麗(li)澤(ze)書院為(wei)南宋著(zhu)名(ming)思想(xiang)家、史(shi)學家、文學家、教育家呂(lv)祖謙(qian)(1137-1181,金(jin)華(hua)人(ren))講學會友之所,設于(yu)宋乾道初(chu)(約1165-1166)。“其地在光孝觀側(清金(jin)華(hua)縣(xian)學后,今市(shi)內(nei)一(yi)覽亭東北),四(si)方學者皆受業于(yu)此”(宋·樓鑰《東萊(lai)呂(lv)太史(shi)祠堂記》)。因屋前臨二湖,故取堂名(ming)為(wei)“麗(li)澤(ze)”,人(ren)稱“麗(li)澤(ze)書堂”。
金(jin)華明(ming)(ming)(ming)招山。南(nan)宋(song)呂(lv)祖(zu)謙兄(xiong)弟授徒講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)之所。常(chang)邀永嘉(jia)學(xue)(xue)派的(de)(de)(de)薛季宣、陳傅良、葉適和永康學(xue)(xue)派的(de)(de)(de)陳亮等來(lai)(lai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)切(qie)磋、探(tan)討(tao)學(xue)(xue)問。編著《東萊左氏(shi)博議》、《近思錄》(與(yu)朱熹合著)等,供生徒學(xue)(xue)習。手訂(ding)規約,規定“凡與(yu)此學(xue)(xue)者,以講(jiang)求(qiu)經(jing)旨(zhi)、明(ming)(ming)(ming)理(li)躬行為(wei)本(ben)。肄業必有(you)常(chang),日記所習于簿,多寡隨意(yi)”。“凡有(you)所疑,專(zhuan)置冊記錄,同志(zhi)異時(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)會,出所習及所疑,互相(xiang)(xiang)商榷”。“一時(shi)士人(ren)傾(qing)心向往,道(dao)統(tong)學(xue)(xue)派燦然昌明(ming)(ming)(ming),名儒蔚興,踵武相(xiang)(xiang)接,天下稱(cheng)婺(wu)州為(wei)小(xiao)鄒(zou)魯。”金(jin)華學(xue)(xue)派得以創立。麗澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)遂與(yu)岳(yue)麓、白鹿洞、象山并列而稱(cheng)南(nan)宋(song)四(si)大書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。呂(lv)祖(zu)謙去世后,弟呂(lv)祖(zu)儉承兄(xiong)志(zhi)傳道(dao)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)。嘉(jia)定元年(1208),經(jing)呂(lv)氏(shi)門人(ren)請求(qiu),官府(fu)重修書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),建(jian)呂(lv)祖(zu)謙祀(si)(si)室和收藏其(qi)生前著作的(de)(de)(de)遺書(shu)(shu)(shu)閣(ge),并開始刊(kan)刻(ke)圖(tu)(tu)書(shu)(shu)(shu),其(qi)中紹定三年(1230)刻(ke)印(yin)的(de)(de)(de)司馬光《切(qie)韻指掌(zhang)圖(tu)(tu)》至今猶(you)存(cun),是宋(song)版書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)珍本(ben)書(shu)(shu)(shu)。端(duan)平(ping)間(jian)呂(lv)氏(shi)門人(ren)又(you)將呂(lv)祖(zu)謙祀(si)(si)室改建(jian)為(wei)呂(lv)成(cheng)公祠,以呂(lv)祖(zu)儉配祀(si)(si)。淳(chun)祐六年(1246),知州許應龍遷(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)于雙溪之畔,理(li)宗御賜匾額(e)。咸淳(chun)間(jian)又(you)遷(qian)至旌孝門外(wai)印(yin)光寺(si)故址(zhi)。宋(song)末(mo)元初,著名學(xue)(xue)者何基、王柏、金(jin)履祥(xiang)先后任山長、主講(jiang),四(si)方來(lai)(lai)學(xue)(xue)者甚眾。明(ming)(ming)(ming)嘉(jia)靖十(shi)四(si)年(1535),巡(xun)按御史張(zhang)(zhang)景(jing)命金(jin)華府(fu)通判(pan)汪防重修書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),供祀(si)(si)朱熹、張(zhang)(zhang)栻(chi)、呂(lv)祖(zu)謙。毀于明(ming)(ming)(ming)末(mo)。
呂(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)謙這(zhe)一(yi)講學(xue)(xue)會友之(zhi)(zhi)所,系(xi)其曾祖(zu)(zu)父東萊郡侯呂(lv)(lv)(lv)好問于建炎年(nian)間(jian)宋室南遷時攜(xie)全家(jia)自開封遷居金華(hua)時所借之(zhi)(zhi)官屋(wu)。后呂(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)謙將此屋(wu)歸(gui)還(huan)官府,另置新(xin)居于城之(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)(bei)隅,而講學(xue)(xue)會友之(zhi)(zhi)所麗(li)澤堂也(ye)隨之(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)(bei)移(yi)。以(yi)探討學(xue)(xue)術、交流思想。呂(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)謙為麗(li)澤書(shu)堂制訂了學(xue)(xue)規,并以(yi)“孝悌、忠信、明理(li)、躬(gong)行(xing)”為基(ji)本(ben)準(zhun)則(ze),學(xue)(xue)生中(zhong)如有“親(qin)在別居、親(qin)沒不(bu)葬(zang)、因喪婚聚、宗俟訟財(cai)、侵犯公財(cai)、喧噪(zao)場屋(wu)、游(you)蕩不(bu)檢”等行(xing)為者,即(ji)令其退學(xue)(xue)。他還(huan)為書(shu)堂編著了《東萊左氏博議》(二十五卷)、《近思錄》(十四卷)等教(jiao)材。