zhong)泠(ling)(ling)泉(quan)”及薛(xue)書黨“中(zhong)泠(ling)(ling)泉(quan)辯(bian)”石(shi)(shi)(shi)刻。
古籍記載
清代(dai)薛(xue)福(fu)成撰寫(xie)的《中(zhong)(zhong)泠泉(quan)真跡》,在這則筆記里,不僅(jin)敘述了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)泠泉(quan)悠久史(shi)略(lve),而且(qie)記載(zai)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)泠泉(quan)上岸概況(kuang),見聞奇(qi)趣,錄如次。
原文
中泠(ling)泉在金(jin)山(shan)下,金(jin)山(shan)本在江南岸,故(gu)過客皆得汲水烹茶,所由品為第(di)一泉也。
厥后(hou),長江(jiang)愈趨而南,金(jin)山既(ji)在江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong),而中(zhong)(zhong)泠(ling)泉遂不(bu)可得見(jian);取水(shui)之(zhi)法,常(chang)別制機器(qi),以(yi)(yi)長繩縋入江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong),既(ji)得泉水(shui),以(yi)(yi)蓋蓋之(zhi),然后(hou)取出,所以(yi)(yi)不(bu)為江(jiang)水(shui)所混。近來汲泉者既(ji)無(wu)其(qi)人(ren),而知制此器(qi)者亦絕少,中(zhong)(zhong)泠(ling)泉乃在若有若無(wu)之(zhi)間(jian)。
同(tong)治九年(nian)(1870)三月,江(jiang)水(shui)淺涸,過(guo)客皆于此(ci)停舟(zhou),汲泉(quan)煮茗,始(shi)知泉(quan)上護欄(lan)、曲檻布置絕(jue)佳,乃(nai)日(ri)夜被江(jiang)水(shui)沖(chong)嚙,而不(bu)損壞,蓋數百年(nian)前之工(gong)程,其堅致實不(bu)可(ke)及(ji);而中(zhong)泠泉(quan)之真跡,殆閱數十百年(nian),而始(shi)見也。
作者簡介
薛福成(1838-1894),江(jiang)蘇無錫(xi)人,晚清外交家,光緒年間任出使英、法(fa)、比、意四國大臣,著作有(you)《庸庵全集》。其所記錄(lu)的《中泠泉真(zhen)跡》,細致地敘述了數百年前的中泠泉建筑(zhu)物,如“護欄、曲檻”,雖(sui)“日夜被江(jiang)水(shui)沖嚙,而(er)(er)不(bu)損壞”,讀(du)來(lai)令人贊嘆,也(ye)讓人對(dui)古代鎮(zhen)江(jiang)能工(gong)巧(qiao)匠的技藝精(jing)湛(zhan),與講究工(gong)程質量的高尚精(jing)神而(er)(er)嘆服(fu)。
前(qian)(qian)人(ren)筆記里,往往有稀見資(zi)料(liao),這則(ze)《中(zhong)泠泉(quan)真跡》之文,即使(shi)我們了解百年前(qian)(qian)的中(zhong)泠泉(quan)原貌,也為探索中(zhong)泠泉(quan)上岸歷史提(ti)供了佐證。