書(shu)院(yuan)以(yi)“講求(qiu)經(jing)旨(zhi),明理(li)躬(gong)行(xing)”為本(ben)。教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)采用個(ge)別鉆研、相(xiang)互(hu)問答與集眾講解相(xiang)結合的方法,切磋、研討之(zhi)(zhi)風甚盛(sheng)。書(shu)院(yuan)每月授課2-3次,一(yi)年(nian)舉行(xing)一(yi)次考(kao)試。呂(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)謙的嫡傳(chuan)弟(di)子即(ji)有呂(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)儉、葉邽、樓昉、喬行(xing)簡、王(wang)瀚、戚如琥、王(wang)深源、李(li)大有等89人。至淳熙八年(nian)(1181)8月,呂(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)謙謝世,麗(li)澤書(shu)堂便由其弟(di)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)儉主持。
麗(li)澤(ze)書(shu)院(yuan),原(yuan)名麗(li)澤(ze)堂(tang),亦叫麗(li)澤(ze)書(shu)堂(tang)。為南宋著名思(si)想家、史學(xue)家、文學(xue)家、教育家呂(lv)祖謙(1137-1181,金華人(ren))講學(xue)會友之(zhi)所,設于宋乾(qian)道初(約(yue)1165-1166)。
宋孝宗乾道、淳熙時期,呂(lv)祖(zu)謙與朱熹(xi)、張栻(chi)齊名,被稱為“東(dong)(dong)南三賢”。呂(lv)祖(zu)謙是金華學(xue)(xue)派的奠基人,并(bing)開(kai)南宋浙東(dong)(dong)學(xue)(xue)派之(zhi)先聲。他除自己在麗(li)澤(ze)書(shu)堂教授生徒、著(zhu)書(shu)立說(shuo)外,還先后邀請當時的著(zhu)名學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)朱熹(xi)、張栻(chi)、陸九(jiu)淵、陸九(jiu)齡、薛季宜、葉(xie)適、陳亮等(deng)前來講(jiang)學(xue)(xue),以探討(tao)學(xue)(xue)術、交流(liu)思想(xiang)。后呂(lv)祖(zu)謙將此屋歸還官府,另(ling)置新居于城之(zhi)北隅,而(er)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)會友(you)之(zhi)所麗(li)澤(ze)堂也(ye)隨之(zhi)北移(yi)。
麗澤諸儒的理(li)學(xue)學(xue)術活動,貫穿在(zai)整個“麗澤”的歷史變遷(qian)過程中。由于(yu)當時(shi)呂祖謙(qian)正在(zai)嚴陵(今建(jian)德)任(ren)職(zhi),麗澤堂的執(zhi)教由朱(zhu)熹(xi)門人潘(pan)叔度、潘(pan)叔昌和呂祖儉、呂祖泰及金華(hua)一批學(xue)者擔任(ren)。至宋(song)慶元(yuan)二年(nian)(公元(yuan)1196年(nian),呂祖謙(qian)死后14年(nian)),宰相韓胄(zhou)(zhou),為排除異己,把南(nan)宋(song)興起的理(li)學(xue)誣作“偽(wei)學(xue)”,嚴加禁(jin)止,史稱(cheng)“慶元(yuan)黨案(an)”。被迫害坐罪朝廷(ting)大(da)臣(chen)和理(li)學(xue)名儒多達59人。呂學(xue)也(ye)在(zai)禁(jin)案(an)之列。呂祖儉、呂祖泰均遭逐放。時(shi)隔10年(nian),即(ji)宋(song)開禧二年(nian)(公元(yuan)1206年(nian)),宋(song)寧宗詔殺了韓胄(zhou)(zhou)。黨案(an)也(ye)獲昭雪。
金(jin)華一批士(shi)代大夫(fu)和呂(lv)氏(shi)門人向郡里呈詞,建(jian)(jian)議將呂(lv)祖謙祖父呂(lv)中租住過的位于金(jin)華城的公(gong)屋(wu)劃出一半,為呂(lv)祖謙建(jian)(jian)祠紀念。知郡李大異撥(bo)巨款(kuan)并派得力官員主董修(xiu)建(jian)(jian),專藏(zang)呂(lv)氏(shi)著述,并設一書院,匾懸“麗澤(ze)書院”,旨存“麗澤(ze)堂”舊名(ming)。
王(wang)柏逝后(hou)(hou)七年,南宋滅(mie)亡,麗澤書院則(ze)由金履(lv)祥司講。金履(lv)祥系何基弟(di)子(zi),為金華(hua)(hua)學派(pai)之中(zhong)堅。宋亡后(hou)(hou),他即隱居不仕,專心(xin)講學于(yu)麗澤書院,兼事(shi)著(zhu)述,繼(ji)續傳授和發展"婺學",并積極(ji)培養后(hou)(hou)繼(ji)者(zhe),直(zhi)至(zhi)逝世。元代(dai)著(zhu)名學者(zhe)許謙(金華(hua)(hua)人(ren))、柳貫(蘭溪人(ren))即出其門人(ren)。
至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)三(san)(san)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1294),官府對麗(li)(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)進行了大(da)修(xiu),并由(you)王龍澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)撰《修(xiu)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)記(ji)》勒于石(shi)。大(da)德年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1297-1307),書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)毀(hui)于大(da)火,后至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1335-1340)曾重建(jian)(jian)(jian)。元(yuan)(yuan)末又(you)毀(hui)于火。明(ming)(ming)天順年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1457-1464),呂(lv)(lv)(lv)代后裔呂(lv)(lv)(lv)濟晟、呂(lv)(lv)(lv)重濂重建(jian)(jian)(jian)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan),并追回被占學(xue)田。到(dao)明(ming)(ming)代成化三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1467),浙江(jiang)都(dou)指揮使司(si)僉(qian)事辛(xin)訪又(you)命(ming)(ming)金(jin)華知府李嗣負(fu)責重修(xiu)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan),時(shi)人魏(wei)驥撰有《重修(xiu)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)碑記(ji)》記(ji)其事。嘉靖十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1536),巡按御史張(zhang)景又(you)命(ming)(ming)金(jin)華府通判汪昉負(fu)責重修(xiu)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)。并由(you)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)供祀(si)同創道學(xue)于婺(wu)州(zhou)的(de)(de)朱熹、張(zhang)栻、呂(lv)(lv)(lv)祖謙三(san)(san)位理(li)學(xue)大(da)師。時(shi)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)氏子孫又(you)將(jiang)原在光(guang)孝觀北的(de)(de)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)成公祠遷(qian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)至(zhi)分(fen)守(shou)道右(清麗(li)(li)(li)(li)正書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)后,今將(jiang)軍路道前北)。至(zhi)明(ming)(ming)末,麗(li)(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)終(zhong)因遭兵(bing)燹而毀(hui)。自南宋(song)始(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)堂(tang)算起,歷經元(yuan)(yuan)明(ming)(ming),麗(li)(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)共(gong)存478年(nian)(nian)(nian)。
南宋“婺(wu)學(xue)”文(wen)化精粹——呂祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙的大量著述,一直珍(zhen)藏(zang)在金(jin)(jin)華麗(li)澤(ze)書院(yuan)的藏(zang)書閣里,到(dao)清乾隆年間,被紀曉嵐征集,編進了《四庫全(quan)書》。當我(wo)們從(cong)事呂祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙理學(xue)文(wen)化研究時,往往會見有“明招學(xue)者”、“麗(li)澤(ze)諸(zhu)(zhu)儒”之分。“明招學(xue)者”指的是從(cong)學(xue)呂祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙于武義明招山的學(xue)成弟(di)子;“麗(li)澤(ze)諸(zhu)(zhu)儒”指的是從(cong)學(xue)呂祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙、呂祖(zu)(zu)(zu)儉、呂祖(zu)(zu)(zu)泰(tai)和活動于金(jin)(jin)華“麗(li)澤(ze)堂(tang)”和“麗(li)澤(ze)書院(yuan)”,繼(ji)承“金(jin)(jin)華學(xue)派(pai)”文(wen)化的理學(xue)名流。
由(you)于呂(lv)(lv)祖謙“丁憂”期間(jian),曾在武義(yi)明(ming)招山幾度(du)聚徒講學(xue)。因呂(lv)(lv)氏世家(jia)在宋(song)代(dai)曾有(you)五代(dai)為相,一門17人中進士,呂(lv)(lv)氏家(jia)學(xue)聲望名揚全國(guo)。故(gu)此,呂(lv)(lv)祖謙在明(ming)招山服喪期間(jian),弟子越聚越多(duo),甚至出州(zhou)、郡(jun)之外(wai),盛(sheng)況非凡。其學(xue)子多(duo)到(dao)什么程度(du)?門生(sheng)鞏豐有(you)詩(shi)說:“同門至千(qian)百”。另(ling)一門人陳良祐在詩(shi)中說:“門生(sheng)數百人”。有(you)據可(ke)考,明(ming)招諸生(sheng)中成(cheng)鴻儒名宦達20多(duo)人,嫡傳弟子80多(duo)人,有(you)造(zao)詣者150多(duo)人,其中《嘉(jia)慶武義(yi)縣志(zhi)》列(lie)名武義(yi)籍的明(ming)招學(xue)者有(you)10人。這也造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)呂(lv)(lv)祖謙曾在武義(yi)明(ming)招山創辦了(le)“麗澤(ze)書院”的假象。
呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)逝世(shi)后二十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(嘉定元年(nian)(nian)(nian),1208),呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)氏(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)(men)人請求官府(fu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)位(wei)于(yu)光孝觀旁(pang)的(de)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)氏(shi)(shi)舊居(屬(shu)官屋(wu))之(zhi)一半(ban)辟為(wei)(wei)一堂,以供祀(si)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)。州(zhou)官李大異(yi)同意此(ci)請,并(bing)出錢五(wu)十(shi)萬,于(yu)此(ci)重(zhong)修麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)堂和(he)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)祀(si)室(shi)(shi)。共建(jian)屋(wu)十(shi)余(yu)楹(ying),其中外(wai)門(men)(men)(men)五(wu)間(jian),祀(si)室(shi)(shi)及前軒(xuan)各(ge)三(san)間(jian)。前為(wei)(wei)一堂,上懸“麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)”匾額;后為(wei)(wei)“遺書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)閣”,即用來庋藏呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)生(sheng)前之(zhi)作。至端平(ping)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(1234-1236),呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)氏(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)(men)人又(you)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)內(nei)的(de)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)祀(si)室(shi)(shi)改建(jian)為(wei)(wei)“呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)祠”,主祀(si)成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian),配祀(si)忠公(gong)(gong)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)儉。到(dao)淳祐(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)丙午(wu)(1246),婺(wu)(wu)州(zhou)知州(zhou)許應龍對麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)進行了(le)(le)重(zhong)建(jian),并(bing)遷(qian)雙溪之(zhi)畔(pan),奏請宋理(li)宗趙昀(yun)御賜匾額。寶祐(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(1253-1258年(nian)(nian)(nian)),呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)門(men)(men)(men)人時少章(金(jin)(jin)華人)任(ren)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)山長(chang)(chang)(書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)主持者)。景(jing)定五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1264年(nian)(nian)(nian)),又(you)請著(zhu)名(ming)學者何基(ji)(金(jin)(jin)華人)任(ren)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)山長(chang)(chang)。后著(zhu)名(ming)學者王柏(bo)(金(jin)(jin)華人)任(ren)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)講席,當時金(jin)(jin)華城(cheng)鄉的(de)許多耆老碩德者亦來書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)執弟(di)子之(zhi)禮。宋末咸(xian)淳乙丑(chou)(1265),麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)又(you)遷(qian)至旌孝門(men)(men)(men)(俗稱義烏門(men)(men)(men))外(wai)印光寺故址(今城(cheng)東麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)弄一帶),此(ci)后院(yuan)址未變。總之(zhi),呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)開創的(de)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),不僅是(shi)金(jin)(jin)華學派(pai)的(de)發(fa)(fa)祥地(di)和(he)培養(yang)人才的(de)基(ji)地(di),而且有許多麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)弟(di)子還把麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)之(zhi)學傳播于(yu)各(ge)地(di),促進了(le)(le)新舊學派(pai)的(de)產生(sheng)和(he)發(fa)(fa)展,促進了(le)(le)南宋兩浙學術(shu)文化的(de)繁榮,天下稱婺(wu)(wu)州(zhou)為(wei)(wei)“小鄒魯”。因(yin)此(ci)全祖(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)望(wang)在《鮚埼亭集外(wai)編》卷四(si)十(shi)五(wu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)與岳麓、白鹿洞(dong)、象山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)并(bing)稱為(wei)(wei)南宋四(si)大書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)。
屬亞熱帶季風氣候,春早而暖,夏長而熱,秋爽(shuang)而短,冬(dong)濕(shi)(shi)而寒,四季分(fen)明(ming),年平均(jun)氣溫18℃左右,有(you)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)干(gan)濕(shi)(shi)季之分(fen)。時至(zhi)6月,常有(you)連綿數日甚(shen)至(zhi)數月的(de)降雨,避開梅(mei)雨季節(jie)皆可出行(xing)。